From: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
To: Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: "Al Viro" <viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk>,
"Alex Williamson" <alex.williamson@redhat.com>,
"Benjamin Herrenschmidt" <benh@kernel.crashing.org>,
"Björn Töpel" <bjorn.topel@intel.com>,
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"Dan Williams" <dan.j.williams@intel.com>,
"Daniel Vetter" <daniel@ffwll.ch>,
"Dave Chinner" <david@fromorbit.com>,
"David Airlie" <airlied@linux.ie>,
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"Ira Weiny" <ira.weiny@intel.com>, "Jan Kara" <jack@suse.cz>,
"Jason Gunthorpe" <jgg@ziepe.ca>, "Jens Axboe" <axboe@kernel.dk>,
"Jonathan Corbet" <corbet@lwn.net>,
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"Magnus Karlsson" <magnus.karlsson@intel.com>,
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LKML <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
"John Hubbard" <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Subject: [PATCH 19/19] Documentation/vm: add pin_user_pages.rst
Date: Wed, 30 Oct 2019 15:49:30 -0700 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20191030224930.3990755-20-jhubbard@nvidia.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20191030224930.3990755-1-jhubbard@nvidia.com>
Document the new pin_user_pages() and related calls
and behavior.
Thanks to Jan Kara and Vlastimil Babka for explaining the 4 cases
in this documentation. (I've reworded it and expanded on it slightly.)
Cc: Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>
Signed-off-by: John Hubbard <jhubbard@nvidia.com>
---
Documentation/vm/index.rst | 1 +
Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst | 213 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2 files changed, 214 insertions(+)
create mode 100644 Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/index.rst b/Documentation/vm/index.rst
index e8d943b21cf9..7194efa3554a 100644
--- a/Documentation/vm/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/vm/index.rst
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ descriptions of data structures and algorithms.
page_migration
page_frags
page_owner
+ pin_user_pages
remap_file_pages
slub
split_page_table_lock
diff --git a/Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst b/Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..7110bca3f188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/vm/pin_user_pages.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+====================================================
+pin_user_pages() and related calls
+====================================================
+
+.. contents:: :local:
+
+Overview
+========
+
+This document describes the following functions: ::
+
+ pin_user_pages
+ pin_user_pages_fast
+ pin_user_pages_remote
+
+ pin_longterm_pages
+ pin_longterm_pages_fast
+ pin_longterm_pages_remote
+
+Basic description of FOLL_PIN
+=============================
+
+A new flag for get_user_pages ("gup") has been added: FOLL_PIN. FOLL_PIN has
+significant interactions and interdependencies with FOLL_LONGTERM, so both are
+covered here.
+
+Both FOLL_PIN and FOLL_LONGTERM are "internal" to gup, meaning that neither
+FOLL_PIN nor FOLL_LONGTERM should not appear at the gup call sites. This allows
+the associated wrapper functions (pin_user_pages and others) to set the correct
+combination of these flags, and to check for problems as well.
+
+FOLL_PIN and FOLL_GET are mutually exclusive for a given gup call. However,
+multiple threads and call sites are free to pin the same struct pages, via both
+FOLL_PIN and FOLL_GET. It's just the call site that needs to choose one or the
+other, not the struct page(s).
+
+The FOLL_PIN implementation is nearly the same as FOLL_GET, except that FOLL_PIN
+uses a different reference counting technique.
+
+FOLL_PIN is a prerequisite to FOLL_LONGTGERM. Another way of saying that is,
+FOLL_LONGTERM is a specific case, more restrictive case of FOLL_PIN.
+
+Which flags are set by each wrapper
+===================================
+
+Only FOLL_PIN and FOLL_LONGTERM are covered here. These flags are added to
+whatever flags the caller provides::
+
+ Function gup flags (FOLL_PIN or FOLL_LONGTERM only)
+ -------- ------------------------------------------
+ pin_user_pages FOLL_PIN
+ pin_user_pages_fast FOLL_PIN
+ pin_user_pages_remote FOLL_PIN
+
+ pin_longterm_pages FOLL_PIN | FOLL_LONGTERM
+ pin_longterm_pages_fast FOLL_PIN | FOLL_LONGTERM
+ pin_longterm_pages_remote FOLL_PIN | FOLL_LONGTERM
+
+Tracking dma-pinned pages
+=========================
+
+Some of the key design constraints, and solutions, for tracking dma-pinned
+pages:
+
+* An actual reference count, per struct page, is required. This is because
+ multiple processes may pin and unpin a page.
+
+* False positives (reporting that a page is dma-pinned, when in fact it is not)
+ are acceptable, but false negatives are not.
+
+* struct page may not be increased in size for this, and all fields are already
+ used.
+
+* Given the above, we can overload the page->_refcount field by using, sort of,
+ the upper bits in that field for a dma-pinned count. "Sort of", means that,
+ rather than dividing page->_refcount into bit fields, we simple add a medium-
+ large value (GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS, initially chosen to be 1024: 10 bits) to
+ page->_refcount. This provides fuzzy behavior: if a page has get_page() called
+ on it 1024 times, then it will appear to have a single dma-pinned count.
+ And again, that's acceptable.
+
+This also leads to limitations: there are only 32-10==22 bits available for a
+counter that increments 10 bits at a time.
+
+TODO: for 1GB and larger huge pages, this is cutting it close. That's because
+when pin_user_pages() follows such pages, it increments the head page by "1"
+(where "1" used to mean "+1" for get_user_pages(), but now means "+1024" for
+pin_user_pages()) for each tail page. So if you have a 1GB huge page:
+
+* There are 256K (18 bits) worth of 4 KB tail pages.
+* There are 22 bits available to count up via GUP_PIN_COUNTING_BIAS (that is,
+ 10 bits at a time)
+* There are 22 - 18 == 4 bits available to count. Except that there aren't,
+ because you need to allow for a few normal get_page() calls on the head page,
+ as well. Fortunately, the approach of using addition, rather than "hard"
+ bitfields, within page->_refcount, allows for sharing these bits gracefully.
+ But we're still looking at about 16 references.
+
+This, however, is a missing feature more than anything else, because it's easily
+solved by addressing an obvious inefficiency in the original get_user_pages()
+approach of retrieving pages: stop treating all the pages as if they were
+PAGE_SIZE. Retrieve huge pages as huge pages. The callers need to be aware of
+this, so some work is required. Once that's in place, this limitation mostly
+disappears from view, because there will be ample refcounting range available.
+
+* Callers must specifically request "dma-pinned tracking of pages". In other
+ words, just calling get_user_pages() will not suffice; a new set of functions,
+ pin_user_page() and related, must be used.
+
+FOLL_PIN, FOLL_GET, FOLL_LONGTERM: when to use which flags
+==========================================================
+
+Thanks to Jan Kara, Vlastimil Babka and several other -mm people, for describing
+these categories:
+
+CASE 1: Direct IO (DIO)
+-----------------------
+There are GUP references to pages that are serving
+as DIO buffers. These buffers are needed for a relatively short time (so they
+are not "long term"). No special synchronization with page_mkclean() or
+munmap() is provided. Therefore, flags to set at the call site are: ::
+
+ FOLL_PIN
+
+...but rather than setting FOLL_PIN directly, call sites should use one of
+the pin_user_pages*() routines that set FOLL_PIN.
+
+CASE 2: RDMA
+------------
+There are GUP references to pages that are serving as DMA
+buffers. These buffers are needed for a long time ("long term"). No special
+synchronization with page_mkclean() or munmap() is provided. Therefore, flags
+to set at the call site are: ::
+
+ FOLL_PIN | FOLL_LONGTERM
+
+TODO: There is also a special case when the pages are DAX pages: in addition to
+the above flags, the caller needs something like a layout lease on the
+associated file. This is yet to be implemented. When it is implemented, it's
+expected that the lease will be a prerequisite to setting FOLL_LONGTERM.
+
+CASE 3: ODP
+-----------
+(Mellanox/Infiniband On Demand Paging: the hardware supports
+replayable page faulting). There are GUP references to pages serving as DMA
+buffers. For ODP, MMU notifiers are used to synchronize with page_mkclean()
+and munmap(). Therefore, normal GUP calls are sufficient, so neither flag
+needs to be set.
+
+CASE 4: Pinning for struct page manipulation only
+-------------------------------------------------
+Here, normal GUP calls are sufficient, so neither flag needs to be set.
+
+page_dma_pinned(): the whole point of pinning
+=============================================
+
+The whole point of marking pages as "DMA-pinned" or "gup-pinned" is to be able
+to query, "is this page DMA-pinned?" That allows code such as page_mkclean()
+(and file system writeback code in general) to make informed decisions about
+what to do when a page cannot be unmapped due to such pins.
+
+What to do in those cases is the subject of a years-long series of discussions
+and debates (see the References at the end of this document). It's a TODO item
+here: fill in the details once that's worked out. Meanwhile, it's safe to say
+that having this available: ::
+
+ static inline bool page_dma_pinned(struct page *page)
+
+...is a prerequisite to solving the long-running gup+DMA problem.
+
+Another way of thinking about FOLL_GET, FOLL_PIN, and FOLL_LONGTERM
+===================================================================
+
+Another way of thinking about these flags is as a progression of restrictions:
+FOLL_GET is for struct page manipulation, without affecting the data that the
+struct page refers to. FOLL_PIN is a *replacement* for FOLL_GET, and is for
+short term pins on pages whose data *will* get accessed. As such, FOLL_PIN is
+a "more severe" form of pinning. And finally, FOLL_LONGTERM is an even more
+restrictive case that has FOLL_PIN as a prerequisite: this is for pages that
+will be pinned longterm, and whose data will be accessed.
+
+Unit testing
+============
+This file::
+
+ tools/testing/selftests/vm/gup_benchmark.c
+
+has the following new calls to exercise the new pin*() wrapper functions:
+
+* PIN_FAST_BENCHMARK (./gup_benchmark -a)
+* PIN_LONGTERM_BENCHMARK (./gup_benchmark -a)
+* PIN_BENCHMARK (./gup_benchmark -a)
+
+You can monitor how many total dma-pinned pages have been acquired and released
+since the system was booted, via two new /proc/vmstat entries: ::
+
+ /proc/vmstat/nr_foll_pin_requested
+ /proc/vmstat/nr_foll_pin_requested
+
+Those are both going to show zero, unless CONFIG_DEBUG_VM is set. This is
+because there is a noticeable performance drop in put_user_page(), when they
+are activated.
+
+References
+==========
+
+* `Some slow progress on get_user_pages() (Apr 2, 2019) <https://lwn.net/Articles/784574/>`_
+* `DMA and get_user_pages() (LPC: Dec 12, 2018) <https://lwn.net/Articles/774411/>`_
+* `The trouble with get_user_pages() (Apr 30, 2018) <https://lwn.net/Articles/753027/>`_
+
+John Hubbard, October, 2019
--
2.23.0
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2019-10-30 22:50 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 47+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2019-10-30 22:49 [PATCH 00/19] mm/gup: track dma-pinned pages: FOLL_PIN, FOLL_LONGTERM John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 01/19] mm/gup: pass flags arg to __gup_device_* functions John Hubbard
2019-10-31 18:18 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 02/19] mm/gup: factor out duplicate code from four routines John Hubbard
2019-10-31 18:35 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-31 18:43 ` John Hubbard
2019-10-31 21:09 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-31 22:01 ` John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 03/19] goldish_pipe: rename local pin_user_pages() routine John Hubbard
2019-10-31 18:36 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 04/19] media/v4l2-core: set pages dirty upon releasing DMA buffers John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 05/19] mm/gup: introduce pin_user_pages*() and FOLL_PIN John Hubbard
2019-10-31 23:15 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-31 23:43 ` John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 06/19] goldish_pipe: convert to pin_user_pages() and put_user_page() John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 07/19] infiniband: set FOLL_PIN, FOLL_LONGTERM via pin_longterm_pages*() John Hubbard
2019-10-31 23:25 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-31 23:49 ` John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 08/19] mm/process_vm_access: set FOLL_PIN via pin_user_pages_remote() John Hubbard
2019-10-31 23:35 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-31 23:46 ` John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 09/19] drm/via: set FOLL_PIN via pin_user_pages_fast() John Hubbard
2019-10-31 23:36 ` Ira Weiny
2019-11-04 18:10 ` Daniel Vetter
2019-11-04 19:20 ` John Hubbard
2019-11-05 9:49 ` Daniel Vetter
2019-11-05 18:16 ` John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 10/19] fs/io_uring: set FOLL_PIN via pin_user_pages() John Hubbard
2019-10-31 23:37 ` Ira Weiny
2019-11-01 14:49 ` Jens Axboe
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 11/19] net/xdp: " John Hubbard
2019-10-31 23:37 ` Ira Weiny
2019-11-02 11:01 ` Björn Töpel
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 12/19] mm/gup: track FOLL_PIN pages John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 13/19] media/v4l2-core: pin_longterm_pages (FOLL_PIN) and put_user_page() conversion John Hubbard
2019-10-31 23:38 ` Ira Weiny
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 14/19] vfio, mm: " John Hubbard
2019-10-30 23:05 ` John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 15/19] powerpc: book3s64: convert to pin_longterm_pages() and put_user_page() John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 16/19] mm/gup_benchmark: support pin_user_pages() and related calls John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 17/19] selftests/vm: run_vmtests: invoke gup_benchmark with basic FOLL_PIN coverage John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` [PATCH 18/19] mm/gup: remove support for gup(FOLL_LONGTERM) John Hubbard
2019-10-30 22:49 ` John Hubbard [this message]
2019-10-31 23:49 ` [PATCH 19/19] Documentation/vm: add pin_user_pages.rst Ira Weiny
2019-10-31 23:53 ` John Hubbard
2019-11-01 0:48 ` John Hubbard
2019-11-03 19:53 ` John Hubbard
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