[PATCH 1/5] Add manpage for open_tree(2)

[David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>]

Add a manual page to document the open_tree() system call.

Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
---

 man2/open_tree.2 |  260 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 260 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 man2/open_tree.2

diff --git a/man2/open_tree.2 b/man2/open_tree.2
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+'\" t
+.\" Copyright (c) 2020 David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
+.\"
+.\" %%%LICENSE_START(VERBATIM)
+.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this
+.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are
+.\" preserved on all copies.
+.\"
+.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+.\" manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+.\" entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+.\" permission notice identical to this one.
+.\"
+.\" Since the Linux kernel and libraries are constantly changing, this
+.\" manual page may be incorrect or out-of-date.  The author(s) assume no
+.\" responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from
+.\" the use of the information contained herein.  The author(s) may not
+.\" have taken the same level of care in the production of this manual,
+.\" which is licensed free of charge, as they might when working
+.\" professionally.
+.\"
+.\" Formatted or processed versions of this manual, if unaccompanied by
+.\" the source, must acknowledge the copyright and authors of this work.
+.\" %%%LICENSE_END
+.\"
+.TH OPEN_TREE 2 2020-08-07 "Linux" "Linux Programmer's Manual"
+.SH NAME
+open_tree \- Pick or clone mount object and attach to fd
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.nf
+.B #include <sys/types.h>
+.br
+.B #include <sys/mount.h>
+.br
+.B #include <unistd.h>
+.br
+.BR "#include <fcntl.h>           " "/* Definition of AT_* constants */"
+.PP
+.BI "int open_tree(int " dirfd ", const char *" pathname ", unsigned int " flags );
+.fi
+.PP
+.IR Note :
+There are no glibc wrappers for these system calls.
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.BR open_tree ()
+picks the mount object specified by the pathname and attaches it to a new file
+descriptor or clones it and attaches the clone to the file descriptor.  The
+resultant file descriptor is indistinguishable from one produced by
+.BR open "(2) with " O_PATH .
+.PP
+In the case that the mount object is cloned, the clone will be "unmounted" and
+destroyed when the file descriptor is closed if it is not otherwise mounted
+somewhere by calling
+.BR move_mount (2).
+.PP
+To select a mount object, no permissions are required on the object referred
+to by the path, but execute (search) permission is required on all of the
+directories in
+.I pathname
+that lead to the object.
+.PP
+To clone an object, however, the caller must have mount capabilities and
+permissions.
+.PP
+.BR open_tree ()
+uses
+.IR pathname ", " dirfd " and " flags
+to locate the target object in one of a variety of ways:
+.TP
+[*] By absolute path.
+.I pathname
+points to an absolute path and
+.I dirfd
+is ignored.  The object is looked up by name, starting from the root of the
+filesystem as seen by the calling process.
+.TP
+[*] By cwd-relative path.
+.I pathname
+points to a relative path and
+.IR dirfd " is " AT_FDCWD .
+The object is looked up by name, starting from the current working directory.
+.TP
+[*] By dir-relative path.
+.I pathname
+points to relative path and
+.I dirfd
+indicates a file descriptor pointing to a directory.  The object is looked up
+by name, starting from the directory specified by
+.IR dirfd .
+.TP
+[*] By file descriptor.
+.I pathname
+is "",
+.I dirfd
+indicates a file descriptor and
+.B AT_EMPTY_PATH
+is set in
+.IR flags .
+The mount attached to the file descriptor is queried directly.  The file
+descriptor may point to any type of file, not just a directory.
+
+.\"______________________________________________________________
+.PP
+.I flags
+can be used to control the operation of the function and to influence a
+path-based lookup.  A value for
+.I flags
+is constructed by OR'ing together zero or more of the following constants:
+.TP
+.BR AT_EMPTY_PATH
+.\" commit 65cfc6722361570bfe255698d9cd4dccaf47570d
+If
+.I pathname
+is an empty string, operate on the file referred to by
+.IR dirfd
+(which may have been obtained from
+.BR open "(2) with"
+.BR O_PATH ", from " fsmount (2)
+or from another
+.BR open_tree ()).
+If
+.I dirfd
+is
+.BR AT_FDCWD ,
+the call operates on the current working directory.
+In this case,
+.I dirfd
+can refer to any type of file, not just a directory.
+This flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B _GNU_SOURCE
+.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.BR AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+Don't automount the terminal ("basename") component of
+.I pathname
+if it is a directory that is an automount point.  This flag allows the
+automount point itself to be picked up or a mount cloned that is rooted on the
+automount point.  The
+.B AT_NO_AUTOMOUNT
+flag has no effect if the mount point has already been mounted over.
+This flag is Linux-specific; define
+.B _GNU_SOURCE
+.\" Before glibc 2.16, defining _ATFILE_SOURCE sufficed
+to obtain its definition.
+.TP
+.B AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
+If
+.I pathname
+is a symbolic link, do not dereference it: instead pick up or clone a mount
+rooted on the link itself.
+.TP
+.B OPEN_TREE_CLOEXEC
+Set the close-on-exec flag for the new file descriptor.  This will cause the
+file descriptor to be closed automatically when a process exec's.
+.TP
+.B OPEN_TREE_CLONE
+Rather than directly attaching the selected object to the file descriptor,
+clone the object, set the root of the new mount object to that point and
+attach the clone to the file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B AT_RECURSIVE
+This is only permitted in conjunction with OPEN_TREE_CLONE.  It causes the
+entire mount subtree rooted at the selected spot to be cloned rather than just
+that one mount object.
+
+
+.SH EXAMPLE
+The
+.BR open_tree ()
+function can be used like the following:
+.PP
+.RS
+.nf
+fd1 = open_tree(AT_FDCWD, "/mnt", 0);
+fd2 = open_tree(fd1, "",
+                AT_EMPTY_PATH | OPEN_TREE_CLONE | AT_RECURSIVE);
+move_mount(fd2, "", AT_FDCWD, "/mnt2", MOVE_MOUNT_F_EMPTY_PATH);
+.fi
+.RE
+.PP
+This would attach the path point for "/mnt" to fd1, then it would copy the
+entire subtree at the point referred to by fd1 and attach that to fd2; lastly,
+it would attach the clone to "/mnt2".
+
+
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.\"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
+.SH RETURN VALUE
+On success, the new file descriptor is returned.  On error, \-1 is returned,
+and
+.I errno
+is set appropriately.
+.SH ERRORS
+.TP
+.B EACCES
+Search permission is denied for one of the directories
+in the path prefix of
+.IR pathname .
+(See also
+.BR path_resolution (7).)
+.TP
+.B EBADF
+.I dirfd
+is not a valid open file descriptor.
+.TP
+.B EFAULT
+.I pathname
+is NULL or
+.IR pathname
+point to a location outside the process's accessible address space.
+.TP
+.B EINVAL
+Reserved flag specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ELOOP
+Too many symbolic links encountered while traversing the pathname.
+.TP
+.B ENAMETOOLONG
+.I pathname
+is too long.
+.TP
+.B ENOENT
+A component of
+.I pathname
+does not exist, or
+.I pathname
+is an empty string and
+.B AT_EMPTY_PATH
+was not specified in
+.IR flags .
+.TP
+.B ENOMEM
+Out of memory (i.e., kernel memory).
+.TP
+.B ENOTDIR
+A component of the path prefix of
+.I pathname
+is not a directory or
+.I pathname
+is relative and
+.I dirfd
+is a file descriptor referring to a file other than a directory.
+.SH VERSIONS
+.BR open_tree ()
+was added to Linux in kernel 4.18.
+.SH CONFORMING TO
+.BR open_tree ()
+is Linux-specific.
+.SH NOTES
+Glibc does not (yet) provide a wrapper for the
+.BR open_tree ()
+system call; call it using
+.BR syscall (2).
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR fsmount (2),
+.BR move_mount (2),
+.BR open (2)