[PATCH v28 12/22] docs: x86/sgx: Document SGX micro architecture and kernel internals

[PATCH v28 12/22] docs: x86/sgx: Document SGX micro architecture and kernel internals

[Jarkko Sakkinen]

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Document Intel SGX micro architecture and kernel internals. The motivation
is to make the core ideas approachable by keeping a fairly high abstraction
level. Fine-grained micro architecture details can be looked up from Intel
SDM Volume 3D.

Cc: linux-doc@vger.kernel.org
Co-developed-by: Sean Christopherson <sean.j.christopherson@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Sean Christopherson <sean.j.christopherson@intel.com>
Acked-by: Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko.sakkinen@linux.intel.com>
---
 Documentation/x86/index.rst |   1 +
 Documentation/x86/sgx.rst   | 192 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 193 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/x86/sgx.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/x86/index.rst b/Documentation/x86/index.rst
index a8de2fbc1caa..971f30a7d166 100644
--- a/Documentation/x86/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/x86/index.rst
@@ -31,3 +31,4 @@ x86-specific Documentation
    usb-legacy-support
    i386/index
    x86_64/index
+   sgx
diff --git a/Documentation/x86/sgx.rst b/Documentation/x86/sgx.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..740b09323f18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/x86/sgx.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+============
+Architecture
+============
+
+*Software Guard eXtensions (SGX)* is a set of instructions that enable ring-3
+applications to set aside private regions of code and data. These regions are
+called enclaves. An enclave can be entered to a fixed set of entry points. Only
+a CPU running inside the enclave can access its code and data.
+
+The support can be determined by
+
+	``grep sgx /proc/cpuinfo``
+
+Enclave Page Cache
+==================
+
+SGX utilizes an *Enclave Page Cache (EPC)* to store pages that are associated
+with an enclave. It is contained in a BIOS reserved region of physical memory.
+Unlike pages used for regular memory, pages can only be accessed outside the
+enclave for different purposes with the instructions **ENCLS**, **ENCLV** and
+**ENCLU**.
+
+Direct memory accesses to an enclave can be only done by a CPU executing inside
+the enclave. An enclave can be entered with **ENCLU[EENTER]** to a fixed set of
+entry points. However, a CPU executing inside the enclave can do outside memory
+accesses.
+
+Page Types
+----------
+
+**SGX Enclave Control Structure (SECS)**
+   Enclave's address range, attributes and other global data are defined
+   by this structure.
+
+**Regular (REG)**
+   Regular EPC pages contain the code and data of an enclave.
+
+**Thread Control Structure (TCS)**
+   Thread Control Structure pages define the entry points to an enclave and
+   track the execution state of an enclave thread.
+
+**Version Array (VA)**
+   Version Array pages contain 512 slots, each of which can contain a version
+   number for a page evicted from the EPC.
+
+Enclave Page Cache Map
+----------------------
+
+The processor tracks EPC pages via the *Enclave Page Cache Map (EPCM)*.  EPCM
+contains an entry for each EPC page, which describes the owning enclave, access
+rights and page type among the other things.
+
+The permissions from EPCM is consulted if and only if walking the kernel page
+tables succeeds. The total permissions are thus a conjunction between page table
+and EPCM permissions.
+
+For all intents and purposes the SGX architecture allows the processor to
+invalidate all EPCM entries at will, i.e. requires that software be prepared to
+handle an EPCM fault at any time. The contents of EPC are encrypted with an
+ephemeral key, which is lost on power transitions.
+
+EPC management
+==============
+
+EPC pages do not have ``struct page`` instances. They are IO memory from kernel
+perspective. The consequence is that they are always mapped as shared memory.
+Kernel defines ``/dev/sgx/enclave`` that can be mapped as ``MAP_SHARED`` to
+define the address range for an enclave.
+
+EPC Over-subscription
+=====================
+
+When the amount of free EPC pages goes below a low watermark the swapping thread
+starts reclaiming pages. The pages that do not have the **A** bit set are
+selected as victim pages.
+
+Launch Control
+==============
+
+SGX provides a launch control mechanism. After all enclave pages have been
+copied, kernel executes **ENCLS[EINIT]**, which initializes the enclave. Only
+after this the CPU can execute inside the enclave.
+
+This leaf function takes an RSA-3072 signature of the enclave measurement and an
+optional cryptographic token. Linux does not take advantage of launch tokens.
+The instruction checks that the signature is signed with the key defined in
+**IA32_SGXLEPUBKEYHASH?** MSRs and the measurement is correct. If so, the
+enclave is allowed to be executed.
+
+MSRs can be configured by the BIOS to be either readable or writable. Linux
+supports only writable configuration in order to give full control to the kernel
+on launch control policy. Readable configuration requires the use of previously
+mentioned launch tokens.
+
+The current kernel implementation supports only writable MSRs. The launch is
+performed by setting the MSRs to the hash of the enclave signer's public key.
+The alternative would be to have *a launch enclave* that would be signed with
+the key set into MSRs, which would then generate launch tokens for other
+enclaves. This would only make sense with read-only MSRs, and thus the option
+has been discarded.
+
+Attestation
+===========
+
+Local Attestation
+-----------------
+
+In local attestation an enclave creates a **REPORT** data structure with
+**ENCLS[EREPORT]**, which describes the origin of an enclave. In particular, it
+contains a AES-CMAC of the enclave contents signed with a report key unique to
+each processor. All enclaves have access to this key.
+
+This mechanism can also be used in addition as a communication channel as the
+**REPORT** data structure includes a 64-byte field for variable information.
+
+Remote Attestation
+------------------
+
+For remote attestation (aka provisioning) there are multiple options available:
+
+* EPID based scheme, which requires the use of Intel managed attestation
+  service.
+* ECDSA based scheme, which allows a 3rd party to act as an attestation service.
+
+Intel provides an open source *quoting enclave (QE)* and *provisioning
+certification enclave (PCE)* for the ECDSA based scheme. PCE acts as the
+CA for the local QE's.
+
+Intel also provides a proprietary binary version of the PCE. This is a
+necessity when the software needs to prove to be running inside a legit enclave
+on real hardware.
+
+The use of remote attestation must be strictly controlled because it allows to
+get access to the provisioning keys to attest to a remote party that the
+software is running inside a legitimate enclave on real hardware. This could be
+potentially used by malware, and thus must be protected.
+
+Enclaves can attest their identity when **ATTRIBUTES.PROVISIONKEY** is set in
+SECS. This attribute authorizes **ENCLS[EGETKEY]** to access provisioning keys.
+
+References
+----------
+
+"Intel® Software Guard Extensions: EPID Provisioning and Attestation Services"
+   https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/57/0e/ww10-2016-sgx-provisioning-and-attestation-final.pdf
+
+"Supporting Third Party Attestation for Intel® SGX with Intel® Data Center
+Attestation Primitives"
+   https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/f1/b8/intel-sgx-support-for-third-party-attestation.pdf
+
+Usage Models
+============
+
+Shared Library
+--------------
+
+Sensitive data and the code that acts on it is partitioned from the application
+into a separate library. The library is then linked as a DSO which can be loaded
+into an enclave. The application can then make individual function calls into
+the enclave through special SGX instructions. A run-time within the enclave is
+configured to marshal function parameters into and out of the enclave and to
+call the correct library function.
+
+Application Container
+---------------------
+
+An application may be loaded into a container enclave which is specially
+configured with a library OS and run-time which permits the application to run.
+The enclave run-time and library OS work together to execute the application
+when a thread enters the enclave.
+
+================
+Kernel internals
+================
+
+An enclave is created by opening ``/dev/sgx/enclave`` and calling a set of ioctl
+calls, which reserve a fixed range of memory addresses for the enclave and
+initialize its memory contents.
+
+An enclave can be made visible with ``mmap()`` calls. Permissions are capped by
+enclave page permissions given during the building phase because CPU disallows a
+PTE have higher permissions than the enclave page that it contains.
+
+Enclaves can be forked or sent through UDS sockets, which allows an enclave
+consumer and a builder to be separate processes with a different set of
+privileges.
+
+The backing memory is implemented with a private shemm file, which is not
+accounted. This makes it advicable to not allow all processes in a system
+to build enclaves.
-- 
2.25.0