[PATCH 0/3] Fix use of 'cache_bottom' in sparse index

[PATCH 0/3] Fix use of 'cache_bottom' in sparse index

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

An issue was found by @stolee after experimenting with the structure of the
test repo used in 't/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh' (patch [1/3])
and finding that certain commands (namely those that internally performed a
"cache diff") failed when a sparse directory appeared lexicographically
before the in-cone directory. The root cause was traced to the
'unpack_trees_options.cache_bottom' variable, which was not being advanced
properly for sparse directories. The result was entries being
double-unpacked or improperly unpacked by 'unpack_trees', causing failures
in tests using 'git reset -- <pathspec>' and 'git diff --staged --
<pathspec>' using pathspecs.

The 'cache_bottom' was handled differently in sparse indexes in the first
place based on the reasoning laid out in 17a1bb570b (unpack-trees: preserve
cache_bottom, 2021-07-14). In short, the 'cache_bottom' advancement in
'mark_ce_used(...)' was disabled for sparse directories because
'unpack_callback(...)' would advance the 'cache_bottom' based on the number
of index entries matching or inside the tree being unpacked. If the tree was
a sparse directory, 'cache_bottom' would appropriately advance by 1, and
therefore didn't need the extra advancement in 'mark_ce_used(...)'. However,
this was insufficient to properly advance the 'cache_bottom' for two
reasons:

 1. 'unpack_callback(...)' would only advance the 'cache_bottom' for sparse
    directories if the operation in progress was a "cache diff" (true for
    'git diff --staged' and 'git reset --mixed', but not - for instance -
    'git reset --hard' or 'git read-tree -m').
 2. If sparse directories were unpacked with 'unpack_index_entry(...)'
    (e.g., in 'git reset -- <pathspec>'), the cache tree-based advancement
    of 'cache_bottom' would not happen.

Luckily, the first did not appear to have any behavioral impact. However,
the latter led to incorrect values being returned by 'next_cache_entry(...)'
depending on the structure of the index, causing the test failures observed
in 't1092'.

To fix this, the 'cache_bottom' advancement is reinstated in
'mark_ce_used(...)', and instead it is disabled in 'unpack_callback(...)' if
the tree in question is a sparse directory. This corrects both the
non-"cache diff" cases and the 'unpack_index_entry(...)' cases while
preventing the double-advancement 17a1bb570b originally intended to avoid
(patch [2/3]).

Finally, now that the cache bottom is advanced properly, we can revert the
"performance improvement" introduced in f2a454e0a5 (unpack-trees: improve
performance of next_cache_entry, 2021-11-29) that mitigated performance
issues arising in 'next_cache_entry(...)' from the non-advancing
'cache_bottom' (patch [3/3]). The performance results in
'p2000-sparse-operations.sh' showed expected variability around 0% change in
execution time (+/= 0.04s, depending on the command), with example results
for potentially-affected commands below.

'git reset'                      master            this_series                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
full-v3                          0.51(0.21+0.27)   0.50(0.21+0.25) -2.0%
full-v4                          0.51(0.22+0.27)   0.50(0.21+0.24) -2.0%
sparse-v3                        0.30(0.04+0.55)   0.28(0.04+0.50) -6.7%
sparse-v4                        0.31(0.04+0.51)   0.29(0.04+0.51) -6.5%

'git reset -- does-not-exist'    master            this_series                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
full-v3                          0.54(0.23+0.27)   0.55(0.22+0.28) +1.9%
full-v4                          0.56(0.25+0.26)   0.54(0.24+0.26) -3.6%
sparse-v3                        0.31(0.04+0.54)   0.31(0.04+0.50) +0.0%
sparse-v4                        0.31(0.04+0.52)   0.31(0.04+0.50) +0.0%

'git diff --cached'              master            this_series    
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
full-v3                          0.09(0.04+0.04)   0.09(0.04+0.04) +0.0%
full-v4                          0.09(0.04+0.04)   0.09(0.04+0.04) +0.0%
sparse-v3                        0.05(0.01+0.02)   0.05(0.01+0.03) +0.0%
sparse-v4                        0.04(0.01+0.02)   0.04(0.01+0.02) +0.0%


Thanks! -Victoria

Victoria Dye (3):
  t1092: add sparse directory before cone in test repo
  unpack-trees: increment cache_bottom for sparse directories
  Revert "unpack-trees: improve performance of next_cache_entry"

 t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh |  6 +++-
 unpack-trees.c                           | 39 +++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)


base-commit: 1a4874565fa3b6668042216189551b98b4dc0b1b
Published-As: https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/releases/tag/pr-1179%2Fvdye%2Fbugfix%2Fsparse-index-cache-bottom-v1
Fetch-It-Via: git fetch https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git pr-1179/vdye/bugfix/sparse-index-cache-bottom-v1
Pull-Request: https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/pull/1179
-- 
gitgitgadget

[PATCH 1/3] t1092: add sparse directory before cone in test repo

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>

Add a sparse directory 'before/' containing files 'a' and 'b' to the test
repo used in 't/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh'. This is meant to
ensure that no sparse index integrations rely on the in-cone path(s) being
lexicographically first in the repo.

Unfortunately, some existing tests do not handle this repo architecture
properly:

* 'add outside sparse cone'
* 'status/add: outside sparse cone'
* 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition'

All three of these are due to the incorrect handling of the
'unpack_trees_options.cache_bottom' when performing a cache diff via
'unpack_trees'. This will be corrected in a future patch; in the meantime,
mark the tests with 'test_expect_failure'.

Finally, update the 'ls-files' test to include the 'before/' directory in
its expected results.

Co-authored-by: Derrick Stolee <derrickstolee@github.com>
Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
---
 t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh | 12 ++++++++----
 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
index 2a04b532f91..11141221b4d 100755
--- a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
+++ b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 		echo "after deep" >e &&
 		echo "after folder1" >g &&
 		echo "after x" >z &&
-		mkdir folder1 folder2 deep x &&
+		mkdir folder1 folder2 deep before x &&
+		echo "before deep" >before/a &&
+		echo "before deep again" >before/b &&
 		mkdir deep/deeper1 deep/deeper2 deep/before deep/later &&
 		mkdir deep/deeper1/deepest &&
 		mkdir deep/deeper1/deepest2 &&
@@ -312,7 +314,7 @@ test_expect_success 'deep changes during checkout' '
 	test_all_match git checkout base
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'add outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_failure 'add outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	run_on_sparse mkdir folder1 &&
@@ -354,7 +356,7 @@ test_expect_success 'commit including unstaged changes' '
 	test_all_match git status --porcelain=v2
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_failure 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	# folder1 is at HEAD, but outside the sparse cone
@@ -565,7 +567,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout and reset (keep)' '
 	test_all_match test_must_fail git reset --keep deepest
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
+test_expect_failure 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	write_script edit-contents <<-\EOF &&
@@ -1311,6 +1313,7 @@ test_expect_success 'ls-files' '
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	a
+	before/
 	deep/
 	e
 	folder1-
@@ -1358,6 +1361,7 @@ test_expect_success 'ls-files' '
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	a
+	before/
 	deep/
 	e
 	folder1-
-- 
gitgitgadget

[PATCH 2/3] unpack-trees: increment cache_bottom for sparse directories

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>

Correct tracking of the 'cache_bottom' for cases where sparse directories
are present in the index.

BACKGROUND
----------
The 'unpack_trees_options.cache_bottom' is a variable that tracks the
in-progress "bottom" of the cache as 'unpack_trees()' iterates through the
contents of the index. Most importantly, this value informs the sequential
return values of 'next_cache_entry()' which, in the "diff cache" usage of
'unpack_callback()', are either unpacked as-is or are passed into the diff
machinery.

The 'cache_bottom' is intended to track the position of the first entry in
the index that has not yet been diffed or unpacked. It is advanced in two
main ways: either it is incremented when an index entry is marked as "used"
(in 'mark_ce_used()'), indicating that it was unpacked or diffed, or when a
directory is unpacked, in which case it is increased by an amount equaling
the number of index entries inside that tree.

In 17a1bb570b (unpack-trees: preserve cache_bottom, 2021-07-14), it was
identified that sparse directories posed a problem to the above
'cache_bottom' advancement logic - because a sparse directory was both an
index entry that could be "used" and a directory that can be unpacked, the
'cache_bottom' would be incremented too many times. To solve this problem,
the 'mark_ce_used()' advancement of 'cache_bottom' was skipped for sparse
directories.

INCORRECT CACHE_BOTTOM TRACKING
-------------------------------
Skipping the 'cache_bottom' advancement for sparse directories in
'mark_ce_used()' breaks down in two cases:

1. When the 'unpack_trees()' operation is *not* a "cache diff" (because the
   directory contents-based incrementing of 'cache_bottom' does not happen).
2. When a cache diff is performed with a pathspec (because
   'unpack_index_entry()' will unpack a sparse directory not matched by the
   pathspec without performing the directory contents-based increment).

The former luckily does not appear to affect 'git' behavior, likely because
'cache_bottom' is largely unused (non-"cache diff" 'unpack_trees()' uses
'find_index_entry()' - rather than 'next_cache_entry()' - to find the index
entries to unpack).

The latter, however, causes 'cache_bottom' to "lag behind" its intended
position by an amount equal to the number of sparse directories unpacked so
far with 'unpack_index_entry()'. If a repository is structured such that any
sparse directories are ordered lexicographically *after* any
pathspec-matching directories, though, this issue won't present any adverse
behavior.

This was the case with the 't1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh' tests
before the addition of the 'before/' sparse directory (ordered *before* the
in-cone 'deep/' directory), therefore sidestepping the issue. Once the
'before/' directory was added, though, 'cache_bottom' began to lag behind
its intended position, causing 'next_cache_entry()' to return index entries
it had already processed and, ultimately, an incorrect diff.

CORRECTING CACHE_BOTTOM
-----------------------
The problems observed in 't1092' come from 'cache_bottom' lagging behind in
cases where the cache tree-based advancement doesn't occur. To solve this,
then, the fix in 17a1bb570b is "reversed"; rather than skipping
'cache_bottom' advancement in 'mark_ce_used()', we skip the directory
contents-based advancement for sparse directories. Now, every index entry
can be accounted for in 'cache_bottom':

* if you're working with a single index entry, 'cache_bottom' is incremented
  in 'mark_ce_used()'
* if you're working with a directory that contains index entries (but is not
  one itself), 'cache_bottom' is incremented by the number of entries in
  that directory.

Finally, change the 'test_expect_failure' tests in 't1092' failing due to
this bug back to 'test_expect_success'.

Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
---
 t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh |  6 +++---
 unpack-trees.c                           | 16 ++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
index 11141221b4d..e9533832aab 100755
--- a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
+++ b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
@@ -314,7 +314,7 @@ test_expect_success 'deep changes during checkout' '
 	test_all_match git checkout base
 '
 
-test_expect_failure 'add outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_success 'add outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	run_on_sparse mkdir folder1 &&
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ test_expect_success 'commit including unstaged changes' '
 	test_all_match git status --porcelain=v2
 '
 
-test_expect_failure 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_success 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	# folder1 is at HEAD, but outside the sparse cone
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout and reset (keep)' '
 	test_all_match test_must_fail git reset --keep deepest
 '
 
-test_expect_failure 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
+test_expect_success 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	write_script edit-contents <<-\EOF &&
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index 96525d2ec26..aac927faf08 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -595,13 +595,6 @@ static void mark_ce_used(struct cache_entry *ce, struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	ce->ce_flags |= CE_UNPACKED;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is a sparse directory, don't advance cache_bottom.
-	 * That will be advanced later using the cache-tree data.
-	 */
-	if (S_ISSPARSEDIR(ce->ce_mode))
-		return;
-
 	if (o->cache_bottom < o->src_index->cache_nr &&
 	    o->src_index->cache[o->cache_bottom] == ce) {
 		int bottom = o->cache_bottom;
@@ -1442,7 +1435,14 @@ static int unpack_callback(int n, unsigned long mask, unsigned long dirmask, str
 			 * it does not do any look-ahead, so this is safe.
 			 */
 			if (matches) {
-				o->cache_bottom += matches;
+				/*
+				 * Only increment the cache_bottom if the
+				 * directory isn't a sparse directory index
+				 * entry (if it is, it was already incremented)
+				 * in 'mark_ce_used()'
+				 */
+				if (!src[0] || !S_ISSPARSEDIR(src[0]->ce_mode))
+					o->cache_bottom += matches;
 				return mask;
 			}
 		}
-- 
gitgitgadget

[PATCH 3/3] Revert "unpack-trees: improve performance of next_cache_entry"

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>

This reverts commit f2a454e0a5 (unpack-trees: improve performance of
next_cache_entry, 2021-11-29).

The "hint" value was originally needed to improve performance in 'git reset
-- <pathspec>' caused by 'cache_bottom' lagging behind its correct value
when using a sparse index. The 'cache_bottom' tracking has since been
corrected, removing the need for an additional "pseudo-cache_bottom"
tracking variable.

Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
---
 unpack-trees.c | 23 ++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index aac927faf08..7e5715c42b3 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -644,24 +644,17 @@ static void mark_ce_used_same_name(struct cache_entry *ce,
 	}
 }
 
-static struct cache_entry *next_cache_entry(struct unpack_trees_options *o, int *hint)
+static struct cache_entry *next_cache_entry(struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	const struct index_state *index = o->src_index;
 	int pos = o->cache_bottom;
 
-	if (*hint > pos)
-		pos = *hint;
-
 	while (pos < index->cache_nr) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = index->cache[pos];
-		if (!(ce->ce_flags & CE_UNPACKED)) {
-			*hint = pos + 1;
+		if (!(ce->ce_flags & CE_UNPACKED))
 			return ce;
-		}
 		pos++;
 	}
-
-	*hint = pos;
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1373,13 +1366,12 @@ static int unpack_callback(int n, unsigned long mask, unsigned long dirmask, str
 
 	/* Are we supposed to look at the index too? */
 	if (o->merge) {
-		int hint = -1;
 		while (1) {
 			int cmp;
 			struct cache_entry *ce;
 
 			if (o->diff_index_cached)
-				ce = next_cache_entry(o, &hint);
+				ce = next_cache_entry(o);
 			else
 				ce = find_cache_entry(info, p);
 
@@ -1706,7 +1698,7 @@ static int verify_absent(const struct cache_entry *,
 int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	struct repository *repo = the_repository;
-	int i, hint, ret;
+	int i, ret;
 	static struct cache_entry *dfc;
 	struct pattern_list pl;
 	int free_pattern_list = 0;
@@ -1795,15 +1787,13 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 		info.pathspec = o->pathspec;
 
 		if (o->prefix) {
-			hint = -1;
-
 			/*
 			 * Unpack existing index entries that sort before the
 			 * prefix the tree is spliced into.  Note that o->merge
 			 * is always true in this case.
 			 */
 			while (1) {
-				struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o, &hint);
+				struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o);
 				if (!ce)
 					break;
 				if (ce_in_traverse_path(ce, &info))
@@ -1824,9 +1814,8 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 
 	/* Any left-over entries in the index? */
 	if (o->merge) {
-		hint = -1;
 		while (1) {
-			struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o, &hint);
+			struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o);
 			if (!ce)
 				break;
 			if (unpack_index_entry(ce, o) < 0)
-- 
gitgitgadget

Re: [PATCH 0/3] Fix use of 'cache_bottom' in sparse index

[Junio C Hamano]

"Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget" <gitgitgadget@gmail.com> writes:

> ...
> To fix this, the 'cache_bottom' advancement is reinstated in
> 'mark_ce_used(...)', and instead it is disabled in 'unpack_callback(...)' if
> the tree in question is a sparse directory. This corrects both the
> non-"cache diff" cases and the 'unpack_index_entry(...)' cases while
> preventing the double-advancement 17a1bb570b originally intended to avoid
> (patch [2/3]).

;-).

[PATCH v2 0/3] Fix use of 'cache_bottom' in sparse index

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

An issue was found by @stolee after experimenting with the structure of the
test repo used in 't/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh' (patch [1/3])
and finding that certain commands (namely those that internally performed a
"cache diff") failed when a sparse directory appeared lexicographically
before the in-cone directory. The root cause was traced to the
'unpack_trees_options.cache_bottom' variable, which was not being advanced
properly for sparse directories. The result was entries being
double-unpacked or improperly unpacked by 'unpack_trees', causing failures
in tests using 'git reset -- <pathspec>' and 'git diff --staged --
<pathspec>' using pathspecs.

The 'cache_bottom' was handled differently in sparse indexes in the first
place based on the reasoning laid out in 17a1bb570b (unpack-trees: preserve
cache_bottom, 2021-07-14). In short, the 'cache_bottom' advancement in
'mark_ce_used(...)' was disabled for sparse directories because
'unpack_callback(...)' would advance the 'cache_bottom' based on the number
of index entries matching or inside the tree being unpacked. If the tree was
a sparse directory, 'cache_bottom' would appropriately advance by 1, and
therefore didn't need the extra advancement in 'mark_ce_used(...)'. However,
this was insufficient to properly advance the 'cache_bottom' for two
reasons:

 1. 'unpack_callback(...)' would only advance the 'cache_bottom' for sparse
    directories if the operation in progress was a "cache diff" (true for
    'git diff --staged' and 'git reset --mixed', but not - for instance -
    'git reset --hard' or 'git read-tree -m').
 2. If sparse directories were unpacked with 'unpack_index_entry(...)'
    (e.g., in 'git reset -- <pathspec>'), the cache tree-based advancement
    of 'cache_bottom' would not happen.

Luckily, the first did not appear to have any behavioral impact. However,
the latter led to incorrect values being returned by 'next_cache_entry(...)'
depending on the structure of the index, causing the test failures observed
in 't1092'.

To fix this, the 'cache_bottom' advancement is reinstated in
'mark_ce_used(...)', and instead it is disabled in 'unpack_callback(...)' if
the tree in question is a sparse directory. This corrects both the
non-"cache diff" cases and the 'unpack_index_entry(...)' cases while
preventing the double-advancement 17a1bb570b originally intended to avoid
(patch [2/3]).

Finally, now that the cache bottom is advanced properly, we can revert the
"performance improvement" introduced in f2a454e0a5 (unpack-trees: improve
performance of next_cache_entry, 2021-11-29) that mitigated performance
issues arising in 'next_cache_entry(...)' from the non-advancing
'cache_bottom' (patch [3/3]). The performance results in
'p2000-sparse-operations.sh' showed expected variability around 0% change in
execution time (+/= 0.04s, depending on the command), with example results
for potentially-affected commands below.

'git reset'                      master            this_series                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
full-v3                          0.51(0.21+0.27)   0.50(0.21+0.25) -2.0%
full-v4                          0.51(0.22+0.27)   0.50(0.21+0.24) -2.0%
sparse-v3                        0.30(0.04+0.55)   0.28(0.04+0.50) -6.7%
sparse-v4                        0.31(0.04+0.51)   0.29(0.04+0.51) -6.5%

'git reset -- does-not-exist'    master            this_series                  
------------------------------------------------------------------------
full-v3                          0.54(0.23+0.27)   0.55(0.22+0.28) +1.9%
full-v4                          0.56(0.25+0.26)   0.54(0.24+0.26) -3.6%
sparse-v3                        0.31(0.04+0.54)   0.31(0.04+0.50) +0.0%
sparse-v4                        0.31(0.04+0.52)   0.31(0.04+0.50) +0.0%

'git diff --cached'              master            this_series    
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
full-v3                          0.09(0.04+0.04)   0.09(0.04+0.04) +0.0%
full-v4                          0.09(0.04+0.04)   0.09(0.04+0.04) +0.0%
sparse-v3                        0.05(0.01+0.02)   0.05(0.01+0.03) +0.0%
sparse-v4                        0.04(0.01+0.02)   0.04(0.01+0.02) +0.0%



Changes since V1
================

 * Rebase on top of 'master' (to take changes from 'vd/sparse-read-tree')
 * Add 'before/' to expected index results in 't1092' test 'root directory
   cannot be sparse'

Thanks! -Victoria

Victoria Dye (3):
  t1092: add sparse directory before cone in test repo
  unpack-trees: increment cache_bottom for sparse directories
  Revert "unpack-trees: improve performance of next_cache_entry"

 t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh |  7 ++++-
 unpack-trees.c                           | 39 +++++++++---------------
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)


base-commit: 74cc1aa55f30ed76424a0e7226ab519aa6265061
Published-As: https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/releases/tag/pr-1179%2Fvdye%2Fbugfix%2Fsparse-index-cache-bottom-v2
Fetch-It-Via: git fetch https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git pr-1179/vdye/bugfix/sparse-index-cache-bottom-v2
Pull-Request: https://github.com/gitgitgadget/git/pull/1179

Range-diff vs v1:

 1:  726b947bcbf ! 1:  d1491d299a9 t1092: add sparse directory before cone in test repo
     @@ Commit message
          'unpack_trees'. This will be corrected in a future patch; in the meantime,
          mark the tests with 'test_expect_failure'.
      
     -    Finally, update the 'ls-files' test to include the 'before/' directory in
     -    its expected results.
     +    Finally, update the 'ls-files' and 'root directory cannot be sparse' tests
     +    to include the 'before/' directory in their expected index contents.
      
          Co-authored-by: Derrick Stolee <derrickstolee@github.com>
          Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
     @@ t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh: test_expect_success 'setup' '
       		mkdir deep/deeper1 deep/deeper2 deep/before deep/later &&
       		mkdir deep/deeper1/deepest &&
       		mkdir deep/deeper1/deepest2 &&
     +@@ t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh: test_expect_success 'root directory cannot be sparse' '
     + 
     + 	# Verify sparse directories still present, root directory is not sparse
     + 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
     ++	before/
     + 	folder1/
     + 	folder2/
     + 	x/
      @@ t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh: test_expect_success 'deep changes during checkout' '
       	test_all_match git checkout base
       '
 2:  8ebfebcc347 = 2:  cf8dc50c300 unpack-trees: increment cache_bottom for sparse directories
 3:  ec6b9686e8f = 3:  d74b304f560 Revert "unpack-trees: improve performance of next_cache_entry"

-- 
gitgitgadget

[PATCH v2 1/3] t1092: add sparse directory before cone in test repo

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>

Add a sparse directory 'before/' containing files 'a' and 'b' to the test
repo used in 't/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh'. This is meant to
ensure that no sparse index integrations rely on the in-cone path(s) being
lexicographically first in the repo.

Unfortunately, some existing tests do not handle this repo architecture
properly:

* 'add outside sparse cone'
* 'status/add: outside sparse cone'
* 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition'

All three of these are due to the incorrect handling of the
'unpack_trees_options.cache_bottom' when performing a cache diff via
'unpack_trees'. This will be corrected in a future patch; in the meantime,
mark the tests with 'test_expect_failure'.

Finally, update the 'ls-files' and 'root directory cannot be sparse' tests
to include the 'before/' directory in their expected index contents.

Co-authored-by: Derrick Stolee <derrickstolee@github.com>
Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
---
 t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh | 13 +++++++++----
 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
index dcc0a30d4ad..dcd7061fb3b 100755
--- a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
+++ b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
@@ -16,7 +16,9 @@ test_expect_success 'setup' '
 		echo "after deep" >e &&
 		echo "after folder1" >g &&
 		echo "after x" >z &&
-		mkdir folder1 folder2 deep x &&
+		mkdir folder1 folder2 deep before x &&
+		echo "before deep" >before/a &&
+		echo "before deep again" >before/b &&
 		mkdir deep/deeper1 deep/deeper2 deep/before deep/later &&
 		mkdir deep/deeper1/deepest &&
 		mkdir deep/deeper1/deepest2 &&
@@ -254,6 +256,7 @@ test_expect_success 'root directory cannot be sparse' '
 
 	# Verify sparse directories still present, root directory is not sparse
 	cat >expect <<-EOF &&
+	before/
 	folder1/
 	folder2/
 	x/
@@ -337,7 +340,7 @@ test_expect_success 'deep changes during checkout' '
 	test_all_match git checkout base
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'add outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_failure 'add outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	run_on_sparse mkdir folder1 &&
@@ -379,7 +382,7 @@ test_expect_success 'commit including unstaged changes' '
 	test_all_match git status --porcelain=v2
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_failure 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	# folder1 is at HEAD, but outside the sparse cone
@@ -590,7 +593,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout and reset (keep)' '
 	test_all_match test_must_fail git reset --keep deepest
 '
 
-test_expect_success 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
+test_expect_failure 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	write_script edit-contents <<-\EOF &&
@@ -1444,6 +1447,7 @@ test_expect_success 'ls-files' '
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	a
+	before/
 	deep/
 	e
 	folder1-
@@ -1491,6 +1495,7 @@ test_expect_success 'ls-files' '
 
 	cat >expect <<-\EOF &&
 	a
+	before/
 	deep/
 	e
 	folder1-
-- 
gitgitgadget

[PATCH v2 2/3] unpack-trees: increment cache_bottom for sparse directories

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>

Correct tracking of the 'cache_bottom' for cases where sparse directories
are present in the index.

BACKGROUND
----------
The 'unpack_trees_options.cache_bottom' is a variable that tracks the
in-progress "bottom" of the cache as 'unpack_trees()' iterates through the
contents of the index. Most importantly, this value informs the sequential
return values of 'next_cache_entry()' which, in the "diff cache" usage of
'unpack_callback()', are either unpacked as-is or are passed into the diff
machinery.

The 'cache_bottom' is intended to track the position of the first entry in
the index that has not yet been diffed or unpacked. It is advanced in two
main ways: either it is incremented when an index entry is marked as "used"
(in 'mark_ce_used()'), indicating that it was unpacked or diffed, or when a
directory is unpacked, in which case it is increased by an amount equaling
the number of index entries inside that tree.

In 17a1bb570b (unpack-trees: preserve cache_bottom, 2021-07-14), it was
identified that sparse directories posed a problem to the above
'cache_bottom' advancement logic - because a sparse directory was both an
index entry that could be "used" and a directory that can be unpacked, the
'cache_bottom' would be incremented too many times. To solve this problem,
the 'mark_ce_used()' advancement of 'cache_bottom' was skipped for sparse
directories.

INCORRECT CACHE_BOTTOM TRACKING
-------------------------------
Skipping the 'cache_bottom' advancement for sparse directories in
'mark_ce_used()' breaks down in two cases:

1. When the 'unpack_trees()' operation is *not* a "cache diff" (because the
   directory contents-based incrementing of 'cache_bottom' does not happen).
2. When a cache diff is performed with a pathspec (because
   'unpack_index_entry()' will unpack a sparse directory not matched by the
   pathspec without performing the directory contents-based increment).

The former luckily does not appear to affect 'git' behavior, likely because
'cache_bottom' is largely unused (non-"cache diff" 'unpack_trees()' uses
'find_index_entry()' - rather than 'next_cache_entry()' - to find the index
entries to unpack).

The latter, however, causes 'cache_bottom' to "lag behind" its intended
position by an amount equal to the number of sparse directories unpacked so
far with 'unpack_index_entry()'. If a repository is structured such that any
sparse directories are ordered lexicographically *after* any
pathspec-matching directories, though, this issue won't present any adverse
behavior.

This was the case with the 't1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh' tests
before the addition of the 'before/' sparse directory (ordered *before* the
in-cone 'deep/' directory), therefore sidestepping the issue. Once the
'before/' directory was added, though, 'cache_bottom' began to lag behind
its intended position, causing 'next_cache_entry()' to return index entries
it had already processed and, ultimately, an incorrect diff.

CORRECTING CACHE_BOTTOM
-----------------------
The problems observed in 't1092' come from 'cache_bottom' lagging behind in
cases where the cache tree-based advancement doesn't occur. To solve this,
then, the fix in 17a1bb570b is "reversed"; rather than skipping
'cache_bottom' advancement in 'mark_ce_used()', we skip the directory
contents-based advancement for sparse directories. Now, every index entry
can be accounted for in 'cache_bottom':

* if you're working with a single index entry, 'cache_bottom' is incremented
  in 'mark_ce_used()'
* if you're working with a directory that contains index entries (but is not
  one itself), 'cache_bottom' is incremented by the number of entries in
  that directory.

Finally, change the 'test_expect_failure' tests in 't1092' failing due to
this bug back to 'test_expect_success'.

Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
---
 t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh |  6 +++---
 unpack-trees.c                           | 16 ++++++++--------
 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
index dcd7061fb3b..236ab530284 100755
--- a/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
+++ b/t/t1092-sparse-checkout-compatibility.sh
@@ -340,7 +340,7 @@ test_expect_success 'deep changes during checkout' '
 	test_all_match git checkout base
 '
 
-test_expect_failure 'add outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_success 'add outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	run_on_sparse mkdir folder1 &&
@@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ test_expect_success 'commit including unstaged changes' '
 	test_all_match git status --porcelain=v2
 '
 
-test_expect_failure 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
+test_expect_success 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	# folder1 is at HEAD, but outside the sparse cone
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@ test_expect_success 'checkout and reset (keep)' '
 	test_all_match test_must_fail git reset --keep deepest
 '
 
-test_expect_failure 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
+test_expect_success 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
 	init_repos &&
 
 	write_script edit-contents <<-\EOF &&
diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index 2763a029a17..b82c1a9705e 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -595,13 +595,6 @@ static void mark_ce_used(struct cache_entry *ce, struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	ce->ce_flags |= CE_UNPACKED;
 
-	/*
-	 * If this is a sparse directory, don't advance cache_bottom.
-	 * That will be advanced later using the cache-tree data.
-	 */
-	if (S_ISSPARSEDIR(ce->ce_mode))
-		return;
-
 	if (o->cache_bottom < o->src_index->cache_nr &&
 	    o->src_index->cache[o->cache_bottom] == ce) {
 		int bottom = o->cache_bottom;
@@ -1478,7 +1471,14 @@ static int unpack_callback(int n, unsigned long mask, unsigned long dirmask, str
 			 * it does not do any look-ahead, so this is safe.
 			 */
 			if (matches) {
-				o->cache_bottom += matches;
+				/*
+				 * Only increment the cache_bottom if the
+				 * directory isn't a sparse directory index
+				 * entry (if it is, it was already incremented)
+				 * in 'mark_ce_used()'
+				 */
+				if (!src[0] || !S_ISSPARSEDIR(src[0]->ce_mode))
+					o->cache_bottom += matches;
 				return mask;
 			}
 		}
-- 
gitgitgadget

[PATCH v2 3/3] Revert "unpack-trees: improve performance of next_cache_entry"

[Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget]

From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>

This reverts commit f2a454e0a5 (unpack-trees: improve performance of
next_cache_entry, 2021-11-29).

The "hint" value was originally needed to improve performance in 'git reset
-- <pathspec>' caused by 'cache_bottom' lagging behind its correct value
when using a sparse index. The 'cache_bottom' tracking has since been
corrected, removing the need for an additional "pseudo-cache_bottom"
tracking variable.

Signed-off-by: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
---
 unpack-trees.c | 23 ++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/unpack-trees.c b/unpack-trees.c
index b82c1a9705e..7f528d35cc2 100644
--- a/unpack-trees.c
+++ b/unpack-trees.c
@@ -644,24 +644,17 @@ static void mark_ce_used_same_name(struct cache_entry *ce,
 	}
 }
 
-static struct cache_entry *next_cache_entry(struct unpack_trees_options *o, int *hint)
+static struct cache_entry *next_cache_entry(struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	const struct index_state *index = o->src_index;
 	int pos = o->cache_bottom;
 
-	if (*hint > pos)
-		pos = *hint;
-
 	while (pos < index->cache_nr) {
 		struct cache_entry *ce = index->cache[pos];
-		if (!(ce->ce_flags & CE_UNPACKED)) {
-			*hint = pos + 1;
+		if (!(ce->ce_flags & CE_UNPACKED))
 			return ce;
-		}
 		pos++;
 	}
-
-	*hint = pos;
 	return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1409,13 +1402,12 @@ static int unpack_callback(int n, unsigned long mask, unsigned long dirmask, str
 
 	/* Are we supposed to look at the index too? */
 	if (o->merge) {
-		int hint = -1;
 		while (1) {
 			int cmp;
 			struct cache_entry *ce;
 
 			if (o->diff_index_cached)
-				ce = next_cache_entry(o, &hint);
+				ce = next_cache_entry(o);
 			else
 				ce = find_cache_entry(info, p);
 
@@ -1777,7 +1769,7 @@ static int verify_absent(const struct cache_entry *,
 int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options *o)
 {
 	struct repository *repo = the_repository;
-	int i, hint, ret;
+	int i, ret;
 	static struct cache_entry *dfc;
 	struct pattern_list pl;
 	int free_pattern_list = 0;
@@ -1869,15 +1861,13 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 		info.pathspec = o->pathspec;
 
 		if (o->prefix) {
-			hint = -1;
-
 			/*
 			 * Unpack existing index entries that sort before the
 			 * prefix the tree is spliced into.  Note that o->merge
 			 * is always true in this case.
 			 */
 			while (1) {
-				struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o, &hint);
+				struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o);
 				if (!ce)
 					break;
 				if (ce_in_traverse_path(ce, &info))
@@ -1898,9 +1888,8 @@ int unpack_trees(unsigned len, struct tree_desc *t, struct unpack_trees_options
 
 	/* Any left-over entries in the index? */
 	if (o->merge) {
-		hint = -1;
 		while (1) {
-			struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o, &hint);
+			struct cache_entry *ce = next_cache_entry(o);
 			if (!ce)
 				break;
 			if (unpack_index_entry(ce, o) < 0)
-- 
gitgitgadget

Re: [PATCH v2 2/3] unpack-trees: increment cache_bottom for sparse directories

[Derrick Stolee]

On 3/17/2022 11:55 AM, Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget wrote:
> From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
> 
> Correct tracking of the 'cache_bottom' for cases where sparse directories
> are present in the index.

Thank you for the detailed background (that I cut from my reply).

> CORRECTING CACHE_BOTTOM
> -----------------------
> The problems observed in 't1092' come from 'cache_bottom' lagging behind in
> cases where the cache tree-based advancement doesn't occur. To solve this,
> then, the fix in 17a1bb570b is "reversed"; rather than skipping
> 'cache_bottom' advancement in 'mark_ce_used()', we skip the directory
> contents-based advancement for sparse directories. Now, every index entry
> can be accounted for in 'cache_bottom':

I have sufficient background to be confident that you are doing the
right thing here!

> -test_expect_failure 'add outside sparse cone' '
> +test_expect_success 'add outside sparse cone' '

> -test_expect_failure 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '
> +test_expect_success 'status/add: outside sparse cone' '

> -test_expect_failure 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '
> +test_expect_success 'reset with pathspecs inside sparse definition' '

Love to see it.

>  			if (matches) {
> -				o->cache_bottom += matches;
> +				/*
> +				 * Only increment the cache_bottom if the
> +				 * directory isn't a sparse directory index
> +				 * entry (if it is, it was already incremented)
> +				 * in 'mark_ce_used()'
> +				 */
> +				if (!src[0] || !S_ISSPARSEDIR(src[0]->ce_mode))
> +					o->cache_bottom += matches;
>  				return mask;

Looks great.

Thanks,
-Stolee

Re: [PATCH v2 0/3] Fix use of 'cache_bottom' in sparse index

[Derrick Stolee]

On 3/17/2022 11:55 AM, Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget wrote:
> To fix this, the 'cache_bottom' advancement is reinstated in
> 'mark_ce_used(...)', and instead it is disabled in 'unpack_callback(...)' if
> the tree in question is a sparse directory. This corrects both the
> non-"cache diff" cases and the 'unpack_index_entry(...)' cases while
> preventing the double-advancement 17a1bb570b originally intended to avoid
> (patch [2/3]).

Thank you for digging deep and finding the root cause here _and_ the
correct fix.
 
> Finally, now that the cache bottom is advanced properly, we can revert the
> "performance improvement" introduced in f2a454e0a5 (unpack-trees: improve
> performance of next_cache_entry, 2021-11-29) that mitigated performance
> issues arising in 'next_cache_entry(...)' from the non-advancing
> 'cache_bottom' (patch [3/3]). The performance results in
> 'p2000-sparse-operations.sh' showed expected variability around 0% change in
> execution time (+/= 0.04s, depending on the command), with example results
> for potentially-affected commands below.
> 
> 'git reset'                      master            this_series                  
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> full-v3                          0.51(0.21+0.27)   0.50(0.21+0.25) -2.0%
> full-v4                          0.51(0.22+0.27)   0.50(0.21+0.24) -2.0%
> sparse-v3                        0.30(0.04+0.55)   0.28(0.04+0.50) -6.7%
> sparse-v4                        0.31(0.04+0.51)   0.29(0.04+0.51) -6.5%
> 
> 'git reset -- does-not-exist'    master            this_series                  
> ------------------------------------------------------------------------
> full-v3                          0.54(0.23+0.27)   0.55(0.22+0.28) +1.9%
> full-v4                          0.56(0.25+0.26)   0.54(0.24+0.26) -3.6%
> sparse-v3                        0.31(0.04+0.54)   0.31(0.04+0.50) +0.0%
> sparse-v4                        0.31(0.04+0.52)   0.31(0.04+0.50) +0.0%
> 
> 'git diff --cached'              master            this_series    
> -------------------------------------------------------------------------
> full-v3                          0.09(0.04+0.04)   0.09(0.04+0.04) +0.0%
> full-v4                          0.09(0.04+0.04)   0.09(0.04+0.04) +0.0%
> sparse-v3                        0.05(0.01+0.02)   0.05(0.01+0.03) +0.0%
> sparse-v4                        0.04(0.01+0.02)   0.04(0.01+0.02) +0.0%

I'm glad this also makes things simpler here. It's interesting that
it previously manifested only as a performance issue and not a
correctness issue.
  
I carefully read these patches and think they are ready to go.

Thanks,
-Stolee

Re: [PATCH v2 2/3] unpack-trees: increment cache_bottom for sparse directories

[Junio C Hamano]

Derrick Stolee <derrickstolee@github.com> writes:

> On 3/17/2022 11:55 AM, Victoria Dye via GitGitGadget wrote:
>> From: Victoria Dye <vdye@github.com>
>> 
>> Correct tracking of the 'cache_bottom' for cases where sparse directories
>> are present in the index.
>
> Thank you for the detailed background (that I cut from my reply).
>
>> CORRECTING CACHE_BOTTOM
>> -----------------------
>> The problems observed in 't1092' come from 'cache_bottom' lagging behind in
>> cases where the cache tree-based advancement doesn't occur. To solve this,
>> then, the fix in 17a1bb570b is "reversed"; rather than skipping
>> 'cache_bottom' advancement in 'mark_ce_used()', we skip the directory
>> contents-based advancement for sparse directories. Now, every index entry
>> can be accounted for in 'cache_bottom':
>
> I have sufficient background to be confident that you are doing the
> right thing here!

;-)  

The "partly lagging" walking of the index guided by cache_bottom has
been a tricky thing in the unpack_trees machinery, and I am very
happy that we now have two more experts on the topic ;-)

Thanks, both.