All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: guido@trentalancia.net (Guido Trentalancia)
To: refpolicy@oss.tresys.com
Subject: [refpolicy] [PATCH v2] wm: update the window manager (wm) module and enable its role template
Date: Thu, 08 Dec 2016 22:51:21 +0100	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <1481233881.3170.19.camel@trentalancia.net> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <278b7093-a356-8aea-466e-c10aaddb8c64@gmail.com>

On Thu, 08/12/2016 at 22.13 +0100, Dominick Grift via refpolicy wrote:
> On 12/08/2016 09:53 PM, Guido Trentalancia via refpolicy wrote:
> > 
> > On Thu, 08/12/2016 at 18.51 +0100, Dominick Grift via refpolicy
> > wrote:
> > > 
> > > i
> > > On 12/08/2016 06:20 PM, Guido Trentalancia via refpolicy wrote:
> > > > 
> > > > 
> > > > Enable the window manager role (wm contrib module) and update
> > > > the module to work with gnome-shell.
> > > > 
> > > > This second version introduces better integration with common
> > > > desktop applications and requires the following recently posted
> > > > patch for the games module:
> > > > 
> > > > [PATCH 1/2] games: general update and improved pulseaudio
> > > > integration
> > > > http://oss.tresys.com/pipermail/refpolicy/2016-December/008650.
> > > > html
> > > > 
> > > > This patch might need some more testing.
> > > 
> > > Yes, i dont think this should be merged.
> > 
> > It needs to be tested with other window managers.
> > 
> > Have you found any actual limitation with the old gnome (gnome-
> > panel/metacity), kde or others ?
> > 
> 
> It is hard to explain but consider some of this stuff. gnome-shell
> connects to http ports, gnome-shell needs to be able to run programs
> on
> behalf of the calling user (ALT-f2), gnome-shell is a pulseaudio
> client,
> gnome-shell needs comms with: bluetooth, accountsd, geoclue, upower,
> logind: all things that a normal windows manager does not need.

gnome-shell does not need to connect to http ports and the Alt-F2 key
combination is not used to run programs.

Once again, the difference in terms of permissions compared to the
actual module is mostly general and harmless.

> Not to mention that gnome requires permissions that are specific to
> wayland compositors

The module is only tested with the X server and not wayland.

If and when support for wayland will be introduced, we'll decide
whether or not to fork new policy specifically for gnome-shell. As
already explained, at the moment, it definitely doesn't pay back.

> > > Also gnome-shell is a wm but its not every wm needs the
> > > permissions
> > > that
> > > gnome-shell needs. We should either give gnome-shell its own
> > > domain
> > > or
> > > add the gnome-shell specific rules to a tunable.
> > > 
> > > For example: gnome-shell is a wayland compositor. but there are
> > > many
> > > more things that gnome shell needs that a "normal" window manager
> > > should
> > > never need.
> > 
> > The permissions that have been added are very general and
> > harmless.?
> 
> For now maybe because the policy is not comprehensive
> 
> > 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > ?policy/modules/contrib/pulseaudio.if |???19 +++++++++
> > > > ?policy/modules/contrib/wm.if?????????|???44
> > > > +++++++++++++++++++++
> > > > ?policy/modules/contrib/wm.te?????????|???73
> > > > +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > > > ?policy/modules/roles/staff.te????????|????1
> > > > ?policy/modules/roles/sysadm.te???????|????1
> > > > ?policy/modules/roles/unprivuser.te??|????1
> > > > ?6 files changed, 139 insertions(+)
> > > > 
> > > > diff -pruN refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/contrib/pulseaudio.if refpolicy-git-
> > > > 07122016/policy/modules/contrib/pulseaudio.if
> > > > --- refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/contrib/pulseaudio.if	2016-09-27
> > > > 16:28:51.964139648 +0200
> > > > +++ refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/contrib/pulseaudio.if
> > > > 	
> > > > 2016-12-08 15:47:40.117740787 +0100
> > > > @@ -424,3 +424,22 @@ interface(`pulseaudio_rw_tmpfs_files',`
> > > > ?	fs_search_tmpfs($1)
> > > > ?	rw_files_pattern($1, pulseaudio_tmpfs_t,
> > > > pulseaudio_tmpfs_t)
> > > > ?')
> > > > +
> > > > +#######################################
> > > > +## <summary>
> > > > +##	Manage pulseaudio tmpfs files.
> > > > +## </summary>
> > > > +## <param name="domain">
> > > > +##	<summary>
> > > > +##	Domain allowed access.
> > > > +##	</summary>
> > > > +## </param>
> > > > +#
> > > > +interface(`pulseaudio_manage_tmpfs_files',`
> > > > +	gen_require(`
> > > > +		type pulseaudio_tmpfs_t;
> > > > +	')
> > > > +
> > > > +	fs_search_tmpfs($1)
> > > > +	manage_files_pattern($1, pulseaudio_tmpfs_t,
> > > > pulseaudio_tmpfs_t)
> > > > +')
> > > 
> > > does not make sense, and i would like to know what prompted you
> > > to
> > > add
> > > this (preferably backed with avc denials)
> > 
> > It's needed to unlink them. Probably stale files from previous
> > sessions.
> > 
> > > 
> > > wm should is a pulseaudio_client and pulseaudio_client can
> > > already rw
> > > and delete pulseaudio_tmpfs_files. It should not need more than
> > > that.
> > 
> > I decided to avoid using the pulseaudio_client attribute because it
> > implies other unneeded permissions, including corenet permissions
> > that
> > are quite undesirable.
> > 
> 
> Those permissions aren't unneeded. They should be conditional maybe
> but
> there are configurations where clients may want to connect to
> pulseaudio
> via the network.
> 
> > 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > diff -pruN refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/contrib/wm.if?
> > > > refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/contrib/wm.if
> > > > --- refpolicy-git-07122016-orig/policy/modules/contrib/wm.if	
> > > > 2016-08-14 21:28:11.597521187 +0200
> > > > +++ refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/contrib/wm.if	
> > > > 2016
> > > > -12-08 15:47:40.118740804 +0100
> > > > @@ -47,6 +47,8 @@ template(`wm_role_template',`
> > > > ?	# Policy
> > > > ?	#
> > > > ?
> > > > +	allow $3 $1_wm_t:fd use;
> > > > +
> > > > ?	allow $1_wm_t $3:unix_stream_socket connectto;
> > > > ?	allow $3 $1_wm_t:unix_stream_socket connectto;
> > > > ?
> > > > @@ -72,6 +74,7 @@ template(`wm_role_template',`
> > > > ?	xserver_manage_core_devices($1_wm_t)
> > > > ?
> > > > ?	optional_policy(`
> > > > +		dbus_connect_spec_session_bus($1, $1_wm_t)
> > > > ?		dbus_spec_session_bus_client($1, $1_wm_t)
> > > > ?		dbus_system_bus_client($1_wm_t)
> > > > ?
> > > > @@ -81,11 +84,14 @@ template(`wm_role_template',`
> > > > ?	')
> > > > ?
> > > > ?	optional_policy(`
> > > > +		gnome_dbus_chat_gkeyringd($1, $1_wm_t)
> > > > ?		gnome_stream_connect_gkeyringd($1, $1_wm_t)
> > > > ?	')
> > > > ?
> > > > ?	optional_policy(`
> > > > ?		pulseaudio_run($1_wm_t, $2)
> > > > +		pulseaudio_manage_tmpfs_files($1_wm_t)
> > > > +		pulseaudio_use_fds($1_wm_t)
> > > 
> > > these shouldnt be needed. what prompted you to add these?
> > > (preferably
> > > show avc denials)
> > 
> > See above. Stale files need to be unlinked.
> 
> That is a bug here then:
> 
> https://github.com/TresysTechnology/refpolicy-contrib/blob/master/pul
> seaudio.te#L241
> 
> clients should then also be able to delete pulseaudio tmpfs files
> 
> > 
> > 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > ?	')
> > > > ?')
> > > > ?
> > > > @@ -134,3 +140,41 @@ interface(`wm_dbus_chat',`
> > > > ?	allow $2 $1_wm_t:dbus send_msg;
> > > > ?	allow $1_wm_t $2:dbus send_msg;
> > > > ?')
> > > > +
> > > > +########################################
> > > > +## <summary>
> > > > +##	Do not audit attempts to execute
> > > > +##	files in temporary directories.
> > > > +## </summary>
> > > > +## <param name="domain">
> > > > +##	<summary>
> > > > +##	Domain to not audit.
> > > > +##	</summary>
> > > > +## </param>
> > > > +#
> > > > +interface(`wm_dontaudit_exec_tmp_files',`
> > > > +	gen_require(`
> > > > +		type wm_tmp_t;
> > > > +	')
> > > > +
> > > > +	dontaudit $1 wm_tmp_t:file exec_file_perms;
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +########################################
> > > > +## <summary>
> > > > +##	Do not audit attempts to execute
> > > > +##	files in temporary filesystems.
> > > > +## </summary>
> > > > +## <param name="domain">
> > > > +##	<summary>
> > > > +##	Domain to not audit.
> > > > +##	</summary>
> > > > +## </param>
> > > > +#
> > > > +interface(`wm_dontaudit_exec_tmpfs_files',`
> > > > +	gen_require(`
> > > > +		type wm_tmpfs_t;
> > > > +	')
> > > > +
> > > > +	dontaudit $1 wm_tmpfs_t:file exec_file_perms;
> > > > +')
> > > > diff -pruN refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/contrib/wm.te?
> > > > refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/contrib/wm.te
> > > > --- refpolicy-git-07122016-orig/policy/modules/contrib/wm.te	
> > > > 2016-10-29 16:29:19.762328008 +0200
> > > > +++ refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/contrib/wm.te	
> > > > 2016
> > > > -12-08 17:57:40.843768477 +0100
> > > > @@ -10,6 +10,14 @@ attribute wm_domain;
> > > > ?type wm_exec_t;
> > > > ?corecmd_executable_file(wm_exec_t)
> > > > ?
> > > > +type wm_tmp_t;
> > > > +typealias wm_tmp_t alias { user_wm_tmp_t staff_wm_tmp_t
> > > > sysadm_wm_tmp_t };
> > > > +userdom_user_tmp_file(wm_tmp_t)
> > > > +
> > > > +type wm_tmpfs_t;
> > > > +typealias wm_tmpfs_t alias { user_wm_tmpfs_t staff_wm_tmpfs_t
> > > > sysadm_wm_tmpfs_t };
> > > > +userdom_user_tmpfs_file(wm_tmpfs_t)
> > > 
> > > this is a pulseaudio_tmpfs_file()
> > 
> > I am not sure about that.
> > 
> > It works fine, so at the moment I can't see a reason to change it.
> > 
> > It is probably used to create libffi files and not pulseaudio files
> > (that I expect to be created by the pulseaudio process). See below.
> > 
> 
> All pulseaudio clients need to be able to read/write/unlink eachother
> tmpfs files.
> 
> > 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > +
> > > > ?########################################
> > > > ?#
> > > > ?# Common wm domain local policy
> > > > @@ -21,31 +29,60 @@ allow wm_domain self:netlink_kobject_uev
> > > > ?allow wm_domain self:shm create_shm_perms;
> > > > ?allow wm_domain self:unix_dgram_socket create_socket_perms;
> > > > ?
> > > > +manage_dirs_pattern(wm_domain, wm_tmp_t, wm_tmp_t)
> > > > +manage_files_pattern(wm_domain, wm_tmp_t, wm_tmp_t)
> > > > +manage_lnk_files_pattern(wm_domain, wm_tmp_t, wm_tmp_t)
> > > > +files_tmp_filetrans(wm_domain, wm_tmp_t, { dir file lnk_file
> > > > })
> > > > +
> > > > +manage_dirs_pattern(wm_domain, wm_tmpfs_t, wm_tmpfs_t)
> > > > +manage_files_pattern(wm_domain, wm_tmpfs_t, wm_tmpfs_t)
> > > > +manage_lnk_files_pattern(wm_domain, wm_tmpfs_t, wm_tmpfs_t)
> > > > +fs_tmpfs_filetrans(wm_domain, wm_tmpfs_t, { dir file lnk_file
> > > > })
> > > > +
> > > > +can_exec(wm_domain, wm_exec_t)
> > > > +
> > > > ?kernel_read_system_state(wm_domain)
> > > > ?
> > > > ?corecmd_getattr_all_executables(wm_domain)
> > > > ?
> > > > +dev_read_rand(wm_domain)
> > > > ?dev_read_sound(wm_domain)
> > > > ?dev_read_sysfs(wm_domain)
> > > > ?dev_read_urand(wm_domain)
> > > > +dev_rw_dri(wm_domain)
> > > > ?dev_rw_wireless(wm_domain)
> > > > ?dev_write_sound(wm_domain)
> > > > ?
> > > > +files_read_etc_runtime_files(wm_domain)
> > > > ?files_read_usr_files(wm_domain)
> > > > ?
> > > > ?fs_getattr_all_fs(wm_domain)
> > > > ?
> > > > +kernel_read_fs_sysctls(wm_domain)
> > > > +kernel_read_proc_symlinks(wm_domain)
> > > > +kernel_read_sysctl(wm_domain)
> > > > +
> > > > ?miscfiles_read_fonts(wm_domain)
> > > > +miscfiles_read_generic_certs(wm_domain)
> > > > ?miscfiles_read_localization(wm_domain)
> > > > ?
> > > > +udev_read_pid_files(wm_domain)
> > > > +
> > > > +# this is needed by gnome-shell
> > > > +userdom_exec_user_home_content_files(wm_domain)
> > > 
> > > What exactly is it executing here?
> > 
> > I think it is executing files generated by libffi.
> 
> and how do those files end up in $HOME, maybe because you're blocking
> access to tmp (XDG_RUNTIME_DIR)?
> 
> /run/user/UID is first choice

No, it doesn't work like that.

And the home directory is the safest option.

> > > > +
> > > > ?userdom_manage_user_tmp_sockets(wm_domain)
> > > > ?userdom_tmp_filetrans_user_tmp(wm_domain, sock_file)
> > > > ?userdom_user_runtime_filetrans_user_tmp(wm_domain, sock_file)
> > > > ?
> > > > ?userdom_manage_user_home_content_dirs(wm_domain)
> > > > ?userdom_manage_user_home_content_files(wm_domain)
> > > > +
> > > > ?userdom_user_home_dir_filetrans_user_home_content(wm_domain, {
> > > > dir
> > > > file })
> > > > ?
> > > > +wm_dontaudit_exec_tmp_files(wm_domain)
> > > > +wm_dontaudit_exec_tmpfs_files(wm_domain)
> > > 
> > > why dontaudit the above? gnome-sheM
> 
> 
> These files are probably initially created in $CDG_RUNTIME_DIR which
> is
> the best place. However if you block that then it falls back to
> ~/.cache
> (which is second best)
> 
> > 
> > 
> > > 
> > > > 
> > > > +
> > > > ?optional_policy(`
> > > > ?	accountsd_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > ?')
> > > > @@ -55,10 +92,42 @@ optional_policy(`
> > > > ?')		
> > > > ?
> > > > ?optional_policy(`
> > > > +	consolekit_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > ?	devicekit_dbus_chat_power(wm_domain)
> > > > ?')
> > > > ?
> > > > ?optional_policy(`
> > > > +	evolution_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > +	evolution_alarm_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > +	evolution_domtrans(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > +	games_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > +	games_domtrans(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > +	java_domtrans(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > +	mono_domtrans(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > +	mozilla_domtrans(wm_domain)
> > > > +	mozilla_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > +	mplayer_domtrans(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > ?	networkmanager_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > ?')
> > > > ?
> > > > @@ -71,5 +140,9 @@ optional_policy(`
> > > > ?')
> > > > ?
> > > > ?optional_policy(`
> > > > +	telepathy_mission_control_dbus_chat(wm_domain)
> > > > +')
> > > > +
> > > > +optional_policy(`
> > > > ?	userhelper_exec_consolehelper(wm_domain)
> > > > ?')
> > > > diff -pruN refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/roles/staff.te refpolicy-git-
> > > > 07122016/policy/modules/roles/staff.te
> > > > --- refpolicy-git-07122016-orig/policy/modules/roles/staff.te	
> > > > 2016-12-07 13:39:08.669449296 +0100
> > > > +++ refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/roles/staff.te	
> > > > 201
> > > > 6-12-08 15:47:40.140741170 +0100
> > > > @@ -85,6 +85,7 @@ ifndef(`distro_redhat',`
> > > > ?
> > > > ?		optional_policy(`
> > > > ?			gnome_role_template(staff, staff_r,
> > > > staff_t)
> > > > +			wm_role_template(staff, staff_r,
> > > > staff_t)
> > > > ?		')
> > > > ?
> > > > ?		optional_policy(`
> > > > diff -pruN refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/roles/sysadm.te refpolicy-git-
> > > > 07122016/policy/modules/roles/sysadm.te
> > > > --- refpolicy-git-07122016-orig/policy/modules/roles/sysadm.te	
> > > > 2016-12-07 13:39:08.669449296 +0100
> > > > +++ refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/roles/sysadm.te	
> > > > 20
> > > > 16-12-08 15:47:40.141741187 +0100
> > > > @@ -1245,6 +1245,7 @@ ifndef(`distro_redhat',`
> > > > ?
> > > > ?		optional_policy(`
> > > > ?			gnome_role_template(sysadm, sysadm_r,
> > > > sysadm_t)
> > > > +			wm_role_template(sysadm, sysadm_r,
> > > > sysadm_t)
> > > > ?		')
> > > > ?	')
> > > > ?
> > > > diff -pruN refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/roles/unprivuser.te refpolicy-git-
> > > > 07122016/policy/modules/roles/unprivuser.te
> > > > --- refpolicy-git-07122016-
> > > > orig/policy/modules/roles/unprivuser.te	
> > > > 2016-12-07 13:39:08.669449296 +0100
> > > > +++ refpolicy-git-07122016/policy/modules/roles/unprivuser.te	
> > > > 2016-12-08 15:47:40.141741187 +0100
> > > > @@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ ifndef(`distro_redhat',`
> > > > ?
> > > > ?		optional_policy(`
> > > > ?			gnome_role_template(user, user_r,
> > > > user_t)
> > > > +			wm_role_template(user, user_r, user_t)
> > > > ?		')
> > > > ?
> > > > ?		optional_policy(`

Guido

  reply	other threads:[~2016-12-08 21:51 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 47+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2016-12-07 17:00 [refpolicy] [PATCH] wm: update the window manager (wm) module and enable its role template Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-08 17:20 ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v2] " Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-08 17:51   ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-08 20:53     ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-08 21:13       ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-08 21:51         ` Guido Trentalancia [this message]
2016-12-09 22:21   ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v3] " Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-11 20:04     ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-11 20:13       ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-11 20:47         ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-11 21:56           ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-12  2:35             ` Luis Ressel
2016-12-14  0:48     ` [refpolicy] [PATCH 1/5] wm: update the window manager (wm) module and enable its role template (v4) Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14  1:54       ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v2 1/5] wm: update the window manager (wm) module and enable its role template (v5) Guido Trentalancia
     [not found]         ` <CAPuKSJbhx+9kkU_KK5qX8s6ALknojqTeqmtjrkJR0fkVBn=wWg@mail.gmail.com>
2016-12-14 13:23           ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 21:25             ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-14 21:29               ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 23:43               ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v3 1/5] wm: update the window manager (wm) module and enable its role template (v6) Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-16  0:31                 ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-16 15:59                   ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v4 1/5 base part] wm: update the window manager (wm) module and enable its role template (v7) Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-17 14:05                     ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-17 16:56                       ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-17 18:06                         ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-16 15:59                   ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v4 1/5 contrib " Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 14:37           ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v2 1/5] wm: update the window manager (wm) module and enable its role template (v5) Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 15:33             ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 21:23               ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-14 21:34                 ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-14 21:45                   ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-14 21:52                     ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-14 22:01                       ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-14 22:07                       ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-14 22:13                         ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-14 22:14                         ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 22:20                           ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-14  0:48     ` [refpolicy] [PATCH 2/5] userdomain: separate optional conditionals for gnome and wm role templates Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14  0:48     ` [refpolicy] [PATCH 3/5] networkmanager: enable dbus chat with xdm Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 12:44       ` Jason Zaman
2016-12-14 12:48         ` Dominick Grift
2016-12-14  0:49     ` [refpolicy] [PATCH 4/5] policykit: " Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14  0:49     ` [refpolicy] [PATCH 5/5] rtkit: " Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-14 21:29       ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-14 23:09         ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v2 " Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-17 16:43           ` Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-17 17:55             ` Chris PeBenito
2016-12-17 18:06               ` [refpolicy] [PATCH v3 " Guido Trentalancia
2016-12-18 22:57                 ` Chris PeBenito

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=1481233881.3170.19.camel@trentalancia.net \
    --to=guido@trentalancia.net \
    --cc=refpolicy@oss.tresys.com \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.