From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on aws-us-west-2-korg-lkml-1.web.codeaurora.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=-0.0 required=3.0 tests=DKIMWL_WL_HIGH,DKIM_SIGNED, DKIM_VALID,DKIM_VALID_AU,FSL_HELO_FAKE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI,SPF_PASS, URIBL_BLOCKED,USER_AGENT_MUTT autolearn=unavailable autolearn_force=no version=3.4.0 Received: from mail.kernel.org (mail.kernel.org [198.145.29.99]) by smtp.lore.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 1C32EC282DC for ; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:26:41 +0000 (UTC) Received: from vger.kernel.org (vger.kernel.org [209.132.180.67]) by mail.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id D4BE9206BA for ; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:26:40 +0000 (UTC) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=kernel.org; s=default; t=1555522000; bh=9j8CyYJ2zQuXKkSeFJZdiII8gPPzipgvkSiKz46XFRc=; h=Date:From:To:Cc:Subject:References:In-Reply-To:List-ID:From; b=Ozdaea/rB0LrxM8dyLxG4BI5njjz8ahVcyuduUeIlzlUZxQssUO4oz9eoogkwVF+O Oc7Rq1ROMTTEyUvCDUZlHsIJ7ps8GATMd0WIOIDpW0cX16LiIZzN2zdOtpsbWoYQd6 TsLQNBlcczzmL7Yu7g2yVhlGVGPRRNmO0CLrdVt8= Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S1733048AbfDQR0j (ORCPT ); Wed, 17 Apr 2019 13:26:39 -0400 Received: from mail-wm1-f66.google.com ([209.85.128.66]:36600 "EHLO mail-wm1-f66.google.com" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S1729641AbfDQR0j (ORCPT ); Wed, 17 Apr 2019 13:26:39 -0400 Received: by mail-wm1-f66.google.com with SMTP id h18so4581669wml.1; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 10:26:37 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20161025; h=sender:date:from:to:cc:subject:message-id:references:mime-version :content-disposition:content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to :user-agent; bh=ns0QxnuhAfvDI+e0rO3qV1NnmRx4qtLcXwX4SEWj8w8=; b=NcvYWJCyNfLatXmVyDRxLTR3Qx/x7JgxS8jcPHCtBtiN6MPmtGAh7sebTFiQVJAXNk Sbm/GqYfFaqfvaPEXTOrurvDwkKnd5zlx2TBIC3kz2Q4om3TP0Y1KaPxiIdippBjXGPT mt//zbGrEi8KAnTquF8hj0kCkKK4+MgiTjgN9U5T632osXgyVF0kyOkokSJYhpqPWU7q HvdQgIN00S7lvWehKYIDllQwTC97+wEK/qsM7xgShblV1PsGd2t5GKDax19T5iQvivwv QGi7KKBjclQM6KMFluz3llgRlzIQ2Zeot4lykjGh7vko0CNZ/xTAD3H/14XuvK6bERiB TxyQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20161025; h=x-gm-message-state:sender:date:from:to:cc:subject:message-id :references:mime-version:content-disposition :content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to:user-agent; bh=ns0QxnuhAfvDI+e0rO3qV1NnmRx4qtLcXwX4SEWj8w8=; b=pYuZG149qnmzTop1skvx8kkGcL9haKa4bv6o7HF/DSiRsm9OVe4hcKyyA0Tq4bAZUv ME2TwQ30KiBW8fXKFkOUVa6aJVw39KNMAsRuW08oPE14TnT1IydQHUEyMRb0DFQpIeDM Eyjv6dVDSBRRzzOuSR1i1/HyoaMedrRyAnRX2JKX8Wf9Z+i6L0UjgvUKpuZ1o1qkq6n5 ZHLfFiDaKEg6Qd4pGaTXJnsBW/gsvVisYsNqHF0M8KbEZmKqFABhIl0ouuo8Q09FfCWq HlvcrqprLxF6/gHDgJtDXUXsKHwFflV0sLnPWpEiRXRl3bZf6dNrFLYjaD/9dmSMDIlj l+Hw== X-Gm-Message-State: APjAAAX39Pp7VpAwFeRHo05nkJV1FpI7CqQrv7ReX+Y4EOCoaI9N0LSt a/OIvuQPFGkKx/MuYH1/NLs= X-Google-Smtp-Source: APXvYqx0bXa7GoJQLXDLgeOn35F7WmZUbi0CsPk0aTEStD8EU08aO6txiY/M5Pu51pv7jSUwysUxyA== X-Received: by 2002:a1c:495:: with SMTP id 143mr575729wme.78.1555521996663; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 10:26:36 -0700 (PDT) Received: from gmail.com (2E8B0CD5.catv.pool.telekom.hu. [46.139.12.213]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id x5sm65470238wrt.72.2019.04.17.10.26.34 (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305 bits=256/256); Wed, 17 Apr 2019 10:26:35 -0700 (PDT) Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2019 19:26:32 +0200 From: Ingo Molnar To: Nadav Amit Cc: Khalid Aziz , juergh@gmail.com, Tycho Andersen , jsteckli@amazon.de, keescook@google.com, Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk , Juerg Haefliger , deepa.srinivasan@oracle.com, chris.hyser@oracle.com, tyhicks@canonical.com, David Woodhouse , Andrew Cooper , jcm@redhat.com, Boris Ostrovsky , iommu , X86 ML , linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, "open list:DOCUMENTATION" , Linux List Kernel Mailing , Linux-MM , LSM List , Khalid Aziz , Linus Torvalds , Andrew Morton , Thomas Gleixner , Andy Lutomirski , Peter Zijlstra , Dave Hansen , Borislav Petkov , "H. Peter Anvin" , Arjan van de Ven , Greg Kroah-Hartman Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v9 03/13] mm: Add support for eXclusive Page Frame Ownership (XPFO) Message-ID: <20190417172632.GA95485@gmail.com> References: <20190417161042.GA43453@gmail.com> <20190417170918.GA68678@gmail.com> <56A175F6-E5DA-4BBD-B244-53B786F27B7F@gmail.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Disposition: inline Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit In-Reply-To: <56A175F6-E5DA-4BBD-B244-53B786F27B7F@gmail.com> User-Agent: Mutt/1.10.1 (2018-07-13) Sender: linux-kernel-owner@vger.kernel.org Precedence: bulk List-ID: X-Mailing-List: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org * Nadav Amit wrote: > > On Apr 17, 2019, at 10:09 AM, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > > > > > * Khalid Aziz wrote: > > > >>> I.e. the original motivation of the XPFO patches was to prevent execution > >>> of direct kernel mappings. Is this motivation still present if those > >>> mappings are non-executable? > >>> > >>> (Sorry if this has been asked and answered in previous discussions.) > >> > >> Hi Ingo, > >> > >> That is a good question. Because of the cost of XPFO, we have to be very > >> sure we need this protection. The paper from Vasileios, Michalis and > >> Angelos - , > >> does go into how ret2dir attacks can bypass SMAP/SMEP in sections 6.1 > >> and 6.2. > > > > So it would be nice if you could generally summarize external arguments > > when defending a patchset, instead of me having to dig through a PDF > > which not only causes me to spend time that you probably already spent > > reading that PDF, but I might also interpret it incorrectly. ;-) > > > > The PDF you cited says this: > > > > "Unfortunately, as shown in Table 1, the W^X prop-erty is not enforced > > in many platforms, including x86-64. In our example, the content of > > user address 0xBEEF000 is also accessible through kernel address > > 0xFFFF87FF9F080000 as plain, executable code." > > > > Is this actually true of modern x86-64 kernels? We've locked down W^X > > protections in general. > > As I was curious, I looked at the paper. Here is a quote from it: > > "In x86-64, however, the permissions of physmap are not in sane state. > Kernels up to v3.8.13 violate the W^X property by mapping the entire region > as “readable, writeable, and executable” (RWX)—only very recent kernels > (≥v3.9) use the more conservative RW mapping.” But v3.8.13 is a 5+ years old kernel, it doesn't count as a "modern" kernel in any sense of the word. For any proposed patchset with significant complexity and non-trivial costs the benchmark version threshold is the "current upstream kernel". So does that quote address my followup questions: > Is this actually true of modern x86-64 kernels? We've locked down W^X > protections in general. > > I.e. this conclusion: > > "Therefore, by simply overwriting kfptr with 0xFFFF87FF9F080000 and > triggering the kernel to dereference it, an attacker can directly > execute shell code with kernel privileges." > > ... appears to be predicated on imperfect W^X protections on the x86-64 > kernel. > > Do such holes exist on the latest x86-64 kernel? If yes, is there a > reason to believe that these W^X holes cannot be fixed, or that any fix > would be more expensive than XPFO? ? What you are proposing here is a XPFO patch-set against recent kernels with significant runtime overhead, so my questions about the W^X holes are warranted. Thanks, Ingo From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 From: Ingo Molnar Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v9 03/13] mm: Add support for eXclusive Page Frame Ownership (XPFO) Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2019 19:26:32 +0200 Message-ID: <20190417172632.GA95485@gmail.com> References: <20190417161042.GA43453@gmail.com> <20190417170918.GA68678@gmail.com> <56A175F6-E5DA-4BBD-B244-53B786F27B7F@gmail.com> Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Return-path: Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: <56A175F6-E5DA-4BBD-B244-53B786F27B7F@gmail.com> Sender: linux-kernel-owner@vger.kernel.org To: Nadav Amit Cc: Khalid Aziz , juergh@gmail.com, Tycho Andersen , jsteckli@amazon.de, keescook@google.com, Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk , Juerg Haefliger , deepa.srinivasan@oracle.com, chris.hyser@oracle.com, tyhicks@canonical.com, David Woodhouse , Andrew Cooper , jcm@redhat.com, Boris Ostrovsky , iommu , X86 ML , linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, "open list:DOCUMENTATION" , Linux List Kernel Mailing , Linux-MM , LSM List , Khalid Aziz List-Id: iommu@lists.linux-foundation.org * Nadav Amit wrote: > > On Apr 17, 2019, at 10:09 AM, Ingo Molnar wrote: > > > > > > * Khalid Aziz wrote: > > > >>> I.e. the original motivation of the XPFO patches was to prevent execution > >>> of direct kernel mappings. Is this motivation still present if those > >>> mappings are non-executable? > >>> > >>> (Sorry if this has been asked and answered in previous discussions.) > >> > >> Hi Ingo, > >> > >> That is a good question. Because of the cost of XPFO, we have to be very > >> sure we need this protection. The paper from Vasileios, Michalis and > >> Angelos - , > >> does go into how ret2dir attacks can bypass SMAP/SMEP in sections 6.1 > >> and 6.2. > > > > So it would be nice if you could generally summarize external arguments > > when defending a patchset, instead of me having to dig through a PDF > > which not only causes me to spend time that you probably already spent > > reading that PDF, but I might also interpret it incorrectly. ;-) > > > > The PDF you cited says this: > > > > "Unfortunately, as shown in Table 1, the W^X prop-erty is not enforced > > in many platforms, including x86-64. In our example, the content of > > user address 0xBEEF000 is also accessible through kernel address > > 0xFFFF87FF9F080000 as plain, executable code." > > > > Is this actually true of modern x86-64 kernels? We've locked down W^X > > protections in general. > > As I was curious, I looked at the paper. Here is a quote from it: > > "In x86-64, however, the permissions of physmap are not in sane state. > Kernels up to v3.8.13 violate the W^X property by mapping the entire region > as “readable, writeable, and executable” (RWX)—only very recent kernels > (≥v3.9) use the more conservative RW mapping.” But v3.8.13 is a 5+ years old kernel, it doesn't count as a "modern" kernel in any sense of the word. For any proposed patchset with significant complexity and non-trivial costs the benchmark version threshold is the "current upstream kernel". So does that quote address my followup questions: > Is this actually true of modern x86-64 kernels? We've locked down W^X > protections in general. > > I.e. this conclusion: > > "Therefore, by simply overwriting kfptr with 0xFFFF87FF9F080000 and > triggering the kernel to dereference it, an attacker can directly > execute shell code with kernel privileges." > > ... appears to be predicated on imperfect W^X protections on the x86-64 > kernel. > > Do such holes exist on the latest x86-64 kernel? If yes, is there a > reason to believe that these W^X holes cannot be fixed, or that any fix > would be more expensive than XPFO? ? What you are proposing here is a XPFO patch-set against recent kernels with significant runtime overhead, so my questions about the W^X holes are warranted. Thanks, Ingo From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on aws-us-west-2-korg-lkml-1.web.codeaurora.org X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, score=0.1 required=3.0 tests=DKIM_INVALID,DKIM_SIGNED, FSL_HELO_FAKE,MAILING_LIST_MULTI,SPF_PASS,USER_AGENT_MUTT autolearn=unavailable autolearn_force=no version=3.4.0 Received: from mail.kernel.org (mail.kernel.org [198.145.29.99]) by smtp.lore.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 8D7BFC282DC for ; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:26:40 +0000 (UTC) Received: from mail.linuxfoundation.org (mail.linuxfoundation.org [140.211.169.12]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by mail.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 5C47021773 for ; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:26:40 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: mail.kernel.org; dkim=fail reason="signature verification failed" (2048-bit key) header.d=gmail.com header.i=@gmail.com header.b="NcvYWJCy" DMARC-Filter: OpenDMARC Filter v1.3.2 mail.kernel.org 5C47021773 Authentication-Results: mail.kernel.org; dmarc=fail (p=none dis=none) header.from=kernel.org Authentication-Results: mail.kernel.org; spf=pass smtp.mailfrom=iommu-bounces@lists.linux-foundation.org Received: from mail.linux-foundation.org (localhost [127.0.0.1]) by mail.linuxfoundation.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 29C2CDB5; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:26:40 +0000 (UTC) Received: from smtp1.linuxfoundation.org (smtp1.linux-foundation.org [172.17.192.35]) by mail.linuxfoundation.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 9BD5BD86 for ; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:26:38 +0000 (UTC) X-Greylist: whitelisted by SQLgrey-1.7.6 Received: from mail-wm1-f65.google.com (mail-wm1-f65.google.com [209.85.128.65]) by smtp1.linuxfoundation.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 0928486F for ; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 17:26:37 +0000 (UTC) Received: by mail-wm1-f65.google.com with SMTP id z11so4375277wmi.0 for ; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 10:26:37 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20161025; h=sender:date:from:to:cc:subject:message-id:references:mime-version :content-disposition:content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to :user-agent; bh=ns0QxnuhAfvDI+e0rO3qV1NnmRx4qtLcXwX4SEWj8w8=; b=NcvYWJCyNfLatXmVyDRxLTR3Qx/x7JgxS8jcPHCtBtiN6MPmtGAh7sebTFiQVJAXNk Sbm/GqYfFaqfvaPEXTOrurvDwkKnd5zlx2TBIC3kz2Q4om3TP0Y1KaPxiIdippBjXGPT mt//zbGrEi8KAnTquF8hj0kCkKK4+MgiTjgN9U5T632osXgyVF0kyOkokSJYhpqPWU7q HvdQgIN00S7lvWehKYIDllQwTC97+wEK/qsM7xgShblV1PsGd2t5GKDax19T5iQvivwv QGi7KKBjclQM6KMFluz3llgRlzIQ2Zeot4lykjGh7vko0CNZ/xTAD3H/14XuvK6bERiB TxyQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20161025; h=x-gm-message-state:sender:date:from:to:cc:subject:message-id :references:mime-version:content-disposition :content-transfer-encoding:in-reply-to:user-agent; bh=ns0QxnuhAfvDI+e0rO3qV1NnmRx4qtLcXwX4SEWj8w8=; b=DgyrDSqRDIhhb84LPm5hldWDIB6UidRPMyLC4bTPPzVCvqbStjogOc1b59jp4oV0Ik bo3MbHrgKnYXyiRIBoxJKHcPmrZBmCBVBZVVeg8opQ/tBBrT9RsLSlAoJ4XoieofwOK7 EgCe7BTmZOGre9zofEXJOOiXqn+CQbQTqMiYa7PUhrjxPM4APaEQkxt4Vju/CL8C/k2l Qkl/1+3tjVPnq+W4LTsYNzdADeCsp2dPKdlnS7MAjfhUvjAsdikaCTw81r75+EK3Vj0/ Jg1V4opEm1Qy7ySTfxQM7F+f45I7jYR/emlCq/DxjWJkLeEk9T2VtC5ydu+hpHjXGaYC fdmA== X-Gm-Message-State: APjAAAUrVeYu5xRJlq5jWZv5O0zZBpoqexHmVBkJW2mYAx5um3NG8+Ep lm6fgnSb1p7evRDdxqRr6hI= X-Google-Smtp-Source: APXvYqx0bXa7GoJQLXDLgeOn35F7WmZUbi0CsPk0aTEStD8EU08aO6txiY/M5Pu51pv7jSUwysUxyA== X-Received: by 2002:a1c:495:: with SMTP id 143mr575729wme.78.1555521996663; Wed, 17 Apr 2019 10:26:36 -0700 (PDT) Received: from gmail.com (2E8B0CD5.catv.pool.telekom.hu. [46.139.12.213]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id x5sm65470238wrt.72.2019.04.17.10.26.34 (version=TLS1_2 cipher=ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305 bits=256/256); Wed, 17 Apr 2019 10:26:35 -0700 (PDT) Date: Wed, 17 Apr 2019 19:26:32 +0200 From: Ingo Molnar To: Nadav Amit Subject: Re: [RFC PATCH v9 03/13] mm: Add support for eXclusive Page Frame Ownership (XPFO) Message-ID: <20190417172632.GA95485@gmail.com> References: <20190417161042.GA43453@gmail.com> <20190417170918.GA68678@gmail.com> <56A175F6-E5DA-4BBD-B244-53B786F27B7F@gmail.com> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Disposition: inline In-Reply-To: <56A175F6-E5DA-4BBD-B244-53B786F27B7F@gmail.com> User-Agent: Mutt/1.10.1 (2018-07-13) Cc: Dave Hansen , "open list:DOCUMENTATION" , Linux-MM , Khalid Aziz , deepa.srinivasan@oracle.com, "H. 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Peter Anvin" , Thomas Gleixner , Tycho Andersen , X86 ML , iommu , jsteckli@amazon.de, Arjan van de Ven , Peter Zijlstra , Konrad Rzeszutek Wilk , jcm@redhat.com, Greg Kroah-Hartman , Borislav Petkov , Andy Lutomirski , Boris Ostrovsky , chris.hyser@oracle.com, linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, Khalid Aziz , juergh@gmail.com, Andrew Cooper , Linux List Kernel Mailing , tyhicks@canonical.com, LSM List , Juerg Haefliger , keescook@google.com, Andrew Morton , Linus Torvalds , David Woodhouse Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Sender: "linux-arm-kernel" Errors-To: linux-arm-kernel-bounces+infradead-linux-arm-kernel=archiver.kernel.org@lists.infradead.org CiogTmFkYXYgQW1pdCA8bmFkYXYuYW1pdEBnbWFpbC5jb20+IHdyb3RlOgoKPiA+IE9uIEFwciAx NywgMjAxOSwgYXQgMTA6MDkgQU0sIEluZ28gTW9sbmFyIDxtaW5nb0BrZXJuZWwub3JnPiB3cm90 ZToKPiA+IAo+ID4gCj4gPiAqIEtoYWxpZCBBeml6IDxraGFsaWQuYXppekBvcmFjbGUuY29tPiB3 cm90ZToKPiA+IAo+ID4+PiBJLmUuIHRoZSBvcmlnaW5hbCBtb3RpdmF0aW9uIG9mIHRoZSBYUEZP IHBhdGNoZXMgd2FzIHRvIHByZXZlbnQgZXhlY3V0aW9uIAo+ID4+PiBvZiBkaXJlY3Qga2VybmVs IG1hcHBpbmdzLiBJcyB0aGlzIG1vdGl2YXRpb24gc3RpbGwgcHJlc2VudCBpZiB0aG9zZSAKPiA+ Pj4gbWFwcGluZ3MgYXJlIG5vbi1leGVjdXRhYmxlPwo+ID4+PiAKPiA+Pj4gKFNvcnJ5IGlmIHRo aXMgaGFzIGJlZW4gYXNrZWQgYW5kIGFuc3dlcmVkIGluIHByZXZpb3VzIGRpc2N1c3Npb25zLikK PiA+PiAKPiA+PiBIaSBJbmdvLAo+ID4+IAo+ID4+IFRoYXQgaXMgYSBnb29kIHF1ZXN0aW9uLiBC ZWNhdXNlIG9mIHRoZSBjb3N0IG9mIFhQRk8sIHdlIGhhdmUgdG8gYmUgdmVyeQo+ID4+IHN1cmUg d2UgbmVlZCB0aGlzIHByb3RlY3Rpb24uIFRoZSBwYXBlciBmcm9tIFZhc2lsZWlvcywgTWljaGFs aXMgYW5kCj4gPj4gQW5nZWxvcyAtIDxodHRwOi8vd3d3LmNzLmNvbHVtYmlhLmVkdS9+dnBrL3Bh cGVycy9yZXQyZGlyLnNlYzE0LnBkZj4sCj4gPj4gZG9lcyBnbyBpbnRvIGhvdyByZXQyZGlyIGF0 dGFja3MgY2FuIGJ5cGFzcyBTTUFQL1NNRVAgaW4gc2VjdGlvbnMgNi4xCj4gPj4gYW5kIDYuMi4K PiA+IAo+ID4gU28gaXQgd291bGQgYmUgbmljZSBpZiB5b3UgY291bGQgZ2VuZXJhbGx5IHN1bW1h cml6ZSBleHRlcm5hbCBhcmd1bWVudHMgCj4gPiB3aGVuIGRlZmVuZGluZyBhIHBhdGNoc2V0LCBp bnN0ZWFkIG9mIG1lIGhhdmluZyB0byBkaWcgdGhyb3VnaCBhIFBERiAKPiA+IHdoaWNoIG5vdCBv bmx5IGNhdXNlcyBtZSB0byBzcGVuZCB0aW1lIHRoYXQgeW91IHByb2JhYmx5IGFscmVhZHkgc3Bl bnQgCj4gPiByZWFkaW5nIHRoYXQgUERGLCBidXQgSSBtaWdodCBhbHNvIGludGVycHJldCBpdCBp bmNvcnJlY3RseS4gOy0pCj4gPiAKPiA+IFRoZSBQREYgeW91IGNpdGVkIHNheXMgdGhpczoKPiA+ IAo+ID4gICJVbmZvcnR1bmF0ZWx5LCBhcyBzaG93biBpbiBUYWJsZSAxLCB0aGUgV15YIHByb3At ZXJ0eSBpcyBub3QgZW5mb3JjZWQgCj4gPiAgIGluIG1hbnkgcGxhdGZvcm1zLCBpbmNsdWRpbmcg eDg2LTY0LiAgSW4gb3VyIGV4YW1wbGUsIHRoZSBjb250ZW50IG9mIAo+ID4gICB1c2VyIGFkZHJl c3MgMHhCRUVGMDAwIGlzIGFsc28gYWNjZXNzaWJsZSB0aHJvdWdoIGtlcm5lbCBhZGRyZXNzIAo+ ID4gICAweEZGRkY4N0ZGOUYwODAwMDAgYXMgcGxhaW4sIGV4ZWN1dGFibGUgY29kZS4iCj4gPiAK PiA+IElzIHRoaXMgYWN0dWFsbHkgdHJ1ZSBvZiBtb2Rlcm4geDg2LTY0IGtlcm5lbHM/IFdlJ3Zl IGxvY2tlZCBkb3duIFdeWCAKPiA+IHByb3RlY3Rpb25zIGluIGdlbmVyYWwuCj4gCj4gQXMgSSB3 YXMgY3VyaW91cywgSSBsb29rZWQgYXQgdGhlIHBhcGVyLiBIZXJlIGlzIGEgcXVvdGUgZnJvbSBp dDoKPiAKPiAiSW4geDg2LTY0LCBob3dldmVyLCB0aGUgcGVybWlzc2lvbnMgb2YgcGh5c21hcCBh cmUgbm90IGluIHNhbmUgc3RhdGUuCj4gS2VybmVscyB1cCB0byB2My44LjEzIHZpb2xhdGUgdGhl IFdeWCBwcm9wZXJ0eSBieSBtYXBwaW5nIHRoZSBlbnRpcmUgcmVnaW9uCj4gYXMg4oCccmVhZGFi bGUsIHdyaXRlYWJsZSwgYW5kIGV4ZWN1dGFibGXigJ0gKFJXWCnigJRvbmx5IHZlcnkgcmVjZW50 IGtlcm5lbHMKPiAo4omldjMuOSkgdXNlIHRoZSBtb3JlIGNvbnNlcnZhdGl2ZSBSVyBtYXBwaW5n LuKAnQoKQnV0IHYzLjguMTMgaXMgYSA1KyB5ZWFycyBvbGQga2VybmVsLCBpdCBkb2Vzbid0IGNv dW50IGFzIGEgIm1vZGVybiIgCmtlcm5lbCBpbiBhbnkgc2Vuc2Ugb2YgdGhlIHdvcmQuIEZvciBh bnkgcHJvcG9zZWQgcGF0Y2hzZXQgd2l0aCAKc2lnbmlmaWNhbnQgY29tcGxleGl0eSBhbmQgbm9u LXRyaXZpYWwgY29zdHMgdGhlIGJlbmNobWFyayB2ZXJzaW9uIAp0aHJlc2hvbGQgaXMgdGhlICJj dXJyZW50IHVwc3RyZWFtIGtlcm5lbCIuCgpTbyBkb2VzIHRoYXQgcXVvdGUgYWRkcmVzcyBteSBm b2xsb3d1cCBxdWVzdGlvbnM6Cgo+IElzIHRoaXMgYWN0dWFsbHkgdHJ1ZSBvZiBtb2Rlcm4geDg2 LTY0IGtlcm5lbHM/IFdlJ3ZlIGxvY2tlZCBkb3duIFdeWAo+IHByb3RlY3Rpb25zIGluIGdlbmVy YWwuCj4KPiBJLmUuIHRoaXMgY29uY2x1c2lvbjoKPgo+ICAgIlRoZXJlZm9yZSwgYnkgc2ltcGx5 IG92ZXJ3cml0aW5nIGtmcHRyIHdpdGggMHhGRkZGODdGRjlGMDgwMDAwIGFuZAo+ICAgIHRyaWdn ZXJpbmcgdGhlIGtlcm5lbCB0byBkZXJlZmVyZW5jZSBpdCwgYW4gYXR0YWNrZXIgY2FuIGRpcmVj dGx5Cj4gICAgZXhlY3V0ZSBzaGVsbCBjb2RlIHdpdGgga2VybmVsIHByaXZpbGVnZXMuIgo+Cj4g Li4uIGFwcGVhcnMgdG8gYmUgcHJlZGljYXRlZCBvbiBpbXBlcmZlY3QgV15YIHByb3RlY3Rpb25z IG9uIHRoZSB4ODYtNjQKPiBrZXJuZWwuCj4KPiBEbyBzdWNoIGhvbGVzIGV4aXN0IG9uIHRoZSBs YXRlc3QgeDg2LTY0IGtlcm5lbD8gSWYgeWVzLCBpcyB0aGVyZSBhCj4gcmVhc29uIHRvIGJlbGll dmUgdGhhdCB0aGVzZSBXXlggaG9sZXMgY2Fubm90IGJlIGZpeGVkLCBvciB0aGF0IGFueSBmaXgK PiB3b3VsZCBiZSBtb3JlIGV4cGVuc2l2ZSB0aGFuIFhQRk8/Cgo/CgpXaGF0IHlvdSBhcmUgcHJv cG9zaW5nIGhlcmUgaXMgYSBYUEZPIHBhdGNoLXNldCBhZ2FpbnN0IHJlY2VudCBrZXJuZWxzIAp3 aXRoIHNpZ25pZmljYW50IHJ1bnRpbWUgb3ZlcmhlYWQsIHNvIG15IHF1ZXN0aW9ucyBhYm91dCB0 aGUgV15YIGhvbGVzIAphcmUgd2FycmFudGVkLgoKVGhhbmtzLAoKCUluZ28KCl9fX19fX19fX19f X19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fX19fCmxpbnV4LWFybS1rZXJuZWwgbWFp bGluZyBsaXN0CmxpbnV4LWFybS1rZXJuZWxAbGlzdHMuaW5mcmFkZWFkLm9yZwpodHRwOi8vbGlz dHMuaW5mcmFkZWFkLm9yZy9tYWlsbWFuL2xpc3RpbmZvL2xpbnV4LWFybS1rZXJuZWwK