This commit: commit 8de000cf0265eaa4f63aff9f2c7a3876d2dda9b6 Author: Yong Wu Date: Fri Mar 26 11:23:36 2021 +0800 iommu/mediatek-v1: Allow building as module changes drivers/iommu/Kcconfig config MTK_IOMMU_V1 - bool "MTK IOMMU Version 1 (M4U gen1) Support" + tristate "MediaTek IOMMU Version 1 (M4U gen1) Support" Unfortunately, this doesn't actually build properly as a module, because: MODPOST modules-only.symvers ERROR: modpost: "of_phandle_iterator_args" [drivers/iommu/mtk_iommu_v1.ko] undefined! make[2]: *** [/usr/src/linux-next/scripts/Makefile.modpost:150: modules-only.symvers] Error 1 There's no EXPORT_SYMBOL and drivers/of/base.o is a built-in, so the symbol isn't available to modules.