[PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Jules Irenge]

Add gcc extension __force and __le32 cast to fix warning issued by Sparse tool."warning: cast to restricted __le32"

Signed-off-by: Jules Irenge <jbi.octave@gmail.com>
---
 drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
index 0a9ca109039c..aa7b2dd691b9 100644
--- a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
+++ b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static int wfx_counters_show(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
 		return -EIO;
 
 #define PUT_COUNTER(name) \
-	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu(counters.count_##name))
+	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu((__force __le32)(counters.count_##name)))
 
 	PUT_COUNTER(tx_packets);
 	PUT_COUNTER(tx_multicast_frames);
-- 
2.23.0

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Re: [PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Greg KH]

On Fri, Nov 08, 2019 at 11:38:37PM +0000, Jules Irenge wrote:
> Add gcc extension __force and __le32 cast to fix warning issued by Sparse tool."warning: cast to restricted __le32"

Can you wrap your lines properly please?

> 
> Signed-off-by: Jules Irenge <jbi.octave@gmail.com>
> ---
>  drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c | 2 +-
>  1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> index 0a9ca109039c..aa7b2dd691b9 100644
> --- a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> +++ b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static int wfx_counters_show(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
>  		return -EIO;
>  
>  #define PUT_COUNTER(name) \
> -	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu(counters.count_##name))
> +	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu((__force __le32)(counters.count_##name)))

That's usually a huge hint that something is wrong here.  If the data
type isn't already le32, then why is the data needed to be printed out
that way?  Shouldn't the data type itself be fixed instead?

thanks,

greg k-h
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Re: [PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Al Viro]

On Fri, Nov 08, 2019 at 11:38:37PM +0000, Jules Irenge wrote:
> Add gcc extension __force and __le32 cast to fix warning issued by Sparse tool."warning: cast to restricted __le32"
>
> Signed-off-by: Jules Irenge <jbi.octave@gmail.com>
> ---
>  drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c | 2 +-
>  1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> index 0a9ca109039c..aa7b2dd691b9 100644
> --- a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> +++ b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static int wfx_counters_show(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
>  		return -EIO;
>  
>  #define PUT_COUNTER(name) \
> -	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu(counters.count_##name))
> +	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu((__force __le32)(counters.count_##name)))

NAK.  force-cast (and it's not a gcc extension, BTW - it's sparse) is basically
"I know better; the code is right, so STFU already".  *IF* counters.count_...
is really little-endian 32bit, then why isn't it declared that way?  And if
it's host-endian, you've just papered over a real bug here.

As a general rule "fix" doesn't mean "tell it to shut up"...
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Re: [PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Jules Irenge]

On Sat, 9 Nov 2019, Al Viro wrote:

> On Fri, Nov 08, 2019 at 11:38:37PM +0000, Jules Irenge wrote:
> > Add gcc extension __force and __le32 cast to fix warning issued by Sparse tool."warning: cast to restricted __le32"
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Jules Irenge <jbi.octave@gmail.com>
> > ---
> >  drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c | 2 +-
> >  1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)
> > 
> > diff --git a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> > index 0a9ca109039c..aa7b2dd691b9 100644
> > --- a/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> > +++ b/drivers/staging/wfx/debug.c
> > @@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ static int wfx_counters_show(struct seq_file *seq, void *v)
> >  		return -EIO;
> >  
> >  #define PUT_COUNTER(name) \
> > -	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu(counters.count_##name))
> > +	seq_printf(seq, "%24s %d\n", #name ":", le32_to_cpu((__force __le32)(counters.count_##name)))
> 
> NAK.  force-cast (and it's not a gcc extension, BTW - it's sparse) is basically
> "I know better; the code is right, so STFU already".  *IF* counters.count_...
> is really little-endian 32bit, then why isn't it declared that way?  And if
> it's host-endian, you've just papered over a real bug here.
> 
> As a general rule "fix" doesn't mean "tell it to shut up"...
> 

Thanks for the comments, I have updated  but I have a mixed mind on the 
__le32. I have to read more about it. 

I would appreciate if you can comment again on the update.
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Re: [PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Al Viro]

On Mon, Nov 11, 2019 at 01:51:33PM +0000, Jules Irenge wrote:
> 
> > NAK.  force-cast (and it's not a gcc extension, BTW - it's sparse) is basically
> > "I know better; the code is right, so STFU already".  *IF* counters.count_...
> > is really little-endian 32bit, then why isn't it declared that way?  And if
> > it's host-endian, you've just papered over a real bug here.
> > 
> > As a general rule "fix" doesn't mean "tell it to shut up"...
> > 
> 
> Thanks for the comments, I have updated  but I have a mixed mind on the 
> __le32. I have to read more about it. 
> 
> I would appreciate if you can comment again on the update.

From the look at the driver, it seems that all these counters are a part of
structure that is read from the hardware and only used as little-endian.
So just declare all fields in struct hif_mib_extended_count_table as
__le32; easy enough.  Looking a bit further, the same goes for
struct hif_mib_bcn_filter_table ->num_of_info_elmts
struct hif_mib_keep_alive_period ->keep_alive_period (__le16)
struct hif_mib_template_frame ->frame_length (__le16)
struct hif_mib_set_association_mode ->basic_rate_set (__le32)
struct hif_req_update_ie ->num_i_es (__le16)
struct hif_req_write_mib ->mib_id, ->length (__le16 both)
struct hif_req_read_mib ->mib_id (__le16)
struct hif_req_configuration ->length (__le16)

With those annotated we are left with

drivers/staging/wfx/bh.c:73:35: warning: incorrect type in argument 1 (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/bh.c:73:35:    expected restricted __le16 const [usertype] *p
drivers/staging/wfx/bh.c:73:35:    got unsigned short [usertype] *
drivers/staging/wfx/bh.c:106:41: warning: cast to restricted __le32
drivers/staging/wfx/bh.c:175:22: warning: cast to restricted __le16
drivers/staging/wfx/hwio.c:199:16: warning: cast from restricted __le32
drivers/staging/wfx/hwio.c:199:14: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/hwio.c:199:14:    expected unsigned int [usertype]
drivers/staging/wfx/hwio.c:199:14:    got restricted __le32 [usertype]
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx.c:36:18: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx.c:36:18:    expected unsigned short [usertype] len
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx.c:36:18:    got restricted __le16 [usertype]
drivers/staging/wfx/data_tx.c:646:22: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/data_tx.c:646:22:    expected unsigned short [usertype] len
drivers/staging/wfx/data_tx.c:646:22:    got restricted __le16 [usertype]
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:111:27: warning: incorrect type in initializer (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:111:27:    expected unsigned int [usertype] enable
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:111:27:    got restricted __le32 [usertype]
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:112:30: warning: incorrect type in initializer (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:112:30:    expected unsigned int [usertype] bcn_count
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:112:30:    got restricted __le32 [usertype]
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38: warning: incorrect type in initializer (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38:    expected unsigned char [usertype] wakeup_period_max
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38:    got restricted __le16 [usertype]
drivers/staging/wfx/main.c:108:39: warning: incorrect type in initializer (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/main.c:108:39:    expected restricted __le16 [usertype] rx_highest
drivers/staging/wfx/main.c:108:39:    got int
drivers/staging/wfx/./traces.h:155:1: warning: incorrect type in argument 1 (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/./traces.h:155:1:    expected restricted __le16 const [usertype] *p
drivers/staging/wfx/./traces.h:155:1:    got unsigned short [usertype] *
drivers/staging/wfx/./traces.h:155:1: warning: incorrect type in argument 1 (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/./traces.h:155:1:    expected restricted __le16 const [usertype] *p
drivers/staging/wfx/./traces.h:155:1:    got unsigned short [usertype] *


and that's where the real bugs start to show up; leaving the misbegotten
forest of macros in misbegotten tracing shite aside, we have this:

static const struct ieee80211_supported_band wfx_band_2ghz = {
        .channels = wfx_2ghz_chantable,
        .n_channels = ARRAY_SIZE(wfx_2ghz_chantable),
        .bitrates = wfx_rates,
        .n_bitrates = ARRAY_SIZE(wfx_rates),
        .ht_cap = {
                // Receive caps
                .cap = IEEE80211_HT_CAP_GRN_FLD | IEEE80211_HT_CAP_SGI_20 |
                       IEEE80211_HT_CAP_MAX_AMSDU | (1 << IEEE80211_HT_CAP_RX_STBC_SHIFT),
                .ht_supported = 1,
                .ampdu_factor = IEEE80211_HT_MAX_AMPDU_16K,
                .ampdu_density = IEEE80211_HT_MPDU_DENSITY_NONE,
                .mcs = {
                        .rx_mask = { 0xFF }, // MCS0 to MCS7
                        .rx_highest = 65,
drivers/staging/wfx/main.c:108:39: refering to this initializer.
Sparse say that it expects rx_highest to be __le16.  And that's
not a driver-specific structure; it's generic ieee80211 one.  Which
says
struct ieee80211_mcs_info {
        u8 rx_mask[IEEE80211_HT_MCS_MASK_LEN];
        __le16 rx_highest;
        u8 tx_params;
        u8 reserved[3];
} __packed;
and grepping for rx_highest through the tree shows that everything else
is treating it as little-endian 16bit.

Almost certainly a bug on big-endian hosts; should be .rx_highest = cpu_to_le16(65),
instead.

Looking for more low-hanging fruits, we have
static int indirect_read32_locked(struct wfx_dev *wdev, int reg, u32 addr, u32 *val)
{
        int ret;
        __le32 *tmp = kmalloc(sizeof(u32), GFP_KERNEL);

        if (!tmp)
                return -ENOMEM;
        wdev->hwbus_ops->lock(wdev->hwbus_priv);
        ret = indirect_read(wdev, reg, addr, tmp, sizeof(u32));
        *val = cpu_to_le32(*tmp);
        _trace_io_ind_read32(reg, addr, *val);
        wdev->hwbus_ops->unlock(wdev->hwbus_priv);
        kfree(tmp);
        return ret;
}
with warnings about val = cpu_to_le32(*tmp); fair enough, since *val is
host-endian (u32) and *tmp - little-endian.  Trivial misannotation -
it should've been le32_to_cpu(), not cpu_to_le32().  Same mapping on
all CPUs we are ever likely to support, so it's just a misannotation,
not a bug per se.

drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38: warning: incorrect type in initializer (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38:    expected unsigned char [usertype] wakeup_period_max
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38:    got restricted __le16 [usertype]

is about
static inline int hif_set_beacon_wakeup_period(struct wfx_vif *wvif,
                                               unsigned int dtim_interval,
                                               unsigned int listen_interval) 
{
        struct hif_mib_beacon_wake_up_period val = {
                .wakeup_period_min = dtim_interval,
                .receive_dtim = 0,
                .wakeup_period_max = cpu_to_le16(listen_interval),
        };
and struct hif_mib_beacon_wake_up_period has wakeup_period_max declared
as uint8_t.  We are shoving a le16 value into it.  Almost certain bug -
that will result in the listen_interval % 256 on litte-endian host and
listen_interval / 256 on big-endian one.  Looking at the callers to
see what's actually passed as listen_interval shows only
        hif_set_beacon_wakeup_period(wvif, wvif->dtim_period, wvif->dtim_period);
and dtim_period in *wvif (struct wfx_vif) can be assigned 0, 1 or
values coming from struct ieee80211_tim_ie ->dtim_period or
struct ieee80211_bss_conf ->dtim_period, 8bit in either structure.

In other words, the value stored in val.wakeup_period_max will be
always zero on big-endian hosts.  Definitely bogus, should just
store that (8bit) value as-is; cpu_to_le16() is wrong here.

Next piece of fun:
static inline int hif_beacon_filter_control(struct wfx_vif *wvif,
                                            int enable, int beacon_count)
{
        struct hif_mib_bcn_filter_enable arg = {   
                .enable = cpu_to_le32(enable),
                .bcn_count = cpu_to_le32(beacon_count),
        };
        return hif_write_mib(wvif->wdev, wvif->id,
                             HIF_MIB_ID_BEACON_FILTER_ENABLE, &arg, sizeof(arg));
}
Sounds like ->enable and ->bcn_count should both be __le32, which makes
sense since the structs passed to hardware appear to be fixed-endian on
that thing.  However, annotating them as such adds warnigns:
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:246:35: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:246:35:    expected restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] bcn_count
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:246:35:    got int
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:249:32: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:249:32:    expected restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] enable
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:249:32:    got int
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:253:32: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:253:32:    expected restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] enable
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:253:32:    got int
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:62: warning: incorrect type in argument 2 (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:62:    expected int enable
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:62:    got restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] enable
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:78: warning: incorrect type in argument 3 (different base types)
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:78:    expected int beacon_count
drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:78:    got restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] bcn_count

All in the same function (wfx_update_filtering()) and we really do store
host-endian values in those (first 3 places).  In the last one we pass
them to hif_beacon_filter_control(), which does expect host-endian.
And that's the only thing we do to the instance of hif_mib_bcn_filter_enable
in there...

Possible solutions:
	1) store them little-endian there, pass to hif_beacon_filter_control()
already l-e, get rid of cpu_to_le32() in the latter.
	2) store them little-endian, pass the entire pointer to struct
instead of forming it again in hif_beacon_filter_control()
	3) don't pretend that the objects in hif_beacon_filter_control()
and in wfx_update_filtering() are of the same type (different layouts on
big-endian) and replace the one in the caller with two local variables.
My preference would be (3), as in
diff --git a/drivers/staging/wfx/hif_api_mib.h b/drivers/staging/wfx/hif_api_mib.h
index 5ed7561c7443..3eaf4affaa5d 100644
--- a/drivers/staging/wfx/hif_api_mib.h
+++ b/drivers/staging/wfx/hif_api_mib.h
@@ -273,8 +273,8 @@ enum hif_beacon_filter {
 };
 
 struct hif_mib_bcn_filter_enable {
-	uint32_t   enable;
-	uint32_t   bcn_count;
+	__le32   enable;
+	__le32   bcn_count;
 } __packed;
 
 struct hif_mib_group_seq_counter {
diff --git a/drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c b/drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c
index 93f3739b5f3a..f623ff5b7a02 100644
--- a/drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c
+++ b/drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c
@@ -216,7 +216,6 @@ void wfx_update_filtering(struct wfx_vif *wvif)
 	bool is_sta = wvif->vif && NL80211_IFTYPE_STATION == wvif->vif->type;
 	bool filter_bssid = wvif->filter_bssid;
 	bool fwd_probe_req = wvif->fwd_probe_req;
-	struct hif_mib_bcn_filter_enable bf_ctrl;
 	struct hif_ie_table_entry filter_ies[] = {
 		{
 			.ie_id        = WLAN_EID_VENDOR_SPECIFIC,
@@ -237,21 +236,22 @@ void wfx_update_filtering(struct wfx_vif *wvif)
 		}
 	};
 	int n_filter_ies;
+	unsigned enable, bcn_count;
 
 	if (wvif->state == WFX_STATE_PASSIVE)
 		return;
 
 	if (wvif->disable_beacon_filter) {
-		bf_ctrl.enable = 0;
-		bf_ctrl.bcn_count = 1;
+		enable = 0;
+		bcn_count = 1;
 		n_filter_ies = 0;
 	} else if (!is_sta) {
-		bf_ctrl.enable = HIF_BEACON_FILTER_ENABLE | HIF_BEACON_FILTER_AUTO_ERP;
-		bf_ctrl.bcn_count = 0;
+		enable = HIF_BEACON_FILTER_ENABLE | HIF_BEACON_FILTER_AUTO_ERP;
+		bcn_count = 0;
 		n_filter_ies = 2;
 	} else {
-		bf_ctrl.enable = HIF_BEACON_FILTER_ENABLE;
-		bf_ctrl.bcn_count = 0;
+		enable = HIF_BEACON_FILTER_ENABLE;
+		bcn_count = 0;
 		n_filter_ies = 3;
 	}
 
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ void wfx_update_filtering(struct wfx_vif *wvif)
 	if (!ret)
 		ret = hif_set_beacon_filter_table(wvif, n_filter_ies, filter_ies);
 	if (!ret)
-		ret = hif_beacon_filter_control(wvif, bf_ctrl.enable, bf_ctrl.bcn_count);
+		ret = hif_beacon_filter_control(wvif, enable, bcn_count);
 	if (!ret)
 		ret = wfx_set_mcast_filter(wvif, &wvif->mcast_filter);
 	if (ret)

but that's a matter of taste.

Next is bx.c warning about __le32; that's about num_tx_count being fed to cpu_to_le32().
grepping for that thing results in
drivers/staging/wfx/bh.c:106:                   release_count = le32_to_cpu(((struct hif_cnf_multi_transmit *)hif->body)->num_tx_confs);
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_api_cmd.h:316:  uint32_t   num_tx_confs;
drivers/staging/wfx/hif_rx.c:78:        int count = body->num_tx_confs;
which is troubling - the first line (in rx_helper()) expects to find
a little-endian value in that field, while the last (in hif_multi_tx_confirm())
- a host-endian, with nothing in sight that might account for conversion
from one to another.

Let's look at the call chains: hif_multi_tx_confirm() is called only as
hif_handlers[...]->handler(), which happens in in wfx_handle_rx().
The call is
                                hif_handlers[i].handler(wdev, hif, hif->body);
and hif has come from
        struct hif_msg *hif = (struct hif_msg *) skb->data;
wfx_handle_rx() is called by the same rx_helper()...  skb is created by
rx_helper() and apparently filled by the call
        if (wfx_data_read(wdev, skb->data, alloc_len))
                goto err;
right next to the allocation... and prior to the
                   release_count = le32_to_cpu(((struct hif_cnf_multi_transmit *)hif->body)->num_tx_confs);
where we expect little-endian, with nothing to modify the skb contents
between that and the call of wfx_handle_rx().  hif in rx_helper() points
to the same place - skb->data.  OK, we almost certainly have a bug here.

That thing allocates a packet and fills it with incoming data.  Then
it parses the damn thing, apparently treating the same field of the
incoming as little-endian in one place and host-endian in another.
In principle it's possible that the rest of the packet determines
which one it is, but by the look of that code both places are
hit if and only if hif->id is equal to HIF_CNF_ID_MULTI_TRANSMIT.
It *can't* be correct on big-endian.  Not even theoretically.

And since it's over-the-wire data, I would expect it to be fixed-endian.
That needs to be confirmed with the driver's authors and/or direct
experiment on big-endian host, but I strongly suspect that the right
fix is to have
        int count = le32_to_cpu(body->num_tx_confs);
in hif_multi_tx_confirm() (and num_tx_confs annotated as __le32).

HOWEVER, that opens another nasty can of worms.  We have
        struct hif_cnf_tx *buf_loc = (struct hif_cnf_tx *) &body->tx_conf_payload;
...
        for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
                wfx_tx_confirm_cb(wvif, buf_loc);
                buf_loc++;
        }
with count derived from the packet and body pointing into the packet.  And no
visible checks that would make sure the loop won't run out of the data we'd
actually got.

The check in rx_helper() verifies that hif->len matches the amount we'd
received; the check for ->num_tx_confs in there doesn't look like what
we'd needed (that would be offset of body.tx_conf_payload in packet +
num_tx_confs * sizeof(struct hif_cnf_multi_transmit) compared to
actual size).

So it smells like a remote buffer overrun, little-endian or not.
And at that point I would start looking for driver original authors with
some rather pointed questions about the validation of data and lack
thereof.

BTW, if incoming packets are fixed-endian, I would expect more bugs on
big-endian hosts - wfx_tx_confirm_cb() does things like
                tx_info->status.tx_time =
                arg->media_delay - arg->tx_queue_delay;
with media_delay and tx_queue_delay both being 32bit fields in the
incoming packet.  So another question to the authors (or documentation,
or direct experiments) is what endianness do various fields in the incoming
data have.  We can try and guess, but...
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Re: [PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Al Viro]

On Mon, Nov 11, 2019 at 08:28:52PM +0000, Al Viro wrote:

> So it smells like a remote buffer overrun, little-endian or not.
> And at that point I would start looking for driver original authors with
> some rather pointed questions about the validation of data and lack
> thereof.
> 
> BTW, if incoming packets are fixed-endian, I would expect more bugs on
> big-endian hosts - wfx_tx_confirm_cb() does things like
>                 tx_info->status.tx_time =
>                 arg->media_delay - arg->tx_queue_delay;
> with media_delay and tx_queue_delay both being 32bit fields in the
> incoming packet.  So another question to the authors (or documentation,
> or direct experiments) is what endianness do various fields in the incoming
> data have.  We can try and guess, but...

More fun:
int hif_read_mib(struct wfx_dev *wdev, int vif_id, u16 mib_id, void *val, size_t val_len)
{
        int ret;
        struct hif_msg *hif;
        int buf_len = sizeof(struct hif_cnf_read_mib) + val_len;
        struct hif_req_read_mib *body = wfx_alloc_hif(sizeof(*body), &hif);
        struct hif_cnf_read_mib *reply = kmalloc(buf_len, GFP_KERNEL);

OK, allocated request and reply buffers, by the look of it; request one
being struct hif_msg with struct hif_req_read_mib for payload
and reply - struct hif_cnf_read_mib {
        uint32_t   status;
        uint16_t   mib_id;
        uint16_t   length;
        uint8_t    mib_data[];
} with val_len bytes in mib_data.

        body->mib_id = cpu_to_le16(mib_id);
        wfx_fill_header(hif, vif_id, HIF_REQ_ID_READ_MIB, sizeof(*body));

Filled request, {.len = cpu_to_le16(4 + 4),
		 .id = HIF_REQ_ID_READ_MIB,
		 .interface = vif_id,
		 .body = {
			.mib_id = cpu_to_le16(mib_id)
		}
	}
Note that mib_id is host-endian here; what we send is little-endian.

        ret = wfx_cmd_send(wdev, hif, reply, buf_len, false);
send it, get reply

        if (!ret && mib_id != reply->mib_id) {
Wha...?  Now we are comparing two bytes at offset 4 into reply with a host-endian
value?  Oh, well...

                dev_warn(wdev->dev, "%s: confirmation mismatch request\n", __func__);
                ret = -EIO;
        }
        if (ret == -ENOMEM)
                dev_err(wdev->dev, "buffer is too small to receive %s (%zu < %d)\n",
                        get_mib_name(mib_id), val_len, reply->length);
        if (!ret)
                memcpy(val, &reply->mib_data, reply->length);
What.  The.  Hell?

We are copying data from the reply.  Into caller-supplied object.
With length taken from the same reply and no validation even
attempted?  Not even "um, maybe we shouldn't copy more than the caller
told us to copy, especially since that's as much as there is in the
source of that memcpy"?

And that's besides the endianness questions.  Note that getting the
endianness wrong here is just about certain to blow up - small value
will be misinterpreted by factor of 256.

In any case, even if this is talking to firmware on a card, that's
an unhealthy degree of trust, especially since the same function
does consider the possibility of bogus replies.
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Re: [PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Jerome Pouiller]

Hello Al,

Thank you for your extensive review.

On Monday 11 November 2019 21:28:52 CET Al Viro wrote:
> On Mon, Nov 11, 2019 at 01:51:33PM +0000, Jules Irenge wrote:
> >
> > > NAK.  force-cast (and it's not a gcc extension, BTW - it's sparse) is basically
> > > "I know better; the code is right, so STFU already".  *IF* counters.count_...
> > > is really little-endian 32bit, then why isn't it declared that way?  And if
> > > it's host-endian, you've just papered over a real bug here.
> > >
> > > As a general rule "fix" doesn't mean "tell it to shut up"...
> > >
> >
> > Thanks for the comments, I have updated  but I have a mixed mind on the
> > __le32. I have to read more about it.
> >
> > I would appreciate if you can comment again on the update.
> 
> From the look at the driver, it seems that all these counters are a part of
> structure that is read from the hardware and only used as little-endian.
> So just declare all fields in struct hif_mib_extended_count_table as
> __le32; easy enough.  Looking a bit further, the same goes for
> struct hif_mib_bcn_filter_table ->num_of_info_elmts
> struct hif_mib_keep_alive_period ->keep_alive_period (__le16)
> struct hif_mib_template_frame ->frame_length (__le16)
> struct hif_mib_set_association_mode ->basic_rate_set (__le32)
> struct hif_req_update_ie ->num_i_es (__le16)
> struct hif_req_write_mib ->mib_id, ->length (__le16 both)
> struct hif_req_read_mib ->mib_id (__le16)
> struct hif_req_configuration ->length (__le16)

Indeed, structs declared in hif_api* are shared with the hardware and
should use __le16/__le32. However, as you noticed below, these structs
are sometime used in other parts of the code that are not related to
the hardware. 

I have in my local queue a set of patches that improve the situation.
Objective is to limit usage of hif structs to hif_tx.c, hif_tx_mib.c
and hif_rx.c (which are correct places to handle hardware
communication). I hope to be able to submit these patches in 2 weeks.


[...]
> and that's where the real bugs start to show up; leaving the misbegotten
> forest of macros in misbegotten tracing shite aside, we have this:
> 
> static const struct ieee80211_supported_band wfx_band_2ghz = {
>         .channels = wfx_2ghz_chantable,
>         .n_channels = ARRAY_SIZE(wfx_2ghz_chantable),
>         .bitrates = wfx_rates,
>         .n_bitrates = ARRAY_SIZE(wfx_rates),
>         .ht_cap = {
>                 // Receive caps
>                 .cap = IEEE80211_HT_CAP_GRN_FLD | IEEE80211_HT_CAP_SGI_20 |
>                        IEEE80211_HT_CAP_MAX_AMSDU | (1 << IEEE80211_HT_CAP_RX_STBC_SHIFT),
>                 .ht_supported = 1,
>                 .ampdu_factor = IEEE80211_HT_MAX_AMPDU_16K,
>                 .ampdu_density = IEEE80211_HT_MPDU_DENSITY_NONE,
>                 .mcs = {
>                         .rx_mask = { 0xFF }, // MCS0 to MCS7
>                         .rx_highest = 65,
> drivers/staging/wfx/main.c:108:39: refering to this initializer.
> Sparse say that it expects rx_highest to be __le16.  And that's
> not a driver-specific structure; it's generic ieee80211 one.  Which
> says
> struct ieee80211_mcs_info {
>         u8 rx_mask[IEEE80211_HT_MCS_MASK_LEN];
>         __le16 rx_highest;
>         u8 tx_params;
>         u8 reserved[3];
> } __packed;
> and grepping for rx_highest through the tree shows that everything else
> is treating it as little-endian 16bit.
> 
> Almost certainly a bug on big-endian hosts; should be .rx_highest = cpu_to_le16(65),
> instead.

Agree.


> Looking for more low-hanging fruits, we have
> static int indirect_read32_locked(struct wfx_dev *wdev, int reg, u32 addr, u32 *val)
> {
>         int ret;
>         __le32 *tmp = kmalloc(sizeof(u32), GFP_KERNEL);
> 
>         if (!tmp)
>                 return -ENOMEM;
>         wdev->hwbus_ops->lock(wdev->hwbus_priv);
>         ret = indirect_read(wdev, reg, addr, tmp, sizeof(u32));
>         *val = cpu_to_le32(*tmp);
>         _trace_io_ind_read32(reg, addr, *val);
>         wdev->hwbus_ops->unlock(wdev->hwbus_priv);
>         kfree(tmp);
>         return ret;
> }
> with warnings about val = cpu_to_le32(*tmp); fair enough, since *val is
> host-endian (u32) and *tmp - little-endian.  Trivial misannotation -
> it should've been le32_to_cpu(), not cpu_to_le32().  Same mapping on
> all CPUs we are ever likely to support, so it's just a misannotation,
> not a bug per se.

Agree.


> drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38: warning: incorrect type in initializer (different base types)
> drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38:    expected unsigned char [usertype] wakeup_period_max
> drivers/staging/wfx/hif_tx_mib.h:34:38:    got restricted __le16 [usertype]
> 
> is about
> static inline int hif_set_beacon_wakeup_period(struct wfx_vif *wvif,
>                                                unsigned int dtim_interval,
>                                                unsigned int listen_interval)
> {
>         struct hif_mib_beacon_wake_up_period val = {
>                 .wakeup_period_min = dtim_interval,
>                 .receive_dtim = 0,
>                 .wakeup_period_max = cpu_to_le16(listen_interval),
>         };
> and struct hif_mib_beacon_wake_up_period has wakeup_period_max declared
> as uint8_t.  We are shoving a le16 value into it.  Almost certain bug -
> that will result in the listen_interval % 256 on litte-endian host and
> listen_interval / 256 on big-endian one.  Looking at the callers to
> see what's actually passed as listen_interval shows only
>         hif_set_beacon_wakeup_period(wvif, wvif->dtim_period, wvif->dtim_period);
> and dtim_period in *wvif (struct wfx_vif) can be assigned 0, 1 or
> values coming from struct ieee80211_tim_ie ->dtim_period or
> struct ieee80211_bss_conf ->dtim_period, 8bit in either structure.
> 
> In other words, the value stored in val.wakeup_period_max will be
> always zero on big-endian hosts.  Definitely bogus, should just
> store that (8bit) value as-is; cpu_to_le16() is wrong here.

Absolutely agree.


> Next piece of fun:
> static inline int hif_beacon_filter_control(struct wfx_vif *wvif,
>                                             int enable, int beacon_count)
> {
>         struct hif_mib_bcn_filter_enable arg = {
>                 .enable = cpu_to_le32(enable),
>                 .bcn_count = cpu_to_le32(beacon_count),
>         };
>         return hif_write_mib(wvif->wdev, wvif->id,
>                              HIF_MIB_ID_BEACON_FILTER_ENABLE, &arg, sizeof(arg));
> }
> Sounds like ->enable and ->bcn_count should both be __le32, which makes
> sense since the structs passed to hardware appear to be fixed-endian on
> that thing.  However, annotating them as such adds warnigns:
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:246:35: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:246:35:    expected restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] bcn_count
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:246:35:    got int
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:249:32: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:249:32:    expected restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] enable
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:249:32:    got int
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:253:32: warning: incorrect type in assignment (different base types)
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:253:32:    expected restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] enable
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:253:32:    got int
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:62: warning: incorrect type in argument 2 (different base types)
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:62:    expected int enable
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:62:    got restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] enable
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:78: warning: incorrect type in argument 3 (different base types)
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:78:    expected int beacon_count
> drivers/staging/wfx/sta.c:262:78:    got restricted __le32 [assigned] [usertype] bcn_count
> 
> All in the same function (wfx_update_filtering()) and we really do store
> host-endian values in those (first 3 places).  In the last one we pass
> them to hif_beacon_filter_control(), which does expect host-endian.
> And that's the only thing we do to the instance of hif_mib_bcn_filter_enable
> in there...
> 
> Possible solutions:
>         1) store them little-endian there, pass to hif_beacon_filter_control()
> already l-e, get rid of cpu_to_le32() in the latter.
>         2) store them little-endian, pass the entire pointer to struct
> instead of forming it again in hif_beacon_filter_control()
>         3) don't pretend that the objects in hif_beacon_filter_control()
> and in wfx_update_filtering() are of the same type (different layouts on
> big-endian) and replace the one in the caller with two local variables.
> My preference would be (3), as in
[...]
> but that's a matter of taste.

Yes, this is one of the difficult parts. I work on it (I opted for
solution 3).



> Next is bx.c warning about __le32; that's about num_tx_count being fed to cpu_to_le32().
> grepping for that thing results in
> drivers/staging/wfx/bh.c:106:                   release_count = le32_to_cpu(((struct hif_cnf_multi_transmit *)hif->body)->num_tx_confs);
> drivers/staging/wfx/hif_api_cmd.h:316:  uint32_t   num_tx_confs;
> drivers/staging/wfx/hif_rx.c:78:        int count = body->num_tx_confs;
> which is troubling - the first line (in rx_helper()) expects to find
> a little-endian value in that field, while the last (in hif_multi_tx_confirm())
> - a host-endian, with nothing in sight that might account for conversion
> from one to another.
> 
> Let's look at the call chains: hif_multi_tx_confirm() is called only as
> hif_handlers[...]->handler(), which happens in in wfx_handle_rx().
> The call is
>                                 hif_handlers[i].handler(wdev, hif, hif->body);
> and hif has come from
>         struct hif_msg *hif = (struct hif_msg *) skb->data;
> wfx_handle_rx() is called by the same rx_helper()...  skb is created by
> rx_helper() and apparently filled by the call
>         if (wfx_data_read(wdev, skb->data, alloc_len))
>                 goto err;
> right next to the allocation... and prior to the
>                    release_count = le32_to_cpu(((struct hif_cnf_multi_transmit *)hif->body)->num_tx_confs);
> where we expect little-endian, with nothing to modify the skb contents
> between that and the call of wfx_handle_rx().  hif in rx_helper() points
> to the same place - skb->data.  OK, we almost certainly have a bug here.
>
> That thing allocates a packet and fills it with incoming data.  Then
> it parses the damn thing, apparently treating the same field of the
> incoming as little-endian in one place and host-endian in another.
> In principle it's possible that the rest of the packet determines
> which one it is, but by the look of that code both places are
> hit if and only if hif->id is equal to HIF_CNF_ID_MULTI_TRANSMIT.
> It *can't* be correct on big-endian.  Not even theoretically.
> 
> And since it's over-the-wire data, I would expect it to be fixed-endian.
> That needs to be confirmed with the driver's authors and/or direct
> experiment on big-endian host, but I strongly suspect that the right
> fix is to have
>         int count = le32_to_cpu(body->num_tx_confs);
> in hif_multi_tx_confirm() (and num_tx_confs annotated as __le32).

Indeed, num_tx_confs is always a le32 value.

 
> HOWEVER, that opens another nasty can of worms.  We have
>         struct hif_cnf_tx *buf_loc = (struct hif_cnf_tx *) &body->tx_conf_payload;
> ...
>         for (i = 0; i < count; ++i) {
>                 wfx_tx_confirm_cb(wvif, buf_loc);
>                 buf_loc++;
>         }
> with count derived from the packet and body pointing into the packet.  And no
> visible checks that would make sure the loop won't run out of the data we'd
> actually got.
> 
> The check in rx_helper() verifies that hif->len matches the amount we'd
> received; the check for ->num_tx_confs in there doesn't look like what
> we'd needed (that would be offset of body.tx_conf_payload in packet +
> num_tx_confs * sizeof(struct hif_cnf_multi_transmit) compared to
> actual size).
> 
> So it smells like a remote buffer overrun, little-endian or not.
> And at that point I would start looking for driver original authors with
> some rather pointed questions about the validation of data and lack
> thereof.

There are not so much checks done on data retrieved from the hardware.
I think we can find other similar issues in the driver.

In this particular case, indeed, a little check on length of received
data could be a good idea.


> BTW, if incoming packets are fixed-endian, I would expect more bugs on
> big-endian hosts - wfx_tx_confirm_cb() does things like
>                 tx_info->status.tx_time =
>                 arg->media_delay - arg->tx_queue_delay;
> with media_delay and tx_queue_delay both being 32bit fields in the
> incoming packet.  So another question to the authors (or documentation,
> or direct experiments) is what endianness do various fields in the incoming
> data have.  We can try and guess, but...

Fortunately, answer is simple enough: everything from hardware is
little endian :).

Jules, do you want to take care of fixing theses issues (except the one
about wfx_update_filtering())?


-- 
Jérôme Pouiller

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Re: [PATCH] staging: wfx: add gcc extension __force cast

[Jerome Pouiller]

On Tuesday 12 November 2019 00:16:59 CET Al Viro wrote:
[...]
> More fun:
> int hif_read_mib(struct wfx_dev *wdev, int vif_id, u16 mib_id, void *val, size_t val_len)
> {
>         int ret;
>         struct hif_msg *hif;
>         int buf_len = sizeof(struct hif_cnf_read_mib) + val_len;
>         struct hif_req_read_mib *body = wfx_alloc_hif(sizeof(*body), &hif);
>         struct hif_cnf_read_mib *reply = kmalloc(buf_len, GFP_KERNEL);
> 
> OK, allocated request and reply buffers, by the look of it; request one
> being struct hif_msg with struct hif_req_read_mib for payload
> and reply - struct hif_cnf_read_mib {
>         uint32_t   status;
>         uint16_t   mib_id;
>         uint16_t   length;
>         uint8_t    mib_data[];
> } with val_len bytes in mib_data.
> 
>         body->mib_id = cpu_to_le16(mib_id);
>         wfx_fill_header(hif, vif_id, HIF_REQ_ID_READ_MIB, sizeof(*body));
> 
> Filled request, {.len = cpu_to_le16(4 + 4),
>                  .id = HIF_REQ_ID_READ_MIB,
>                  .interface = vif_id,
>                  .body = {
>                         .mib_id = cpu_to_le16(mib_id)
>                 }
>         }
> Note that mib_id is host-endian here; what we send is little-endian.
> 
>         ret = wfx_cmd_send(wdev, hif, reply, buf_len, false);
> send it, get reply
> 
>         if (!ret && mib_id != reply->mib_id) {
> Wha...?  Now we are comparing two bytes at offset 4 into reply with a host-endian
> value?  Oh, well...

Agree.

> 
>                 dev_warn(wdev->dev, "%s: confirmation mismatch request\n", __func__);
>                 ret = -EIO;
>         }
>         if (ret == -ENOMEM)
>                 dev_err(wdev->dev, "buffer is too small to receive %s (%zu < %d)\n",
>                         get_mib_name(mib_id), val_len, reply->length);
>         if (!ret)
>                 memcpy(val, &reply->mib_data, reply->length);
> What.  The.  Hell?
> 
> We are copying data from the reply.  Into caller-supplied object.
> With length taken from the same reply and no validation even
> attempted?  Not even "um, maybe we shouldn't copy more than the caller
> told us to copy, especially since that's as much as there is in the
> source of that memcpy"?

In fact, hif_generic_confirm() check that data from hardware is smaller
than "buf_len". If it is not the case, ret will contains -ENOMEM. But
indeed, if size of data is correct but reply->length is corrupted, we
will have big trouble.

(In add, I am not sure that -ENOMEM is well chosen for this case)

> And that's besides the endianness questions.  Note that getting the
> endianness wrong here is just about certain to blow up - small value
> will be misinterpreted by factor of 256.
> 
> In any case, even if this is talking to firmware on a card, that's
> an unhealthy degree of trust, especially since the same function
> does consider the possibility of bogus replies.

It is obvious that the errors paths have not been sufficiently checked.
If you continue to search, I think you will find many similar problems.

I will update the TODO list attached to the driver.

-- 
Jérôme Pouiller

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