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From: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
To: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Cc: Martin Michlmayr <tbm@cyrius.com>,
	Hugh Dickins <hugh@veritas.com>,
	Nick Piggin <nickpiggin@yahoo.com.au>,
	Arjan van de Ven <arjan@infradead.org>,
	Andrei Popa <andrei.popa@i-neo.ro>, Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>,
	Linux Kernel Mailing List <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
	Florian Weimer <fw@deneb.enyo.de>,
	Marc Haber <mh+linux-kernel@zugschlus.de>,
	Martin Schwidefsky <schwidefsky@de.ibm.com>,
	Heiko Carstens <heiko.carstens@de.ibm.com>,
	Arnd Bergmann <arnd.bergmann@de.ibm.com>,
	gordonfarquharson@gmail.com
Subject: Re: [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one (was: 2.6.19 file content corruption on ext3)
Date: Thu, 21 Dec 2006 00:03:25 +0100	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <1166655805.30008.18.camel@twins> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <Pine.LNX.4.64.0612201441030.3576@woody.osdl.org>

On Wed, 2006-12-20 at 14:49 -0800, Linus Torvalds wrote:
> 
> On Wed, 20 Dec 2006, Peter Zijlstra wrote:
> >
> > I think this is also needed:
> 
> Yeah, that looks about right. Although I think it should go above the 
> "try_to_release_page()", because right now we do that "ttrp()" with the 
> dirty bit set, and we should let the low-level filesystem just know that 
> it's simply not interesting any more (and, indeed, "try_to_free_buffers()" 
> too, for that matter).

That makes NFS unhappy, see nfs_release_page().

> Anyway, I think that's a detail. I'd rather know whether this all actually 
> makes any difference what-so-ever to the corruption behaviour of Andrei 
> &co. 

Yeah, I have to tinker with my test setup to make it fail again. Maybe I
have to add more seeds, that seemed to make a difference, it was
impossible to trigger with a single seed.

FWIW I also added some scribble past i_size checks in nobh_writepage()
and block_write_full_page().

FWIW2 I straced rtorrent for a bit and it does an aweful lot of mmap
calls and relatively few msync(MS_ASYNC);munmap(), and no truncate apart
from creating sparse files at the beginning.

> Maybe the UP ARM case is some strange dcache alias issue with PIO IDE, and 
> the only reason that started showing up at the same time is the different 
> IO loads. Who knows.
> 
> [ Although I think you may have been on the right track with that dcache 
>   flushing stuff in "page_mkclean()".. It might not have been quite 
>   all there, but I think we should go back and look very closely at 
>   page_mkclean() regardless of any other issues! ]

current version

Signed-off-by: Peter Zijlstra <a.p.zijlstra@chello.nl>
---
 mm/rmap.c |   23 +++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

Index: linux-2.6/mm/rmap.c
===================================================================
--- linux-2.6.orig/mm/rmap.c
+++ linux-2.6/mm/rmap.c
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ static int page_mkclean_one(struct page 
 {
 	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
 	unsigned long address;
-	pte_t *pte, entry;
+	pte_t *pte;
 	spinlock_t *ptl;
 	int ret = 0;
 
@@ -444,17 +444,18 @@ static int page_mkclean_one(struct page 
 	if (!pte)
 		goto out;
 
-	if (!pte_dirty(*pte) && !pte_write(*pte))
-		goto unlock;
+	while (pte_dirty(*pte) || pte_write(*pte)) {
+		pte_t entry;
 
-	entry = ptep_get_and_clear(mm, address, pte);
-	entry = pte_mkclean(entry);
-	entry = pte_wrprotect(entry);
-	ptep_establish(vma, address, pte, entry);
-	lazy_mmu_prot_update(entry);
-	ret = 1;
+		flush_cache_page(vma, address, pte_pfn(*pte));
+		entry = ptep_clear_flush(vma, address, pte);
+		entry = pte_wrprotect(entry);
+		entry = pte_mkclean(entry);
+		ptep_establish(vma, address, pte, entry);
+		lazy_mmu_prot_update(entry);
+		ret = 1;
+	}
 
-unlock:
 	pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
 out:
 	return ret;
@@ -489,6 +490,8 @@ int page_mkclean(struct page *page)
 		if (mapping)
 			ret = page_mkclean_file(mapping, page);
 	}
+	if (page_test_and_clear_dirty(page))
+		ret = 1;
 
 	return ret;
 }


> So far, my whole "cancel_dirty_page/clean_page_dirty_for_io" patch has 
> really been just a "try to make the code _look_ sane. I don't think we 
> have a single report that the patch actually makes any difference yet.

I failed to compile a kernel with that patch (100% iowait and a bunch of
processes stuck in D state), but sysrq-t was borked (only numbers no
symbols) have yet to retry - I noticed you kicked the unwinder?.


  reply	other threads:[~2006-12-20 23:05 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 311+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2006-12-17  0:13 2.6.19 file content corruption on ext3 Andrei Popa
2006-12-17 12:06 ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-17 12:19   ` Marc Haber
2006-12-17 12:32   ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-17 13:39   ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-17 23:40     ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-18  1:02       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18  1:22       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18  1:29         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18  1:57           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18  4:51             ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-18  5:43               ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-18  7:22                 ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-18  9:18                   ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-18  9:26                     ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-18  9:42                     ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19  8:51                 ` Marc Haber
2006-12-19  9:28                   ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-28 18:05                   ` Marc Haber
2006-12-28 19:00                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 19:05                       ` Petri Kaukasoina
2006-12-28 19:21                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 19:39                           ` Dave Jones
2006-12-28 20:10                             ` Arjan van de Ven
2006-12-29  9:23                             ` maximilian attems
2006-12-29 15:02                               ` Dave Jones
2006-12-29 18:52                                 ` maximilian attems
2006-12-29 19:14                                   ` Dave Jones
2006-12-28 21:24                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 21:36                         ` Russell King
2006-12-28 22:37                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 22:50                           ` David Miller
2006-12-28 23:01                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29  1:38                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29  1:59                               ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-28 23:36                           ` Anton Altaparmakov
2006-12-28 23:54                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29 17:49                       ` Guillaume Chazarain
2006-12-18  5:50               ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18  7:16                 ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-18  7:17                   ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-18  9:30                   ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-18  7:30                 ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-18  9:19                 ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-18  9:38                   ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-18 10:00                     ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-18 10:11                       ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-18 10:49                         ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-18 15:24                           ` Gene Heskett
2006-12-18 15:32                             ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-18 15:47                               ` Gene Heskett
2006-12-18 16:55       ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-18 18:03         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 18:24           ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-18 18:35             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 19:04               ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-18 19:10                 ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-18 19:18                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 19:44                   ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-18 20:14                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 20:41                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 21:11                         ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-18 22:00                           ` Alessandro Suardi
2006-12-18 22:45                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19  0:13                               ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-19  0:29                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 22:32                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 23:48                             ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-19  0:04                               ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19  0:29                                 ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-19  0:57                                   ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19  1:21                                     ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-19  1:44                                       ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-19  1:54                                         ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-19  2:04                                           ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-19  8:05                                           ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-19  8:24                                             ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-19  8:34                                               ` Pekka Enberg
2006-12-19  9:13                                               ` Marc Haber
2006-12-19  1:50                                     ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-19  1:03                               ` Gene Heskett
2006-12-18 22:34                         ` Gene Heskett
2006-12-22 17:27                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-18 21:43                       ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-18 21:49                       ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19 23:42                       ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20  0:23                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-20  9:01                           ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20  9:12                             ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20  9:39                             ` Arjan van de Ven
2006-12-20 11:26                               ` [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one (was: 2.6.19 file content corruption on ext3) Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 11:39                                 ` Jesper Juhl
2006-12-20 11:42                                   ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 12:12                                     ` Jesper Juhl
2006-12-20 13:00                                 ` Hugh Dickins
2006-12-20 13:56                                   ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 17:03                                     ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-20 17:35                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-20 17:53                                         ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-20 19:01                                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-20 19:50                                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-20 20:22                                               ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 21:55                                               ` Dave Kleikamp
2006-12-20 22:25                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-20 22:59                                                   ` Dave Kleikamp
2006-12-20 22:15                                               ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 22:20                                                 ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 22:49                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-20 23:03                                                   ` Peter Zijlstra [this message]
2006-12-21  9:16                                                     ` Martin Schwidefsky
2006-12-21  9:20                                                       ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-21  9:26                                                         ` Martin Schwidefsky
2006-12-21 20:01                                                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  0:00                                                           ` Martin Schwidefsky
2006-12-28  0:42                                                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  0:52                                                               ` [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one David Miller
2006-12-21  2:36                                                 ` [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one (was: 2.6.19 file content corruption on ext3) Trond Myklebust
2006-12-21  8:10                                                   ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 23:24                                               ` David Chinner
2006-12-20 23:55                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  1:20                                                   ` David Chinner
2006-12-20 23:32                                               ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-20 23:55                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  0:11                                                   ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-21  0:22                                                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  0:24                                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21 15:48                                                         ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-21 16:58                                                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  0:43                                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  1:20                                                         ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-21  2:54                                                   ` Trond Myklebust
2006-12-21 17:19                                                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  7:32                                               ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-21  7:53                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  8:38                                                   ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-21  8:59                                                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-21  9:17                                                   ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-21  9:27                                                     ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-22  4:20                                                       ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-22  4:54                                                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-22 10:00                                                           ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 10:06                                                             ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 10:10                                                               ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 11:07                                                                 ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 15:30                                                                 ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-22 17:11                                                                   ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 10:17                                                             ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-22 11:12                                                               ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 12:24                                                               ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-22 12:32                                                                 ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 12:59                                                                   ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 13:25                                                                     ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-22 13:29                                                                       ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-22 17:56                                                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-22 19:20                                                                       ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-24  8:10                                                                         ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-24  8:43                                                                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-24  8:57                                                                             ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-24  9:26                                                                               ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-24 12:14                                                                               ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-24 12:26                                                                                 ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-24 12:30                                                                                   ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-24 12:31                                                                                 ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-24 16:45                                                                                   ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-24 17:16                                                                                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-24 18:07                                                                                       ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-24 18:37                                                                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-24 19:18                                                                                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-24 20:55                                                                                           ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-26 10:31                                                                                           ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-26 19:26                                                                                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-27 12:32                                                                                               ` Jari Sundell
2006-12-27 12:44                                                                                               ` valdyn
2006-12-27 13:33                                                                                                 ` Jari Sundell
2007-01-07  2:06                                                                                               ` Tom Lanyon
2007-01-07  5:58                                                                                                 ` Tom Lanyon
2007-01-07  6:05                                                                                                 ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-24 21:21                                                                                         ` Michael S. Tsirkin
2006-12-24 19:27                                                                                       ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-24 19:35                                                                                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-24 20:10                                                                                           ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-24 20:24                                                                                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-24 20:30                                                                                               ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-26 17:51                                                                                               ` Al Viro
2006-12-26 17:58                                                                                                 ` Al Viro
2006-12-24 22:01                                                                                           ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-24 14:05                                                                               ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-26 16:17                                                                             ` Tobias Diedrich
2006-12-27  4:55                                                                               ` [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one David Miller
2006-12-27  7:00                                                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-27  8:39                                                                                   ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-28  0:16                                                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  0:39                                                                                   ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  0:52                                                                                     ` David Miller
2006-12-28  3:04                                                                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  4:32                                                                                         ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-28  4:53                                                                                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  5:20                                                                                             ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-28  5:41                                                                                               ` David Miller
2006-12-28  5:47                                                                                                 ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-28 10:13                                                                                               ` Russell King
2006-12-28 14:15                                                                                                 ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-28 15:53                                                                                                   ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-28 17:27                                                                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 18:44                                                                                                   ` Russell King
2006-12-28 19:01                                                                                                     ` Linus Torvalds
     [not found]                                                                                             ` <97a0a9ac0612272115g4cce1f08n3c3c8498a6076bd5@mail.gmail.com>
     [not found]                                                                                               ` <Pine.LNX.4.64.0612272120180.4473@woody.osdl.org>
2006-12-28  5:38                                                                                                 ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-28  9:30                                                                                                   ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-28 10:16                                                                                                   ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-28 10:49                                                                                                     ` Russell King
2006-12-28 14:56                                                                                                       ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-28  5:58                                                                                                 ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-28 17:08                                                                                                   ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  5:55                                                                                         ` Chen, Kenneth W
2006-12-28  6:10                                                                                           ` Chen, Kenneth W
2006-12-28  6:27                                                                                             ` David Miller
2006-12-28 17:10                                                                                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28  9:15                                                                                         ` Zhang, Yanmin
2006-12-28 17:15                                                                                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 11:50                                                                                         ` Petri Kaukasoina
2006-12-28 15:09                                                                                         ` Guillaume Chazarain
2006-12-28 19:19                                                                                           ` Guillaume Chazarain
2006-12-28 19:28                                                                                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 19:45                                                                                               ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-28 20:14                                                                                                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-28 22:38                                                                                                   ` David Miller
2006-12-29  2:50                                                                                                     ` Segher Boessenkool
2006-12-29  6:48                                                                                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29  8:58                                                                                                         ` Ok, explained.. (was Re: [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one) Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29 10:48                                                                                                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29 11:16                                                                                                             ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-29 12:09                                                                                                             ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-29 17:25                                                                                                               ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29 12:31                                                                                                             ` Ingo Molnar
2006-12-29 13:08                                                                                                             ` Martin Johansson
2006-12-29 14:08                                                                                                             ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-29 15:17                                                                                                               ` Stephen Clark
2006-12-29 15:54                                                                                                                 ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-29 22:16                                                                                                             ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-29 22:24                                                                                                               ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-29 22:42                                                                                                               ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29 23:32                                                                                                                 ` Theodore Tso
2006-12-29 23:59                                                                                                                   ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-30  0:05                                                                                                                   ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-30  0:50                                                                                                                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29 23:51                                                                                                                 ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-30  0:11                                                                                                                   ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-30  0:33                                                                                                                     ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-30  0:58                                                                                                                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-30  1:16                                                                                                                         ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-29 15:27                                                                                                           ` Theodore Tso
2006-12-29 17:51                                                                                                             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-29 12:19                                                                                                         ` [patch] fix data corruption bug in __block_write_full_page() Ingo Molnar
2007-01-02 11:20                                                                                                           ` Christoph Hellwig
2007-01-02 12:06                                                                                                             ` Ingo Molnar
2007-01-02 12:16                                                                                                               ` Christoph Hellwig
2006-12-28 22:35                                                                                                 ` [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one Mike Galbraith
2006-12-22 15:01                                                                   ` [PATCH] mm: fix page_mkclean_one (was: 2.6.19 file content corruption on ext3) Patrick Mau
2006-12-23  8:15                                                                   ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-22 15:08                                                           ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-22 10:01                                                         ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-22 15:16                                                           ` Gordon Farquharson
2006-12-21 12:30                                                   ` Russell King
2006-12-21 12:36                                                     ` Russell King
2006-12-21 11:21                                               ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-20 22:11                                       ` Russell King
2006-12-21  8:18                                         ` Martin Michlmayr
2006-12-21  9:54                                           ` Russell King
2006-12-20 14:55                                 ` Martin Schwidefsky
2006-12-20 14:27                             ` 2.6.19 file content corruption on ext3 Martin Schwidefsky
2006-12-20  9:32                           ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 14:15                         ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-20 14:23                           ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20 16:30                             ` Andrei Popa
2006-12-20 16:36                               ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19  7:38                   ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19  4:36           ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19  6:34             ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19  6:51               ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19  7:26                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19  8:04                   ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19  9:00                     ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19  9:05                       ` Peter Zijlstra
     [not found]                     ` <4587B762.2030603@yahoo.com.au>
2006-12-19 10:32                       ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-19 10:42                         ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19 10:47                         ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-19 10:52                         ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19 10:58                           ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19 11:51                             ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19 10:55                         ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19 16:51                       ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19 17:43                         ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19 18:59                           ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19 21:30                             ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19 22:51                               ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19 22:58                                 ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-19 23:06                                   ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19 23:07                                     ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-20  0:03                                     ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-20  0:18                                       ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-20 18:02                               ` Stephen Clark
2006-12-20  5:56                             ` Jari Sundell
2006-12-19 21:56                           ` Florian Weimer
2006-12-21 13:03                           ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-21 20:40                             ` Andrew Morton
2006-12-19 20:03               ` dean gaudet
2006-12-19  7:22             ` Peter Zijlstra
2006-12-19  7:59               ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19  8:14                 ` Linus Torvalds
2006-12-19  9:40                   ` Nick Piggin
2006-12-19 16:46                     ` Linus Torvalds

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