[PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[Jianyong Wu]

Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period as
both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the mark_rodata_ro can
update page table. For virtio-mem, the function excute flow chart is:

-------------------------
kernel_init
  kernel_init_freeable
    ...
      do_initcall
        ...
          module_init [A]

  ...
  mark_readonly
    mark_rodata_ro [B]
-------------------------
virtio-mem can be initialized at [A] and spwan a workqueue to add
memory, therefore the race of update page table can happen inside [B].

What's more, the race condition can happen even for ACPI based memory
hotplug, as it can burst into kernel boot period while page table is
updating inside mark_rodata_ro.

That's why memory hotplug lock is needed to guard mark_rodata_ro to avoid
the race condition.

It may only happen in arm64. As fixmap, which is the global resource, is
used in page table creating. So, the change is only for arm64.

The error often occurs inside alloc_init_pud() in arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c

the race condition flow is:

*************** begin ************

kerenl_init                                 virtio-mem workqueue
=========                                   ========
alloc_init_pud(...)
  pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(..)          alloc_init_pud(...)
...                                         ...
    READ_ONCE(*pudp) //OK!                    pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(
...                                         ...
  pud_clear_fixmap() //fixmap break
                                              READ_ONCE(*pudp) //CRASH!

**************** end *************

I catch the related error when test virtio-mem (a new memory hotplug
driver) on arm64.

How to reproduce:
(1) prepare a kernel with virtio-mem enabled on arm64
(2) start a VM using Cloud Hypervisor using the kernel above
(3) hotplug memory, 20G in my case, with virtio-mem
(4) reboot or start a new kernel using kexec

Test for server times, you may find the error below:

[    1.131039] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffbfffda3b140
[    1.134504] Mem abort info:
[    1.135722]   ESR = 0x96000007
[    1.136991]   EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
[    1.139189]   SET = 0, FnV = 0
[    1.140467]   EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
[    1.141755]   FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault
[    1.143787] Data abort info:
[    1.144976]   ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000007
[    1.146554]   CM = 0, WnR = 0
[    1.147817] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=00000000426f2000
[    1.150551] [fffffbfffda3b140] pgd=0000000042ffd003, p4d=0000000042ffd003, pud=0000000042ffe003, pmd=0000000042fff003, pte=0000000000000000
[    1.155728] Internal error: Oops: 96000007 [#1] SMP
[    1.157724] CPU: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Tainted: G         C        5.15.0-rc3+ #100
[    1.161002] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
[    1.162939] pstate: 60400005 (nZCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
[    1.165825] pc : alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
[    1.167610] lr : alloc_init_pud+0x394/0x550
[    1.169358] sp : ffff80001001bd10
......
[    1.200527] Call trace:
[    1.201583]  alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
[    1.203218]  __create_pgd_mapping+0x94/0xe0
[    1.204983]  update_mapping_prot+0x50/0xd8
[    1.206730]  mark_rodata_ro+0x50/0x58
[    1.208281]  kernel_init+0x3c/0x120
[    1.209760]  ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
[    1.211298] Code: eb15003f 54000061 d5033a9f d5033fdf (f94000a1)
[    1.213856] ---[ end trace 59473413ffe3f52d ]---
[    1.215850] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! exitcode=0x0000000b

We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.

Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
---
 arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
index cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
@@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
 	 * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
 	 */
 	section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned long)__start_rodata;
+	get_online_mems();
 	update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned long)__start_rodata,
 			    section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
+	put_online_mems();
 
 	debug_checkwx();
 }
-- 
2.17.1


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Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[Anshuman Khandual]

On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period as
> both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the mark_rodata_ro can
> update page table. For virtio-mem, the function excute flow chart is:
> 
> -------------------------
> kernel_init
>   kernel_init_freeable
>     ...
>       do_initcall
>         ...
>           module_init [A]
> 
>   ...
>   mark_readonly
>     mark_rodata_ro [B]
> -------------------------
> virtio-mem can be initialized at [A] and spwan a workqueue to add
> memory, therefore the race of update page table can happen inside [B].
> 
> What's more, the race condition can happen even for ACPI based memory
> hotplug, as it can burst into kernel boot period while page table is
> updating inside mark_rodata_ro.
> 
> That's why memory hotplug lock is needed to guard mark_rodata_ro to avoid
> the race condition.
> 
> It may only happen in arm64. As fixmap, which is the global resource, is
> used in page table creating. So, the change is only for arm64.
> 
> The error often occurs inside alloc_init_pud() in arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> 
> the race condition flow is:
> 
> *************** begin ************
> 
> kerenl_init                                 virtio-mem workqueue
> =========                                   ========
> alloc_init_pud(...)
>   pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(..)          alloc_init_pud(...)
> ...                                         ...
>     READ_ONCE(*pudp) //OK!                    pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(
> ...                                         ...
>   pud_clear_fixmap() //fixmap break
>                                               READ_ONCE(*pudp) //CRASH!
> 
> **************** end *************
> 
> I catch the related error when test virtio-mem (a new memory hotplug
> driver) on arm64.
> 
> How to reproduce:
> (1) prepare a kernel with virtio-mem enabled on arm64
> (2) start a VM using Cloud Hypervisor using the kernel above
> (3) hotplug memory, 20G in my case, with virtio-mem
> (4) reboot or start a new kernel using kexec
> 
> Test for server times, you may find the error below:
> 
> [    1.131039] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffbfffda3b140
> [    1.134504] Mem abort info:
> [    1.135722]   ESR = 0x96000007
> [    1.136991]   EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
> [    1.139189]   SET = 0, FnV = 0
> [    1.140467]   EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
> [    1.141755]   FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault
> [    1.143787] Data abort info:
> [    1.144976]   ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000007
> [    1.146554]   CM = 0, WnR = 0
> [    1.147817] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=00000000426f2000
> [    1.150551] [fffffbfffda3b140] pgd=0000000042ffd003, p4d=0000000042ffd003, pud=0000000042ffe003, pmd=0000000042fff003, pte=0000000000000000
> [    1.155728] Internal error: Oops: 96000007 [#1] SMP
> [    1.157724] CPU: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Tainted: G         C        5.15.0-rc3+ #100
> [    1.161002] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
> [    1.162939] pstate: 60400005 (nZCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
> [    1.165825] pc : alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
> [    1.167610] lr : alloc_init_pud+0x394/0x550
> [    1.169358] sp : ffff80001001bd10
> ......
> [    1.200527] Call trace:
> [    1.201583]  alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
> [    1.203218]  __create_pgd_mapping+0x94/0xe0
> [    1.204983]  update_mapping_prot+0x50/0xd8
> [    1.206730]  mark_rodata_ro+0x50/0x58
> [    1.208281]  kernel_init+0x3c/0x120
> [    1.209760]  ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
> [    1.211298] Code: eb15003f 54000061 d5033a9f d5033fdf (f94000a1)
> [    1.213856] ---[ end trace 59473413ffe3f52d ]---
> [    1.215850] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! exitcode=0x0000000b
> 
> We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
> value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
> ---
>  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
>  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> 
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> index cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
>  	 * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
>  	 */
>  	section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned long)__start_rodata;
> +	get_online_mems();
>  	update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned long)__start_rodata,
>  			    section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
> +	put_online_mems();
>  
>  	debug_checkwx();
>  }
> 

While this should solve the current problem i.e race between concurrent
memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am still wondering
whether this is the fix at the right place and granularity. Basically a
hotplug operation queued in an work queue at [A] can execute during [B]
is the root cause of this problem.

start_kernel(..)
{

arch_call_rest_init(..)
rest_init(..)
	kernel_thread(kernel_init, ...)
		kernel_init(..) {
			kernel_init_freeable(..)
				do_basic_setup(..)
					do_initcalls(..)
						........
						module_init(..) [A]
			................
			................
			mark_readonly(..)
				mark_rodata_ro(..)
					update_mapping_prot(..)
						__create_pgd_mapping(..) [B]
			}
}

Are there no other non-hotplug call path after module_init(), which could
land in __create_pgd_mapping() ?

Please also note that this is not an existing problem on arm64 platform
which needs to be fixed, as virtio-mem is yet to be enabled.

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Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[David Hildenbrand]

On 28.10.21 07:57, Anshuman Khandual wrote:
> 
> 
> On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
>> Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period as
>> both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the mark_rodata_ro can
>> update page table. For virtio-mem, the function excute flow chart is:
>>
>> -------------------------
>> kernel_init
>>   kernel_init_freeable
>>     ...
>>       do_initcall
>>         ...
>>           module_init [A]
>>
>>   ...
>>   mark_readonly
>>     mark_rodata_ro [B]
>> -------------------------
>> virtio-mem can be initialized at [A] and spwan a workqueue to add
>> memory, therefore the race of update page table can happen inside [B].
>>
>> What's more, the race condition can happen even for ACPI based memory
>> hotplug, as it can burst into kernel boot period while page table is
>> updating inside mark_rodata_ro.
>>
>> That's why memory hotplug lock is needed to guard mark_rodata_ro to avoid
>> the race condition.
>>
>> It may only happen in arm64. As fixmap, which is the global resource, is
>> used in page table creating. So, the change is only for arm64.
>>
>> The error often occurs inside alloc_init_pud() in arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
>>
>> the race condition flow is:
>>
>> *************** begin ************
>>
>> kerenl_init                                 virtio-mem workqueue
>> =========                                   ========
>> alloc_init_pud(...)
>>   pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(..)          alloc_init_pud(...)
>> ...                                         ...
>>     READ_ONCE(*pudp) //OK!                    pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(
>> ...                                         ...
>>   pud_clear_fixmap() //fixmap break
>>                                               READ_ONCE(*pudp) //CRASH!
>>
>> **************** end *************
>>
>> I catch the related error when test virtio-mem (a new memory hotplug
>> driver) on arm64.
>>
>> How to reproduce:
>> (1) prepare a kernel with virtio-mem enabled on arm64
>> (2) start a VM using Cloud Hypervisor using the kernel above
>> (3) hotplug memory, 20G in my case, with virtio-mem
>> (4) reboot or start a new kernel using kexec
>>
>> Test for server times, you may find the error below:
>>
>> [    1.131039] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address fffffbfffda3b140
>> [    1.134504] Mem abort info:
>> [    1.135722]   ESR = 0x96000007
>> [    1.136991]   EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
>> [    1.139189]   SET = 0, FnV = 0
>> [    1.140467]   EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
>> [    1.141755]   FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault
>> [    1.143787] Data abort info:
>> [    1.144976]   ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000007
>> [    1.146554]   CM = 0, WnR = 0
>> [    1.147817] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs, pgdp=00000000426f2000
>> [    1.150551] [fffffbfffda3b140] pgd=0000000042ffd003, p4d=0000000042ffd003, pud=0000000042ffe003, pmd=0000000042fff003, pte=0000000000000000
>> [    1.155728] Internal error: Oops: 96000007 [#1] SMP
>> [    1.157724] CPU: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Tainted: G         C        5.15.0-rc3+ #100
>> [    1.161002] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
>> [    1.162939] pstate: 60400005 (nZCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS BTYPE=--)
>> [    1.165825] pc : alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
>> [    1.167610] lr : alloc_init_pud+0x394/0x550
>> [    1.169358] sp : ffff80001001bd10
>> ......
>> [    1.200527] Call trace:
>> [    1.201583]  alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
>> [    1.203218]  __create_pgd_mapping+0x94/0xe0
>> [    1.204983]  update_mapping_prot+0x50/0xd8
>> [    1.206730]  mark_rodata_ro+0x50/0x58
>> [    1.208281]  kernel_init+0x3c/0x120
>> [    1.209760]  ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
>> [    1.211298] Code: eb15003f 54000061 d5033a9f d5033fdf (f94000a1)
>> [    1.213856] ---[ end trace 59473413ffe3f52d ]---
>> [    1.215850] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init! exitcode=0x0000000b
>>
>> We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
>> value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
>> ---
>>  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
>>  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
>>
>> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
>> index cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
>> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
>> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
>> @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
>>  	 * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
>>  	 */
>>  	section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned long)__start_rodata;
>> +	get_online_mems();
>>  	update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned long)__start_rodata,
>>  			    section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
>> +	put_online_mems();
>>  
>>  	debug_checkwx();
>>  }
>>
> 
> While this should solve the current problem i.e race between concurrent
> memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am still wondering
> whether this is the fix at the right place and granularity. Basically a
> hotplug operation queued in an work queue at [A] can execute during [B]
> is the root cause of this problem.
> 
> start_kernel(..)
> {
> 
> arch_call_rest_init(..)
> rest_init(..)
> 	kernel_thread(kernel_init, ...)
> 		kernel_init(..) {
> 			kernel_init_freeable(..)
> 				do_basic_setup(..)
> 					do_initcalls(..)
> 						........
> 						module_init(..) [A]
> 			................
> 			................
> 			mark_readonly(..)
> 				mark_rodata_ro(..)
> 					update_mapping_prot(..)
> 						__create_pgd_mapping(..) [B]
> 			}
> }
> 
> Are there no other non-hotplug call path after module_init(), which could
> land in __create_pgd_mapping() ?

I'd second that performing proper locking inside __create_pgd_mapping()
-- avoiding any memory hot(un)plug locks -- would be much cleaner and
future proof.

> 
> Please also note that this is not an existing problem on arm64 platform
> which needs to be fixed, as virtio-mem is yet to be enabled.
> 

As raised already, ACPI can hotplug memory that early as well IIRC.

-- 
Thanks,

David / dhildenb


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RE: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[Jianyong Wu]

Hi Anshuman,

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
> Sent: Thursday, October 28, 2021 1:58 PM
> To: Jianyong Wu <Jianyong.Wu@arm.com>; Catalin Marinas
> <Catalin.Marinas@arm.com>; will@kernel.org
> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org; linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org;
> maz@kernel.org; ardb@kernel.org; david@redhat.com; gshan@redhat.com;
> Justin He <Justin.He@arm.com>; nd <nd@arm.com>
> Subject: Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page
> table when kernel init
> 
> 
> 
> On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> > Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period
> > as both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the
> > mark_rodata_ro can update page table. For virtio-mem, the function
> excute flow chart is:
> >
> > -------------------------
> > kernel_init
> >   kernel_init_freeable
> >     ...
> >       do_initcall
> >         ...
> >           module_init [A]
> >
> >   ...
> >   mark_readonly
> >     mark_rodata_ro [B]
> > -------------------------
> > virtio-mem can be initialized at [A] and spwan a workqueue to add
> > memory, therefore the race of update page table can happen inside [B].
> >
> > What's more, the race condition can happen even for ACPI based memory
> > hotplug, as it can burst into kernel boot period while page table is
> > updating inside mark_rodata_ro.
> >
> > That's why memory hotplug lock is needed to guard mark_rodata_ro to
> > avoid the race condition.
> >
> > It may only happen in arm64. As fixmap, which is the global resource,
> > is used in page table creating. So, the change is only for arm64.
> >
> > The error often occurs inside alloc_init_pud() in arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> >
> > the race condition flow is:
> >
> > *************** begin ************
> >
> > kerenl_init                                 virtio-mem workqueue
> > =========                                   ========
> > alloc_init_pud(...)
> >   pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(..)          alloc_init_pud(...)
> > ...                                         ...
> >     READ_ONCE(*pudp) //OK!                    pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(
> > ...                                         ...
> >   pud_clear_fixmap() //fixmap break
> >                                               READ_ONCE(*pudp) //CRASH!
> >
> > **************** end *************
> >
> > I catch the related error when test virtio-mem (a new memory hotplug
> > driver) on arm64.
> >
> > How to reproduce:
> > (1) prepare a kernel with virtio-mem enabled on arm64
> > (2) start a VM using Cloud Hypervisor using the kernel above
> > (3) hotplug memory, 20G in my case, with virtio-mem
> > (4) reboot or start a new kernel using kexec
> >
> > Test for server times, you may find the error below:
> >
> > [    1.131039] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address
> fffffbfffda3b140
> > [    1.134504] Mem abort info:
> > [    1.135722]   ESR = 0x96000007
> > [    1.136991]   EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
> > [    1.139189]   SET = 0, FnV = 0
> > [    1.140467]   EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
> > [    1.141755]   FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault
> > [    1.143787] Data abort info:
> > [    1.144976]   ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000007
> > [    1.146554]   CM = 0, WnR = 0
> > [    1.147817] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs,
> pgdp=00000000426f2000
> > [    1.150551] [fffffbfffda3b140] pgd=0000000042ffd003,
> p4d=0000000042ffd003, pud=0000000042ffe003, pmd=0000000042fff003,
> pte=0000000000000000
> > [    1.155728] Internal error: Oops: 96000007 [#1] SMP
> > [    1.157724] CPU: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Tainted: G         C        5.15.0-
> rc3+ #100
> > [    1.161002] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
> > [    1.162939] pstate: 60400005 (nZCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS
> BTYPE=--)
> > [    1.165825] pc : alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
> > [    1.167610] lr : alloc_init_pud+0x394/0x550
> > [    1.169358] sp : ffff80001001bd10
> > ......
> > [    1.200527] Call trace:
> > [    1.201583]  alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
> > [    1.203218]  __create_pgd_mapping+0x94/0xe0
> > [    1.204983]  update_mapping_prot+0x50/0xd8
> > [    1.206730]  mark_rodata_ro+0x50/0x58
> > [    1.208281]  kernel_init+0x3c/0x120
> > [    1.209760]  ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
> > [    1.211298] Code: eb15003f 54000061 d5033a9f d5033fdf (f94000a1)
> > [    1.213856] ---[ end trace 59473413ffe3f52d ]---
> > [    1.215850] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
> exitcode=0x0000000b
> >
> > We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
> > value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
> > ---
> >  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
> >  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> >
> > diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c index
> > cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
> > --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
> >  	 * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
> >  	 */
> >  	section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned
> > long)__start_rodata;
> > +	get_online_mems();
> >  	update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned
> long)__start_rodata,
> >  			    section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
> > +	put_online_mems();
> >
> >  	debug_checkwx();
> >  }
> >
> 
> While this should solve the current problem i.e race between concurrent
> memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am still wondering
> whether this is the fix at the right place and granularity. Basically a hotplug
> operation queued in an work queue at [A] can execute during [B] is the root
> cause of this problem.
> 

Not exactly, this issue doesn't only happen at the the *pure* kernel boot. For example, hotplug memory through VM monitor when VM boot. We can't foresee when that happen. Thus, this issue can affect all kinds of memory hotplug mechanism, including ACPI based memory hotplug and virtio-mem.
I'm not sure that fix it here is the best way. If the race only happens between kernel init and memory hotplug, I think it's fine to fix it here. 
IMO, this issue results from the race for "fixmap" resource. I wonder why this global resource is not protected by a lock. Maybe we can add one and fix it there.

> start_kernel(..)
> {
> 
> arch_call_rest_init(..)
> rest_init(..)
> 	kernel_thread(kernel_init, ...)
> 		kernel_init(..) {
> 			kernel_init_freeable(..)
> 				do_basic_setup(..)
> 					do_initcalls(..)
> 						........
> 						module_init(..) [A]
> 			................
> 			................
> 			mark_readonly(..)
> 				mark_rodata_ro(..)
> 					update_mapping_prot(..)
> 						__create_pgd_mapping(..) [B]
> 			}
> }
> 
> Are there no other non-hotplug call path after module_init(), which could
> land in __create_pgd_mapping() ?
> 
> Please also note that this is not an existing problem on arm64 platform which
> needs to be fixed, as virtio-mem is yet to be enabled.

This issue affects all kinds of memory hotplug mechanism, so, I think that's not the busyness with virtio-mem itself.

Thanks
Jianyong
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RE: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[Jianyong Wu]

Ping ...
Any comments?

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Jianyong Wu
> Sent: Thursday, October 28, 2021 3:36 PM
> To: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>; Catalin Marinas
> <Catalin.Marinas@arm.com>; will@kernel.org
> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org; linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org;
> maz@kernel.org; ardb@kernel.org; david@redhat.com; gshan@redhat.com;
> Justin He <Justin.He@arm.com>; nd <nd@arm.com>
> Subject: RE: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page
> table when kernel init
> 
> Hi Anshuman,
> 
> > -----Original Message-----
> > From: Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>
> > Sent: Thursday, October 28, 2021 1:58 PM
> > To: Jianyong Wu <Jianyong.Wu@arm.com>; Catalin Marinas
> > <Catalin.Marinas@arm.com>; will@kernel.org
> > Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org;
> > linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org;
> > maz@kernel.org; ardb@kernel.org; david@redhat.com;
> gshan@redhat.com;
> > Justin He <Justin.He@arm.com>; nd <nd@arm.com>
> > Subject: Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page
> > table when kernel init
> >
> >
> >
> > On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> > > Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period
> > > as both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the
> > > mark_rodata_ro can update page table. For virtio-mem, the function
> > excute flow chart is:
> > >
> > > -------------------------
> > > kernel_init
> > >   kernel_init_freeable
> > >     ...
> > >       do_initcall
> > >         ...
> > >           module_init [A]
> > >
> > >   ...
> > >   mark_readonly
> > >     mark_rodata_ro [B]
> > > -------------------------
> > > virtio-mem can be initialized at [A] and spwan a workqueue to add
> > > memory, therefore the race of update page table can happen inside [B].
> > >
> > > What's more, the race condition can happen even for ACPI based
> > > memory hotplug, as it can burst into kernel boot period while page
> > > table is updating inside mark_rodata_ro.
> > >
> > > That's why memory hotplug lock is needed to guard mark_rodata_ro to
> > > avoid the race condition.
> > >
> > > It may only happen in arm64. As fixmap, which is the global
> > > resource, is used in page table creating. So, the change is only for arm64.
> > >
> > > The error often occurs inside alloc_init_pud() in
> > > arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > >
> > > the race condition flow is:
> > >
> > > *************** begin ************
> > >
> > > kerenl_init                                 virtio-mem workqueue
> > > =========                                   ========
> > > alloc_init_pud(...)
> > >   pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(..)          alloc_init_pud(...)
> > > ...                                         ...
> > >     READ_ONCE(*pudp) //OK!                    pudp = pud_set_fixmap_offset(
> > > ...                                         ...
> > >   pud_clear_fixmap() //fixmap break
> > >                                               READ_ONCE(*pudp) //CRASH!
> > >
> > > **************** end *************
> > >
> > > I catch the related error when test virtio-mem (a new memory hotplug
> > > driver) on arm64.
> > >
> > > How to reproduce:
> > > (1) prepare a kernel with virtio-mem enabled on arm64
> > > (2) start a VM using Cloud Hypervisor using the kernel above
> > > (3) hotplug memory, 20G in my case, with virtio-mem
> > > (4) reboot or start a new kernel using kexec
> > >
> > > Test for server times, you may find the error below:
> > >
> > > [    1.131039] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual address
> > fffffbfffda3b140
> > > [    1.134504] Mem abort info:
> > > [    1.135722]   ESR = 0x96000007
> > > [    1.136991]   EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
> > > [    1.139189]   SET = 0, FnV = 0
> > > [    1.140467]   EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
> > > [    1.141755]   FSC = 0x07: level 3 translation fault
> > > [    1.143787] Data abort info:
> > > [    1.144976]   ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000007
> > > [    1.146554]   CM = 0, WnR = 0
> > > [    1.147817] swapper pgtable: 4k pages, 48-bit VAs,
> > pgdp=00000000426f2000
> > > [    1.150551] [fffffbfffda3b140] pgd=0000000042ffd003,
> > p4d=0000000042ffd003, pud=0000000042ffe003, pmd=0000000042fff003,
> > pte=0000000000000000
> > > [    1.155728] Internal error: Oops: 96000007 [#1] SMP
> > > [    1.157724] CPU: 0 PID: 1 Comm: swapper/0 Tainted: G         C        5.15.0-
> > rc3+ #100
> > > [    1.161002] Hardware name: linux,dummy-virt (DT)
> > > [    1.162939] pstate: 60400005 (nZCv daif +PAN -UAO -TCO -DIT -SSBS
> > BTYPE=--)
> > > [    1.165825] pc : alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
> > > [    1.167610] lr : alloc_init_pud+0x394/0x550
> > > [    1.169358] sp : ffff80001001bd10
> > > ......
> > > [    1.200527] Call trace:
> > > [    1.201583]  alloc_init_pud+0x38c/0x550
> > > [    1.203218]  __create_pgd_mapping+0x94/0xe0
> > > [    1.204983]  update_mapping_prot+0x50/0xd8
> > > [    1.206730]  mark_rodata_ro+0x50/0x58
> > > [    1.208281]  kernel_init+0x3c/0x120
> > > [    1.209760]  ret_from_fork+0x10/0x20
> > > [    1.211298] Code: eb15003f 54000061 d5033a9f d5033fdf (f94000a1)
> > > [    1.213856] ---[ end trace 59473413ffe3f52d ]---
> > > [    1.215850] Kernel panic - not syncing: Attempted to kill init!
> > exitcode=0x0000000b
> > >
> > > We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
> > > value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
> > >
> > > Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
> > > ---
> > >  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
> > >  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> > >
> > > diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c index
> > > cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
> > > --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > > +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > > @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
> > >  	 * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
> > >  	 */
> > >  	section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned
> > > long)__start_rodata;
> > > +	get_online_mems();
> > >  	update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned
> > long)__start_rodata,
> > >  			    section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
> > > +	put_online_mems();
> > >
> > >  	debug_checkwx();
> > >  }
> > >
> >
> > While this should solve the current problem i.e race between
> > concurrent memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am
> > still wondering whether this is the fix at the right place and
> > granularity. Basically a hotplug operation queued in an work queue at
> > [A] can execute during [B] is the root cause of this problem.
> >
> 
> Not exactly, this issue doesn't only happen at the the *pure* kernel boot.
> For example, hotplug memory through VM monitor when VM boot. We can't
> foresee when that happen. Thus, this issue can affect all kinds of memory
> hotplug mechanism, including ACPI based memory hotplug and virtio-mem.
> I'm not sure that fix it here is the best way. If the race only happens between
> kernel init and memory hotplug, I think it's fine to fix it here.
> IMO, this issue results from the race for "fixmap" resource. I wonder why
> this global resource is not protected by a lock. Maybe we can add one and fix
> it there.
> 
> > start_kernel(..)
> > {
> >
> > arch_call_rest_init(..)
> > rest_init(..)
> > 	kernel_thread(kernel_init, ...)
> > 		kernel_init(..) {
> > 			kernel_init_freeable(..)
> > 				do_basic_setup(..)
> > 					do_initcalls(..)
> > 						........
> > 						module_init(..) [A]
> > 			................
> > 			................
> > 			mark_readonly(..)
> > 				mark_rodata_ro(..)
> > 					update_mapping_prot(..)
> > 						__create_pgd_mapping(..) [B]
> > 			}
> > }
> >
> > Are there no other non-hotplug call path after module_init(), which
> > could land in __create_pgd_mapping() ?
> >
> > Please also note that this is not an existing problem on arm64
> > platform which needs to be fixed, as virtio-mem is yet to be enabled.
> 
> This issue affects all kinds of memory hotplug mechanism, so, I think that's
> not the busyness with virtio-mem itself.
> 
> Thanks
> Jianyong
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Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[Catalin Marinas]

On Thu, Oct 28, 2021 at 08:36:07AM +0100, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> From Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>:
> > On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> > > Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period
> > > as both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the
> > > mark_rodata_ro can update page table. For virtio-mem, the function excute flow chart is:
> > >
> > > -------------------------
> > > kernel_init
> > >   kernel_init_freeable
> > >     ...
> > >       do_initcall
> > >         ...
> > >           module_init [A]
> > >
> > >   ...
> > >   mark_readonly
> > >     mark_rodata_ro [B]
> > > -------------------------
[...]
> > > We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
> > > value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
> > >
> > > Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
> > > ---
> > >  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
> > >  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> > >
> > > diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c index
> > > cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
> > > --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > > +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > > @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
> > >      * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
> > >      */
> > >     section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned long)__start_rodata;
> > > +   get_online_mems();
> > >     update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned long)__start_rodata,
> > >                         section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
> > > +   put_online_mems();
> > >
> > >     debug_checkwx();
> > >  }
> >
> > While this should solve the current problem i.e race between concurrent
> > memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am still wondering
> > whether this is the fix at the right place and granularity. Basically a hotplug
> > operation queued in an work queue at [A] can execute during [B] is the root
> > cause of this problem.
> 
> Not exactly, this issue doesn't only happen at the the *pure* kernel
> boot. For example, hotplug memory through VM monitor when VM boot. We
> can't foresee when that happen. Thus, this issue can affect all kinds
> of memory hotplug mechanism, including ACPI based memory hotplug and
> virtio-mem. I'm not sure that fix it here is the best way. If the race
> only happens between kernel init and memory hotplug, I think it's fine
> to fix it here. IMO, this issue results from the race for "fixmap"
> resource. I wonder why this global resource is not protected by a
> lock. Maybe we can add one and fix it there.

IIUC the race is caused by multiple attempts to use the fixmap at the
same time. We can add a fixmap_lock and hold it during
__create_pgd_mapping().

-- 
Catalin

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Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[David Hildenbrand]

On 03.12.21 18:44, Catalin Marinas wrote:
> On Thu, Oct 28, 2021 at 08:36:07AM +0100, Jianyong Wu wrote:
>> From Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>:
>>> On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
>>>> Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period
>>>> as both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the
>>>> mark_rodata_ro can update page table. For virtio-mem, the function excute flow chart is:
>>>>
>>>> -------------------------
>>>> kernel_init
>>>>   kernel_init_freeable
>>>>     ...
>>>>       do_initcall
>>>>         ...
>>>>           module_init [A]
>>>>
>>>>   ...
>>>>   mark_readonly
>>>>     mark_rodata_ro [B]
>>>> -------------------------
> [...]
>>>> We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
>>>> value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
>>>>
>>>> Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
>>>> ---
>>>>  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
>>>>  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
>>>>
>>>> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c index
>>>> cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
>>>> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
>>>> @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
>>>>      * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
>>>>      */
>>>>     section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned long)__start_rodata;
>>>> +   get_online_mems();
>>>>     update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned long)__start_rodata,
>>>>                         section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
>>>> +   put_online_mems();
>>>>
>>>>     debug_checkwx();
>>>>  }
>>>
>>> While this should solve the current problem i.e race between concurrent
>>> memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am still wondering
>>> whether this is the fix at the right place and granularity. Basically a hotplug
>>> operation queued in an work queue at [A] can execute during [B] is the root
>>> cause of this problem.
>>
>> Not exactly, this issue doesn't only happen at the the *pure* kernel
>> boot. For example, hotplug memory through VM monitor when VM boot. We
>> can't foresee when that happen. Thus, this issue can affect all kinds
>> of memory hotplug mechanism, including ACPI based memory hotplug and
>> virtio-mem. I'm not sure that fix it here is the best way. If the race
>> only happens between kernel init and memory hotplug, I think it's fine
>> to fix it here. IMO, this issue results from the race for "fixmap"
>> resource. I wonder why this global resource is not protected by a
>> lock. Maybe we can add one and fix it there.
> 
> IIUC the race is caused by multiple attempts to use the fixmap at the
> same time. We can add a fixmap_lock and hold it during
> __create_pgd_mapping().
> 

IIRC that's something along the lines I suggested, so, yes :)

-- 
Thanks,

David / dhildenb


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RE: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[Jianyong Wu]

Hello Catalin,

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> Sent: Saturday, December 4, 2021 1:44 AM
> To: Jianyong Wu <Jianyong.Wu@arm.com>
> Cc: Anshuman Khandual <Anshuman.Khandual@arm.com>; will@kernel.org;
> linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org; linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org;
> maz@kernel.org; ardb@kernel.org; david@redhat.com; gshan@redhat.com;
> Justin He <Justin.He@arm.com>; nd <nd@arm.com>
> Subject: Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page
> table when kernel init
> 
> On Thu, Oct 28, 2021 at 08:36:07AM +0100, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> > From Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>:
> > > On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> > > > Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot
> > > > period as both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the
> > > > mark_rodata_ro can update page table. For virtio-mem, the function
> excute flow chart is:
> > > >
> > > > -------------------------
> > > > kernel_init
> > > >   kernel_init_freeable
> > > >     ...
> > > >       do_initcall
> > > >         ...
> > > >           module_init [A]
> > > >
> > > >   ...
> > > >   mark_readonly
> > > >     mark_rodata_ro [B]
> > > > -------------------------
> [...]
> > > > We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the
> > > > pte value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
> > > >
> > > > Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
> > > > ---
> > > >  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
> > > >  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> > > >
> > > > diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c index
> > > > cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
> > > > --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > > > +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> > > > @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
> > > >      * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
> > > >      */
> > > >     section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned
> > > > long)__start_rodata;
> > > > +   get_online_mems();
> > > >     update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned
> long)__start_rodata,
> > > >                         section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
> > > > +   put_online_mems();
> > > >
> > > >     debug_checkwx();
> > > >  }
> > >
> > > While this should solve the current problem i.e race between
> > > concurrent memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am
> > > still wondering whether this is the fix at the right place and
> > > granularity. Basically a hotplug operation queued in an work queue
> > > at [A] can execute during [B] is the root cause of this problem.
> >
> > Not exactly, this issue doesn't only happen at the the *pure* kernel
> > boot. For example, hotplug memory through VM monitor when VM boot.
> We
> > can't foresee when that happen. Thus, this issue can affect all kinds
> > of memory hotplug mechanism, including ACPI based memory hotplug and
> > virtio-mem. I'm not sure that fix it here is the best way. If the race
> > only happens between kernel init and memory hotplug, I think it's fine
> > to fix it here. IMO, this issue results from the race for "fixmap"
> > resource. I wonder why this global resource is not protected by a
> > lock. Maybe we can add one and fix it there.
> 
> IIUC the race is caused by multiple attempts to use the fixmap at the same
> time. We can add a fixmap_lock and hold it during __create_pgd_mapping().
> 
Yes, fixmap race leads to the bug. I will send this change later. 

Thanks
Jianyong

> --
> Catalin

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Re: [PATCH v1] arm64/mm: avoid race condition of update page table when kernel init

[Catalin Marinas]

On Fri, Dec 03, 2021 at 07:13:31PM +0100, David Hildenbrand wrote:
> On 03.12.21 18:44, Catalin Marinas wrote:
> > On Thu, Oct 28, 2021 at 08:36:07AM +0100, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> >> From Anshuman Khandual <anshuman.khandual@arm.com>:
> >>> On 10/27/21 3:18 PM, Jianyong Wu wrote:
> >>>> Race condition of page table update can happen in kernel boot period
> >>>> as both of memory hotplug action when kernel init and the
> >>>> mark_rodata_ro can update page table. For virtio-mem, the function excute flow chart is:
> >>>>
> >>>> -------------------------
> >>>> kernel_init
> >>>>   kernel_init_freeable
> >>>>     ...
> >>>>       do_initcall
> >>>>         ...
> >>>>           module_init [A]
> >>>>
> >>>>   ...
> >>>>   mark_readonly
> >>>>     mark_rodata_ro [B]
> >>>> -------------------------
> > [...]
> >>>> We can see that the error derived from the l3 translation as the pte
> >>>> value is *0*. That is because the fixmap has been clear when access.
> >>>>
> >>>> Signed-off-by: Jianyong Wu <jianyong.wu@arm.com>
> >>>> ---
> >>>>  arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c | 2 ++
> >>>>  1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)
> >>>>
> >>>> diff --git a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c index
> >>>> cfd9deb347c3..567dfba8f08a 100644
> >>>> --- a/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> >>>> +++ b/arch/arm64/mm/mmu.c
> >>>> @@ -564,8 +564,10 @@ void mark_rodata_ro(void)
> >>>>      * to cover NOTES and EXCEPTION_TABLE.
> >>>>      */
> >>>>     section_size = (unsigned long)__init_begin - (unsigned long)__start_rodata;
> >>>> +   get_online_mems();
> >>>>     update_mapping_prot(__pa_symbol(__start_rodata), (unsigned long)__start_rodata,
> >>>>                         section_size, PAGE_KERNEL_RO);
> >>>> +   put_online_mems();
> >>>>
> >>>>     debug_checkwx();
> >>>>  }
> >>>
> >>> While this should solve the current problem i.e race between concurrent
> >>> memory hotplug operation and mark_rodata_ro(), but I am still wondering
> >>> whether this is the fix at the right place and granularity. Basically a hotplug
> >>> operation queued in an work queue at [A] can execute during [B] is the root
> >>> cause of this problem.
> >>
> >> Not exactly, this issue doesn't only happen at the the *pure* kernel
> >> boot. For example, hotplug memory through VM monitor when VM boot. We
> >> can't foresee when that happen. Thus, this issue can affect all kinds
> >> of memory hotplug mechanism, including ACPI based memory hotplug and
> >> virtio-mem. I'm not sure that fix it here is the best way. If the race
> >> only happens between kernel init and memory hotplug, I think it's fine
> >> to fix it here. IMO, this issue results from the race for "fixmap"
> >> resource. I wonder why this global resource is not protected by a
> >> lock. Maybe we can add one and fix it there.
> > 
> > IIUC the race is caused by multiple attempts to use the fixmap at the
> > same time. We can add a fixmap_lock and hold it during
> > __create_pgd_mapping().
> 
> IIRC that's something along the lines I suggested, so, yes :)

Yeah, I just echoed what you and Anshuman said ;).

-- 
Catalin

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