From mboxrd@z Thu Jan 1 00:00:00 1970 Received: from [140.186.70.92] (port=51088 helo=eggs.gnu.org) by lists.gnu.org with esmtp (Exim 4.43) id 1Phjlr-0005UJ-8M for qemu-devel@nongnu.org; Tue, 25 Jan 2011 09:21:30 -0500 Received: from Debian-exim by eggs.gnu.org with spam-scanned (Exim 4.71) (envelope-from ) id 1Phjlk-0005SV-3M for qemu-devel@nongnu.org; Tue, 25 Jan 2011 09:21:22 -0500 Received: from mail-yi0-f45.google.com ([209.85.218.45]:48848) by eggs.gnu.org with esmtp (Exim 4.71) (envelope-from ) id 1Phjlj-0005SD-TL for qemu-devel@nongnu.org; Tue, 25 Jan 2011 09:21:16 -0500 Received: by yie21 with SMTP id 21so1965459yie.4 for ; Tue, 25 Jan 2011 06:21:15 -0800 (PST) Message-ID: <4D3EDC59.2000206@codemonkey.ws> Date: Tue, 25 Jan 2011 08:21:13 -0600 From: Anthony Liguori MIME-Version: 1.0 Subject: Re: [Qemu-devel] [PATCH 4/7] ccid: add ccid-card-emulated device (v2) References: <1294735359-4009-1-git-send-email-alevy@redhat.com> <1294735359-4009-5-git-send-email-alevy@redhat.com> In-Reply-To: <1294735359-4009-5-git-send-email-alevy@redhat.com> Content-Type: text/plain; charset=ISO-8859-1; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit List-Id: qemu-devel.nongnu.org List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: List-Post: List-Help: List-Subscribe: , To: Alon Levy Cc: qemu-devel@nongnu.org On 01/11/2011 02:42 AM, Alon Levy wrote: > This devices uses libcacard (internal) to emulate a smartcard conforming > to the CAC standard. It attaches to the usb-ccid bus. Usage instructions > (example command lines) are in the following patch in docs/ccid.txt. It > uses libcacard which uses nss, so it can work with both hw cards and > certificates (files). > > changes from v1: > remove stale comments, use only c-style comments > bugfix, forgot to set recv_len > change reader name to 'Virtual Reader' > > Signed-off-by: Alon Levy > --- > Makefile.objs | 2 +- > hw/ccid-card-emulated.c | 534 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ > hw/ccid-card-passthru.c | 1 - > 3 files changed, 535 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) > create mode 100644 hw/ccid-card-emulated.c > > diff --git a/Makefile.objs b/Makefile.objs > index 6a0030b..303b642 100644 > --- a/Makefile.objs > +++ b/Makefile.objs > @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ hw-obj-$(CONFIG_FDC) += fdc.o > hw-obj-$(CONFIG_ACPI) += acpi.o acpi_piix4.o > hw-obj-$(CONFIG_APM) += pm_smbus.o apm.o > hw-obj-$(CONFIG_DMA) += dma.o > -hw-obj-$(CONFIG_SMARTCARD) += usb-ccid.o ccid-card-passthru.o > +hw-obj-$(CONFIG_SMARTCARD) += usb-ccid.o ccid-card-passthru.o ccid-card-emulated.o > > # PPC devices > hw-obj-$(CONFIG_OPENPIC) += openpic.o > diff --git a/hw/ccid-card-emulated.c b/hw/ccid-card-emulated.c > new file mode 100644 > index 0000000..5531ce1 > --- /dev/null > +++ b/hw/ccid-card-emulated.c > @@ -0,0 +1,534 @@ > +/* > + * CCID Card Device. Emulated card. > + * > + * It can be used to provide access to the local hardware in a non exclusive > + * way, or it can use certificates. It requires the usb-ccid bus. > + * > + * Usage 1: standard, mirror hardware reader+card: > + * qemu .. -usb -device usb-ccid -device ccid-card-emulated > + * > + * Usage 2: use certificates, no hardware required > + * one time: create the certificates: > + * for i in 1 2 3; do certutil -d /etc/pki/nssdb -x -t "CT,CT,CT" -S -s "CN=user$i" -n user$i; done > + * qemu .. -usb -device usb-ccid -device ccid-card-emulated,cert1=user1,cert2=user2,cert3=user3 > + * > + * If you use a non default db for the certificates you can specify it using the db parameter. > + * > + * > + * Copyright (c) 2010 Red Hat. > + * Written by Alon Levy. > + * > + * This code is licenced under the LGPL. > + */ > + > +#include > +#include > +#include > +#include > +#include > +#include "qemu-char.h" > +#include "monitor.h" > +#include "hw/ccid.h" > + > +#define DPRINTF(card, lvl, fmt, ...) \ > +do { if (lvl<= card->debug) { printf("ccid-card-emul: %s: " fmt , __func__, ## __VA_ARGS__); } } while (0) > + > +#define EMULATED_DEV_NAME "ccid-card-emulated" > + > +#define BACKEND_NSS_EMULATED "nss-emulated" /* the default */ > +#define BACKEND_CERTIFICATES "certificates" > + > +typedef struct EmulatedState EmulatedState; > + > +enum { > + EMUL_READER_INSERT = 0, > + EMUL_READER_REMOVE, > + EMUL_CARD_INSERT, > + EMUL_CARD_REMOVE, > + EMUL_GUEST_APDU, > + EMUL_RESPONSE_APDU, > + EMUL_ERROR, > +}; > + > +static const char* emul_event_to_string(uint32_t emul_event) > +{ > + switch (emul_event) { > + case EMUL_READER_INSERT: return "EMUL_READER_INSERT"; > + case EMUL_READER_REMOVE: return "EMUL_READER_REMOVE"; > + case EMUL_CARD_INSERT: return "EMUL_CARD_INSERT"; > + case EMUL_CARD_REMOVE: return "EMUL_CARD_REMOVE"; > + case EMUL_GUEST_APDU: return "EMUL_GUEST_APDU"; > + case EMUL_RESPONSE_APDU: return "EMUL_RESPONSE_APDU"; > + case EMUL_ERROR: return "EMUL_ERROR"; > + default: > + break; > + } > + return "UNKNOWN"; > +} > + > +typedef struct EmulEvent { > + QSIMPLEQ_ENTRY(EmulEvent) entry; > + union { > + struct { > + uint32_t type; > + } gen; > + struct { > + uint32_t type; > + uint64_t code; > + } error; > + struct { > + uint32_t type; > + uint32_t len; > + uint8_t data[]; > + } data; > + } p; > +} EmulEvent; > + > +#define MAX_ATR_SIZE 40 > +struct EmulatedState { > + CCIDCardState base; > + uint8_t debug; > + char* backend; > + char* cert1; > + char* cert2; > + char* cert3; > + char* db; > + uint8_t atr[MAX_ATR_SIZE]; > + uint8_t atr_length; > + QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(event_list, EmulEvent) event_list; > + pthread_mutex_t event_list_mutex; > + VReader *reader; > + QSIMPLEQ_HEAD(guest_apdu_list, EmulEvent) guest_apdu_list; > + pthread_mutex_t vreader_mutex; /* and guest_apdu_list mutex */ > + pthread_mutex_t handle_apdu_mutex; > + pthread_cond_t handle_apdu_cond; > + int pipe[2]; > + int quit_apdu_thread; > + pthread_mutex_t apdu_thread_quit_mutex; > + pthread_cond_t apdu_thread_quit_cond; > +}; > + > +static void emulated_apdu_from_guest(CCIDCardState *base, const uint8_t *apdu, uint32_t len) > +{ > + EmulatedState *card = DO_UPCAST(EmulatedState, base, base); > + EmulEvent *event = (EmulEvent*)malloc(sizeof(EmulEvent) + len); > + > + assert(event); > + event->p.data.type = EMUL_GUEST_APDU; > + event->p.data.len = len; > + memcpy(event->p.data.data, apdu, len); > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&card->guest_apdu_list, event, entry); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->handle_apdu_mutex); > + pthread_cond_signal(&card->handle_apdu_cond); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->handle_apdu_mutex); > +} > + > +static const uint8_t* emulated_get_atr(CCIDCardState *base, uint32_t *len) > +{ > + EmulatedState *card = DO_UPCAST(EmulatedState, base, base); > + > + *len = card->atr_length; > + return card->atr; > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_event(EmulatedState *card, EmulEvent *event) > +{ > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->event_list_mutex); > + QSIMPLEQ_INSERT_TAIL(&(card->event_list), event, entry); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->event_list_mutex); > + if (write(card->pipe[1], card, 1) != 1) { > + DPRINTF(card, 1, "write to pipe failed\n"); > + } > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_type(EmulatedState *card, uint32_t type) > +{ > + EmulEvent *event = (EmulEvent*)malloc(sizeof(EmulEvent)); > + > + assert(event); > + event->p.gen.type = type; > + emulated_push_event(card, event); > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_error(EmulatedState *card, uint64_t code) > +{ > + EmulEvent *event = (EmulEvent*)malloc(sizeof(EmulEvent)); > + > + assert(event); > + event->p.error.type = EMUL_ERROR; > + event->p.error.code = code; > + emulated_push_event(card, event); > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_data_type(EmulatedState *card, uint32_t type, > + const uint8_t *data, uint32_t len) > +{ > + EmulEvent *event = (EmulEvent*)malloc(sizeof(EmulEvent) + len); > + > + assert(event); > + event->p.data.type = type; > + event->p.data.len = len; > + memcpy(event->p.data.data, data, len); > + emulated_push_event(card, event); > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_reader_insert(EmulatedState *card) > +{ > + emulated_push_type(card, EMUL_READER_INSERT); > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_reader_remove(EmulatedState *card) > +{ > + emulated_push_type(card, EMUL_READER_REMOVE); > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_card_insert(EmulatedState *card, > + const uint8_t *atr, uint32_t len) > +{ > + emulated_push_data_type(card, EMUL_CARD_INSERT, atr, len); > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_card_remove(EmulatedState *card) > +{ > + emulated_push_type(card, EMUL_CARD_REMOVE); > +} > + > +static void emulated_push_response_apdu(EmulatedState *card, > + const uint8_t* apdu, uint32_t len) > +{ > + emulated_push_data_type(card, EMUL_RESPONSE_APDU, apdu, len); > +} > + > +#define APDU_BUF_SIZE 270 > +static void *handle_apdu_thread(void* arg) > +{ > + EmulatedState *card = arg; > + uint8_t recv_data[APDU_BUF_SIZE]; > + int recv_len; > + VReaderStatus reader_status; > + EmulEvent *event; > + > + while (1) { > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->handle_apdu_mutex); > + pthread_cond_wait(&card->handle_apdu_cond,&card->handle_apdu_mutex); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->handle_apdu_mutex); > + if (card->quit_apdu_thread) { > + card->quit_apdu_thread = 0; // debugging > + break; > + } > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + while (!QSIMPLEQ_EMPTY(&card->guest_apdu_list)) { > + event = QSIMPLEQ_FIRST(&card->guest_apdu_list); > + assert((unsigned long)event> 1000); > + QSIMPLEQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&card->guest_apdu_list, entry); > + if (event->p.data.type != EMUL_GUEST_APDU) { > + DPRINTF(card, 1, "unexpected message in handle_apdu_thread\n"); > + free(event); > + continue; > + } > + if (card->reader == NULL) { > + DPRINTF(card, 1, "reader is NULL\n"); > + free(event); > + continue; > + } > + recv_len = sizeof(recv_data); > + reader_status = vreader_xfr_bytes(card->reader, > + event->p.data.data, event->p.data.len, > + recv_data,&recv_len); > + DPRINTF(card, 2, "got back apdu of length %d\n", recv_len); > + if (reader_status == VREADER_OK) { > + emulated_push_response_apdu(card, recv_data, recv_len); > + } else { > + emulated_push_error(card, reader_status); > + } > + free(event); > + } > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + } > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->apdu_thread_quit_mutex); > + pthread_cond_signal(&card->apdu_thread_quit_cond); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->apdu_thread_quit_mutex); > + return NULL; > +} > + > +static void *event_thread(void *arg) > +{ > + int atr_len = MAX_ATR_SIZE; > + uint8_t atr[MAX_ATR_SIZE]; > + VEvent *event = NULL; > + EmulatedState *card = arg; > + > + while (1) { > + const char *reader_name; > + > + event = vevent_wait_next_vevent(); > + if (event == NULL || event->type == VEVENT_LAST) { > + break; > + } > + if (event->type != VEVENT_READER_INSERT) { > + if (card->reader == NULL&& event->reader != NULL) { > + // Happens after device_add followed by card remove or insert. > + // XXX: create synthetic add_reader events if vcard_emul_init > + // already called, which happens if device_del and device_add are > + // called > + card->reader = vreader_reference(event->reader); > + } else { > + if (event->reader != card->reader) { > + fprintf(stderr, "ERROR: wrong reader: quiting event_thread\n"); > + break; > + } > + } > + } > + switch (event->type) { > + case VEVENT_READER_INSERT: > + /* TODO: take a specific reader. i.e. track which reader > + * we are seeing here, check it is the one we want (the first, > + * or by a particular name), and ignore if we don't want it. > + */ > + reader_name = vreader_get_name(event->reader); > + if (card->reader != NULL) { > + DPRINTF(card, 2, "READER INSERT - replacing %s with %s\n", > + vreader_get_name(card->reader), reader_name); > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + vreader_free(card->reader); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + emulated_push_reader_remove(card); > + } > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + DPRINTF(card, 2, "READER INSERT %s\n", reader_name); > + card->reader = vreader_reference(event->reader); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + emulated_push_reader_insert(card); > + break; > + case VEVENT_READER_REMOVE: > + DPRINTF(card, 2, " READER REMOVE: %s \n", > + vreader_get_name(event->reader)); > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + vreader_free(card->reader); > + card->reader = NULL; > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->vreader_mutex); > + emulated_push_reader_remove(card); > + break; > + case VEVENT_CARD_INSERT: > + /* get the ATR (intended as a response to a power on from the > + * reader */ > + atr_len = MAX_ATR_SIZE; > + vreader_power_on(event->reader, atr,&atr_len); > + card->atr_length = (uint8_t)atr_len; > + DPRINTF(card, 2, " CARD INSERT\n"); > + emulated_push_card_insert(card, atr, atr_len); > + break; > + case VEVENT_CARD_REMOVE: > + DPRINTF(card, 2, " CARD REMOVE\n"); > + emulated_push_card_remove(card); > + break; > + case VEVENT_LAST: /* quit */ > + vevent_delete(event); > + return NULL; > + break; > + default: > + break; > + } > + vevent_delete(event); > + } > + return NULL; > +} > + > +static void pipe_read(void *opaque) > +{ > + EmulatedState *card = opaque; > + EmulEvent *event, *next; > + char dummy; > + int len; > + > + do { > + len = read(card->pipe[0],&dummy, sizeof(dummy)); > + } while (len == sizeof(dummy)); > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->event_list_mutex); > + QSIMPLEQ_FOREACH_SAFE(event,&card->event_list, entry, next) { > + DPRINTF(card, 2, "event %s\n", emul_event_to_string(event->p.gen.type)); > + switch (event->p.gen.type) { > + case EMUL_RESPONSE_APDU: > + ccid_card_send_apdu_to_guest(&card->base, event->p.data.data, > + event->p.data.len); > + break; > + case EMUL_READER_INSERT: > + ccid_card_ccid_attach(&card->base); > + break; > + case EMUL_READER_REMOVE: > + ccid_card_ccid_detach(&card->base); > + break; > + case EMUL_CARD_INSERT: > + assert(event->p.data.len<= MAX_ATR_SIZE); > + card->atr_length = event->p.data.len; > + memcpy(card->atr, event->p.data.data, card->atr_length); > + ccid_card_card_inserted(&card->base); > + break; > + case EMUL_CARD_REMOVE: > + ccid_card_card_removed(&card->base); > + break; > + case EMUL_ERROR: > + ccid_card_card_error(&card->base, event->p.error.code); > + break; > + default: > + DPRINTF(card, 2, "unexpected event\n"); > + break; > + } > + free(event); > + } > + QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&card->event_list); > + pthread_mutex_unlock(&card->event_list_mutex); > +} > + > +static int init_pipe_signaling(EmulatedState *card) > +{ > + if (pipe(card->pipe)< 0) { > + DPRINTF(card, 2, "pipe creation failed\n"); > + return -1; > + } > + fcntl(card->pipe[0], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK); > + fcntl(card->pipe[1], F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK); > + fcntl(card->pipe[0], F_SETOWN, getpid()); > + qemu_set_fd_handler(card->pipe[0], pipe_read, NULL, card); > + return 0; > +} > + > +#define CERTIFICATES_DEFAULT_DB "/etc/pki/nssdb" > +#define CERTIFICATES_ARGS_TEMPLATE "db=\"%s\" use_hw=no soft=(,Virtual Reader,CAC,,%s,%s,%s)" > + > +static int wrap_vcard_emul_init(VCardEmulOptions *options) > +{ > + static int called = 0; > + static int options_was_null = 0; > + > + if (called) { > + if ((options == NULL) != options_was_null) { > + printf("%s: warning: running emulated with certificates and emulated side by side is not supported\n", __FUNCTION__); > + return VCARD_EMUL_FAIL; > + } > + vcard_emul_replay_insertion_events(); > + return VCARD_EMUL_OK; > + } > + options_was_null = (options == NULL); > + called = 1; > + return vcard_emul_init(options); > +} > + > +static int emulated_initialize_vcard_from_certificates(EmulatedState *card) > +{ > + char emul_args[200]; > + VCardEmulOptions *options = NULL; > + > + snprintf(emul_args, sizeof(emul_args) - 1, CERTIFICATES_ARGS_TEMPLATE, > + card->db ? card->db : CERTIFICATES_DEFAULT_DB, > + card->cert1, card->cert2, card->cert3); > + options = vcard_emul_options(emul_args); > + if (options == NULL) { > + printf("%s: warning: not using certificates due to initialization error\n", __func__); > + } > + return wrap_vcard_emul_init(options); > +} > + > +static int emulated_initfn(CCIDCardState *base) > +{ > + EmulatedState *card = DO_UPCAST(EmulatedState, base, base); > + int rv; > + pthread_t thread_id; > + VCardEmulError ret; > + > + QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&card->event_list); > + QSIMPLEQ_INIT(&card->guest_apdu_list); > + pthread_mutex_init(&card->event_list_mutex, NULL); > + pthread_mutex_init(&card->vreader_mutex, NULL); > + pthread_mutex_init(&card->handle_apdu_mutex, NULL); > + pthread_cond_init(&card->handle_apdu_cond, NULL); > + card->reader = NULL; > + card->quit_apdu_thread = 0; > + if (init_pipe_signaling(card)< 0) { > + return -1; > + } > + if (!card->backend) { > + card->backend = strdup((char*)BACKEND_NSS_EMULATED); > + } > + /* TODO: a passthru backened that works on local machine. third card type? */ > + if (strcmp(BACKEND_CERTIFICATES, card->backend) == 0 > +&& card->cert1 != NULL&& card->cert2 != NULL&& card->cert3 != NULL) { > + ret = emulated_initialize_vcard_from_certificates(card); > + } else { > + if (strcmp(BACKEND_CERTIFICATES, card->backend) == 0) { > + printf("%s: you must provide all three certs for certificates backend\n", > + EMULATED_DEV_NAME); > + return -1; > + } > + if (card->backend&& strcmp(BACKEND_NSS_EMULATED, card->backend) != 0) { > + printf("%s: bad backend specified. The options are:\n%s (default), %s.\n", > + EMULATED_DEV_NAME, BACKEND_NSS_EMULATED, BACKEND_CERTIFICATES); > + return -1; > + } > + /* default to mirroring the local hardware readers */ > + ret = wrap_vcard_emul_init(NULL); > + } > + if (ret != VCARD_EMUL_OK) { > + printf("%s: failed to initialize vcard\n", EMULATED_DEV_NAME); > + return -1; > + } > + rv = pthread_create(&thread_id, NULL, event_thread, card); > + if (rv< 0) { > + printf("%s: error creating event thread\n", EMULATED_DEV_NAME); > + return -1; > + } > Why can't this be implemented with qemu_set_fd_handler? The event thread si just spinning on read. Regards, Anthony Liguori > + rv = pthread_create(&thread_id, NULL, handle_apdu_thread, card); > + if (rv< 0) { > + printf("%s: error creating handle_apdu thread\n", EMULATED_DEV_NAME); > + return -1; > + } > + return 0; > +} > + > +static int emulated_exitfn(CCIDCardState *base) > +{ > + EmulatedState *card = DO_UPCAST(EmulatedState, base, base); > + VEvent *vevent = vevent_new(VEVENT_LAST, NULL, NULL); > + > + vevent_queue_vevent(vevent); /* stop vevent thread */ > + pthread_mutex_lock(&card->apdu_thread_quit_mutex); > + card->quit_apdu_thread = 1; /* stop handle_apdu thread */ > + pthread_cond_signal(&card->handle_apdu_cond); > + pthread_cond_wait(&card->apdu_thread_quit_cond,&card->apdu_thread_quit_mutex); > + /* handle_apdu thread stopped, can destroy all of it's mutexes */ > + pthread_cond_destroy(&card->handle_apdu_cond); > + pthread_cond_destroy(&card->apdu_thread_quit_cond); > + pthread_mutex_destroy(&card->apdu_thread_quit_mutex); > + pthread_mutex_destroy(&card->handle_apdu_mutex); > + pthread_mutex_destroy(&card->vreader_mutex); > + pthread_mutex_destroy(&card->event_list_mutex); > + return 0; > +} > + > +static CCIDCardInfo emulated_card_info = { > + .qdev.name = EMULATED_DEV_NAME, > + .qdev.size = sizeof(EmulatedState), > + .initfn = emulated_initfn, > + .exitfn = emulated_exitfn, > + .get_atr = emulated_get_atr, > + .apdu_from_guest = emulated_apdu_from_guest, > + .qdev.unplug = qdev_simple_unplug_cb, > + .qdev.props = (Property[]) { > + DEFINE_PROP_STRING("backend", EmulatedState, backend), > + DEFINE_PROP_STRING("cert1", EmulatedState, cert1), > + DEFINE_PROP_STRING("cert2", EmulatedState, cert2), > + DEFINE_PROP_STRING("cert3", EmulatedState, cert3), > + DEFINE_PROP_STRING("db", EmulatedState, db), > + DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("debug", EmulatedState, debug, 0), > + DEFINE_PROP_END_OF_LIST(), > + }, > +}; > + > +static void ccid_card_emulated_register_devices(void) > +{ > + ccid_card_qdev_register(&emulated_card_info); > +} > + > +device_init(ccid_card_emulated_register_devices) > diff --git a/hw/ccid-card-passthru.c b/hw/ccid-card-passthru.c > index 6ec4f21..f9fb82c 100644 > --- a/hw/ccid-card-passthru.c > +++ b/hw/ccid-card-passthru.c > @@ -253,7 +253,6 @@ static CCIDCardInfo passthru_card_info = { > .exitfn = passthru_exitfn, > .get_atr = passthru_get_atr, > .apdu_from_guest = passthru_apdu_from_guest, > - .qdev.unplug = qdev_simple_unplug_cb, > .qdev.props = (Property[]) { > DEFINE_PROP_CHR("chardev", PassthruState, cs), > DEFINE_PROP_UINT8("debug", PassthruState, debug, 0), >