[PATCH v3 0/2] Add further ioctl() operations for namespace discovery

["Michael Kerrisk (man-pages)" <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>]

I would like to write code that discovers the nmaespace setup on a live
system.  The NS_GET_PARENT and NS_GET_USERNS ioctl() operations added in
Linux 4.9 provide much of what I want, but there are still a couple of
small pieces missing. Those pieces are added with this patch series.

Here's an example program that makes use of the new ioctl() operations.

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/* ns_capable.c

   (C) 2016 Michael Kerrisk, <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>

   Licensed under the GNU General Public License v2 or later.

   Test whether a process (identified by PID) might (subject to LSM checks)
   have capabilities in a namespace (identified by a /proc/PID/ns/xxx file).
*/
#define _GNU_SOURCE
#include <sched.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <sys/capability.h>

#ifndef NS_GET_USERNS
#define NSIO    0xb7
#define NS_GET_USERNS           _IO(NSIO, 0x1)
#define NS_GET_PARENT           _IO(NSIO, 0x2)
#define NS_GET_NSTYPE           _IO(NSIO, 0x3)
#define NS_GET_OWNER_UID        _IO(NSIO, 0x4)
#endif

#define errExit(msg)    do { perror(msg); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); \
                        } while (0)

#define fatal(msg)      do { fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", msg); \
                             exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } while (0)

/* Display capabilities sets of process with specified PID */

static void
show_cap(pid_t pid)
{
    cap_t caps;
    char *cap_string;

    caps = cap_get_pid(pid);
    if (caps == NULL)
        errExit("cap_get_proc");

    cap_string = cap_to_text(caps, NULL);
    if (cap_string == NULL)
        errExit("cap_to_text");

    printf("Capabilities: %s\n", cap_string);
}

/* Obtain the effective UID pf the process 'pid' by
   scanning its /proc/PID/file */

static uid_t
get_euid_of_process(pid_t pid)
{
    char path[PATH_MAX];
    char line[1024];
    int uid;

    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%ld/status", (long) pid);

    FILE *fp;
    fp = fopen(path, "r");
    if (fp == NULL)
        errExit("fopen-/proc/PID/status");

    for (;;) {
        if (fgets(line, sizeof(line), fp) == NULL) {

            /* Should never happen... */

            fprintf(stderr, "Failure scanning %s\n", path);
            exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }

        if (strstr(line, "Uid:") == line) {
            sscanf(line, "Uid: %*d %d %*d %*d", &uid);
            return uid;
        }
    }
}

int
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int ns_fd, userns_fd, pid_userns_fd;
    int nstype;
    int next_fd;
    struct stat pid_stat;
    struct stat target_stat;
    char *pid_str;
    pid_t pid;
    char path[PATH_MAX];

    if (argc < 2) {
        fprintf(stderr, "Usage: %s PID [ns-file]\n", argv[0]);
        fprintf(stderr, "\t'ns-file' is a /proc/PID/ns/xxxx file; "
                        "if omitted, use the namespace\n"
                        "\treferred to by standard input "
                        "(file descriptor 0)\n");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    pid_str = argv[1];
    pid = atoi(pid_str);

    if (argc <= 2) {
        ns_fd = STDIN_FILENO;
    } else {
        ns_fd = open(argv[2], O_RDONLY);
        if (ns_fd == -1)
            errExit("open-ns-file");
    }

    /* Get the relevant user namespace FD, which is 'ns_fd' if 'ns_fd' refers
       to a user namespace, otherwise the user namespace that owns 'ns_fd' */

    nstype = ioctl(ns_fd, NS_GET_NSTYPE);
    if (nstype == -1)
        errExit("ioctl-NS_GET_NSTYPE");

    if (nstype == CLONE_NEWUSER) {
        userns_fd = ns_fd;
    } else {
        userns_fd = ioctl(ns_fd, NS_GET_USERNS);
        if (userns_fd == -1)
            errExit("ioctl-NS_GET_USERNS");
    }

    /* Obtain 'stat' info for the user namespace of the specified PID */

    snprintf(path, sizeof(path), "/proc/%s/ns/user", pid_str);

    pid_userns_fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
    if (pid_userns_fd == -1)
        errExit("open-PID");

    if (fstat(pid_userns_fd, &pid_stat) == -1)
        errExit("fstat-PID");

    /* Get 'stat' info for the target user namesapce */

    if (fstat(userns_fd, &target_stat) == -1)
        errExit("fstat-PID");

    /* If the PID is in the target user namespace, then it has
       whatever capabilities are in its sets. */

    if (pid_stat.st_dev == target_stat.st_dev &&
                pid_stat.st_ino == target_stat.st_ino) {
        printf("PID is in target namespace\n");
        printf("Subject to LSM checks, it has the following capabilities\n");

        show_cap(pid);

        exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    }

    /* Otherwise, we need to walk through the ancestors of the target
       user namespace to see if PID is in an ancestor namespace */

    for (;;) {
        int f;

        next_fd = ioctl(userns_fd, NS_GET_PARENT);

        if (next_fd == -1) {

            /* The error here should be EPERM... */

            if (errno != EPERM)
                errExit("ioctl-NS_GET_PARENT");

            printf("PID is not in an ancestor namespace\n");
            printf("It has no capabilities in the target namespace\n");

            exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
        }

        if (fstat(next_fd, &target_stat) == -1)
            errExit("fstat-PID");

        /* If the 'stat' info for this user namespace matches the 'stat'
         * info for 'next_fd', then the PID is in an ancestor namespace */

        if (pid_stat.st_dev == target_stat.st_dev &&
                    pid_stat.st_ino == target_stat.st_ino)
            break;

        /* Next time round, get the next parent */

        f = userns_fd;
        userns_fd = next_fd;
        close(f);
    }

    /* At this point, we found that PID is in an ancestor of the target
       user namespace, and 'userns_fd' refers to the immediate descendant
       user namespace of PID in the chain of user namespaces from PID to
       the target user namespace. If the effective UID of PID matches the
       owner UID of descendant user namespace, then PID has all
       capabilities in the descendant namespace(s); otherwise, it just has
       the capabilities that are in its sets. */

    uid_t owner_uid, uid;
    if (ioctl(userns_fd, NS_GET_OWNER_UID, &owner_uid) == -1) {
        perror("ioctl-NS_GET_OWNER_UID");
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    uid = get_euid_of_process(pid);

    printf("PID is in an ancestor namespace\n");
    if (owner_uid == uid) {
        printf("And its effective UID matches the owner "
                "of the namespace\n");
        printf("Subject to LSM checks, PID has all capabilities in "
                "that namespace!\n");
    } else {
        printf("But its effective UID does not match the owner "
                "of the namespace\n");
        printf("Subject to LSM checks, it has the following capabilities\n");
        show_cap(pid);
    }

    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
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Michael Kerrisk (2):
  nsfs: Add an ioctl() to return the namespace type
  nsfs: Add an ioctl() to return owner UID of a userns

 fs/nsfs.c                 | 13 +++++++++++++
 include/uapi/linux/nsfs.h |  9 +++++++--
 2 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

-- 
2.5.5

-- 
Michael Kerrisk
Linux man-pages maintainer; http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/
Linux/UNIX System Programming Training: http://man7.org/training/