[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[frextrite]

This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
adds it to index.rst

Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite at gmail.com>
---
 Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
 ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
 rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)

diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
    :maxdepth: 3
 
    arrayRCU
+   rcu_dereference
    rcu
    listRCU
    NMI-RCU
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
similarity index 88%
rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
+
 PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
+===============================================================
 
 Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
 the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
 It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
 Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
 
-o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
+-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
 	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
 	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
 	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
@@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
 	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
 	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
 
-o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
+-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
 	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
 	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
 	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
 	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
 
-	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
+	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
 		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
 		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
 		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
 
-	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
+	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
 		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
 
 	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
 	doing much of anything else with it.
 
-o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
+-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
 	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
 	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
 	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
@@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
 	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
 	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
 
-o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
+-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
 	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
 	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
 	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
 	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
 	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
 
-o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
+-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
 	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
-	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
+	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
 
 		int *p;
 		int *q;
@@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
 	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
 	result in misordering bugs.
 
-o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
+-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
 	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
 	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
-	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
+	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
 
 		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
 		if (p == &default_struct)
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 
 	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
 	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
-	transform this code into the following:
+	transform this code into the following::
 
 		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
 		if (p == &default_struct)
@@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 
 	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
 
-	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
+	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
 		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
 		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
 		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
 		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
 		against NULL pointers.
 
-	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
+	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
 		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
 		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
 		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
@@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
 		of rcu_dereference().
 
-	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
+	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
 		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
 		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
 		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
 		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
 		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
 
-		o	Compile time.
+		-	Compile time.
 
-		o	Boot time.
+		-	Boot time.
 
-		o	Module-init time for module code.
+		-	Module-init time for module code.
 
-		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
+		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
 
-		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
+		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
 			we now hold.
 
-		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
+		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
 
 		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
 		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
 		be invoked at a later time.
 
-	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
+	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
 		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
 		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
 		ordering either way.
@@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
 		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
 
-	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
+	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
 		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
 		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
 		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
 		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
 
-	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
+	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
 		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
 		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
 		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
 		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
 
-o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
+-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
 	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
 	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
 	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
@@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
 
 
 EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
+----------------------------------
 
 Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
 see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
 consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
-precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
+precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
 
 But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
 
-Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
+Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
 
 
 EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
+-----------------------------------------
 
 If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
 other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
@@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
 should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
 
 But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
-expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
+expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
 
 
 WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
+------------------------------------------------------------
 
 First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
 using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
@@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
 	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
-	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
+	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
@@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
 	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
-	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
+	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
 					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
 
 4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
-	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
+	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
@@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 
 SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
+-----------------------------------------
 
 The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
 pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
 optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
-For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
+For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
 
 	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
 	do_something_with(p->a);
 	do_something_else_with(p->b);
 
 If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
-of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
+of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
 
 	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
 	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
@@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
 of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
 
 These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
-read as follows:
+read as follows::
 
 	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
 	do_something_with(p->a);
@@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
 this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
 if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
 and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
-follows:
+follows::
 
 	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
 
-- 
2.20.1

[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[Amol Grover]

This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
adds it to index.rst

Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite at gmail.com>
---
 Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
 ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
 rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)

diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
    :maxdepth: 3
 
    arrayRCU
+   rcu_dereference
    rcu
    listRCU
    NMI-RCU
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
similarity index 88%
rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
+
 PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
+===============================================================
 
 Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
 the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
 It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
 Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
 
-o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
+-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
 	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
 	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
 	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
@@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
 	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
 	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
 
-o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
+-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
 	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
 	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
 	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
 	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
 
-	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
+	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
 		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
 		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
 		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
 
-	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
+	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
 		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
 
 	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
 	doing much of anything else with it.
 
-o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
+-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
 	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
 	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
 	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
@@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
 	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
 	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
 
-o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
+-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
 	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
 	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
 	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
 	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
 	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
 
-o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
+-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
 	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
-	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
+	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
 
 		int *p;
 		int *q;
@@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
 	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
 	result in misordering bugs.
 
-o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
+-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
 	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
 	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
-	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
+	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
 
 		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
 		if (p == &default_struct)
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 
 	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
 	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
-	transform this code into the following:
+	transform this code into the following::
 
 		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
 		if (p == &default_struct)
@@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 
 	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
 
-	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
+	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
 		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
 		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
 		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
 		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
 		against NULL pointers.
 
-	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
+	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
 		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
 		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
 		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
@@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
 		of rcu_dereference().
 
-	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
+	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
 		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
 		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
 		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
 		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
 		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
 
-		o	Compile time.
+		-	Compile time.
 
-		o	Boot time.
+		-	Boot time.
 
-		o	Module-init time for module code.
+		-	Module-init time for module code.
 
-		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
+		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
 
-		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
+		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
 			we now hold.
 
-		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
+		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
 
 		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
 		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
 		be invoked at a later time.
 
-	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
+	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
 		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
 		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
 		ordering either way.
@@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
 		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
 
-	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
+	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
 		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
 		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
 		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
 		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
 
-	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
+	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
 		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
 		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
 		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
 		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
 
-o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
+-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
 	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
 	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
 	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
@@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
 
 
 EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
+----------------------------------
 
 Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
 see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
 consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
-precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
+precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
 
 But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
 
-Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
+Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
 
 
 EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
+-----------------------------------------
 
 If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
 other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
@@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
 should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
 
 But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
-expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
+expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
 
 
 WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
+------------------------------------------------------------
 
 First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
 using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
@@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
 	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
-	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
+	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
@@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
 	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
-	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
+	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
 					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
 
 4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
-	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
+	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
@@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 
 SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
+-----------------------------------------
 
 The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
 pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
 optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
-For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
+For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
 
 	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
 	do_something_with(p->a);
 	do_something_else_with(p->b);
 
 If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
-of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
+of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
 
 	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
 	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
@@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
 of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
 
 These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
-read as follows:
+read as follows::
 
 	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
 	do_something_with(p->a);
@@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
 this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
 if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
 and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
-follows:
+follows::
 
 	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
 
-- 
2.20.1

[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[Amol Grover]

This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
adds it to index.rst

Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite@gmail.com>
---
 Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
 ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
 rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)

diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
    :maxdepth: 3
 
    arrayRCU
+   rcu_dereference
    rcu
    listRCU
    NMI-RCU
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
similarity index 88%
rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
--- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
+
 PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
+===============================================================
 
 Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
 the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
@@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
 It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
 Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
 
-o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
+-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
 	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
 	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
 	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
@@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
 	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
 	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
 
-o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
+-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
 	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
 	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
 	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
 	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
 
-	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
+	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
 		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
 		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
 		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
 
-	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
+	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
 		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
 
 	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
 	doing much of anything else with it.
 
-o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
+-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
 	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
 	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
 	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
@@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
 	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
 	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
 
-o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
+-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
 	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
 	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
 	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
 	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
 	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
 
-o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
+-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
 	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
-	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
+	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
 
 		int *p;
 		int *q;
@@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
 	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
 	result in misordering bugs.
 
-o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
+-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
 	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
 	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
-	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
+	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
 
 		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
 		if (p == &default_struct)
@@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 
 	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
 	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
-	transform this code into the following:
+	transform this code into the following::
 
 		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
 		if (p == &default_struct)
@@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 
 	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
 
-	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
+	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
 		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
 		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
 		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
 		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
 		against NULL pointers.
 
-	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
+	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
 		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
 		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
 		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
@@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
 		of rcu_dereference().
 
-	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
+	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
 		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
 		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
 		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
 		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
 		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
 
-		o	Compile time.
+		-	Compile time.
 
-		o	Boot time.
+		-	Boot time.
 
-		o	Module-init time for module code.
+		-	Module-init time for module code.
 
-		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
+		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
 
-		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
+		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
 			we now hold.
 
-		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
+		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
 
 		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
 		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
 		be invoked at a later time.
 
-	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
+	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
 		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
 		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
 		ordering either way.
@@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
 		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
 
-	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
+	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
 		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
 		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
 		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
 		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
 
-	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
+	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
 		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
 		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
 		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
 		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
 		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
 
-o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
+-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
 	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
 	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
 	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
@@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
 
 
 EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
+----------------------------------
 
 Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
 see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
 consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
-precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
+precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
 
 But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
 
-Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
+Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
 
 
 EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
+-----------------------------------------
 
 If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
 other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
@@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
 should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
 
 But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
-expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
+expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
 
 	struct foo {
 		int a;
@@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
 
 
 WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
+------------------------------------------------------------
 
 First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
 using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
@@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
 	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
-	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
+	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
@@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
 	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
-	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
+	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
 					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
 
 4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
-	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
+	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
 
 		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
 					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
@@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
 
 
 SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
+-----------------------------------------
 
 The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
 pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
 optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
-For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
+For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
 
 	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
 	do_something_with(p->a);
 	do_something_else_with(p->b);
 
 If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
-of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
+of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
 
 	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
 	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
@@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
 of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
 
 These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
-read as follows:
+read as follows::
 
 	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
 	do_something_with(p->a);
@@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
 this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
 if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
 and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
-follows:
+follows::
 
 	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
 
-- 
2.20.1

_______________________________________________
Linux-kernel-mentees mailing list
Linux-kernel-mentees@lists.linuxfoundation.org
https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-kernel-mentees

[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[paulmck]

On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 01:31:07PM +0530, Amol Grover wrote:
> This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
> adds it to index.rst
> 
> Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite at gmail.com>

Queued and pushed for review and testing.  Assuming all goes well, I will
push it for the v5.6 merge window.

Could you please take a look at the similar commits from Madhuparna and
Phong?  No time like the present to also gain experience with review
and testing!

							Thanx, Paul

> ---
>  Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
>  ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
>  2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
>  rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
>     :maxdepth: 3
>  
>     arrayRCU
> +   rcu_dereference
>     rcu
>     listRCU
>     NMI-RCU
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> similarity index 88%
> rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
> +.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
> +
>  PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
> +===============================================================
>  
>  Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
>  the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
> @@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
>  It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
>  Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
>  
> -o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> +-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
>  	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
>  	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
>  	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
> @@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
>  	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
>  	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
>  
> -o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> +-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
>  	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
>  	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
>  	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
>  	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
>  
> -	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> +	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
>  		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
>  		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
>  		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
>  
> -	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> +	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
>  		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
>  
>  	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
>  	doing much of anything else with it.
>  
> -o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> +-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
>  	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
>  	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
>  	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
> @@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
>  	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
>  	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
>  
> -o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> +-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
>  	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
>  	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
>  	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
>  	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
>  	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
>  
> -o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> +-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
>  	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
> -	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
> +	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
>  
>  		int *p;
>  		int *q;
> @@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
>  	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
>  	result in misordering bugs.
>  
> -o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> +-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
>  	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
>  	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
> -	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
> +	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
>  
>  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
>  		if (p == &default_struct)
> @@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  
>  	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
>  	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
> -	transform this code into the following:
> +	transform this code into the following::
>  
>  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
>  		if (p == &default_struct)
> @@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  
>  	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
>  
> -	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> +	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
>  		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
>  		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
>  		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
>  		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
>  		against NULL pointers.
>  
> -	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> +	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
>  		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
>  		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
>  		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
> @@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
>  		of rcu_dereference().
>  
> -	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> +	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
>  		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
>  		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
>  		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
>  		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
>  		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
>  
> -		o	Compile time.
> +		-	Compile time.
>  
> -		o	Boot time.
> +		-	Boot time.
>  
> -		o	Module-init time for module code.
> +		-	Module-init time for module code.
>  
> -		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> +		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
>  
> -		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> +		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
>  			we now hold.
>  
> -		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> +		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
>  
>  		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
>  		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
>  		be invoked at a later time.
>  
> -	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
> +	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
>  		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
>  		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
>  		ordering either way.
> @@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
>  		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
>  
> -	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> +	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
>  		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
>  		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
>  		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
>  		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
>  
> -	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> +	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
>  		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
>  		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
>  		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
> @@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
>  		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
>  
> -o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> +-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
>  	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
>  	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
>  	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
> @@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
>  
>  
>  EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
> +----------------------------------
>  
>  Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
>  see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
>  consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
> -precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
> +precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
>  
>  But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
>  
> -Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
> +Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
>  
>  
>  EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
> +-----------------------------------------
>  
>  If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
>  other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
> @@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
>  should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
>  
>  But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
> -expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
> +expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
>  
>  
>  WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
> +------------------------------------------------------------
>  
>  First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
>  using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
> @@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
>  	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
> -	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> +	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> @@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
>  	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
> -	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> +	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
>  
>  4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
> -	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
> +	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> @@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  
>  SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
> +-----------------------------------------
>  
>  The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
>  pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
>  optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
> -For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
> +For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
>  
>  	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
>  	do_something_with(p->a);
>  	do_something_else_with(p->b);
>  
>  If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
> -of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
> +of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
>  
>  	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
>  	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
> @@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
>  of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
>  
>  These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
> -read as follows:
> +read as follows::
>  
>  	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
>  	do_something_with(p->a);
> @@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
>  this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
>  if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
>  and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
> -follows:
> +follows::
>  
>  	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
>  
> -- 
> 2.20.1
> 

[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[Paul E. McKenney]

On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 01:31:07PM +0530, Amol Grover wrote:
> This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
> adds it to index.rst
> 
> Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite at gmail.com>

Queued and pushed for review and testing.  Assuming all goes well, I will
push it for the v5.6 merge window.

Could you please take a look at the similar commits from Madhuparna and
Phong?  No time like the present to also gain experience with review
and testing!

							Thanx, Paul

> ---
>  Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
>  ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
>  2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
>  rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
>     :maxdepth: 3
>  
>     arrayRCU
> +   rcu_dereference
>     rcu
>     listRCU
>     NMI-RCU
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> similarity index 88%
> rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
> +.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
> +
>  PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
> +===============================================================
>  
>  Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
>  the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
> @@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
>  It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
>  Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
>  
> -o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> +-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
>  	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
>  	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
>  	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
> @@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
>  	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
>  	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
>  
> -o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> +-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
>  	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
>  	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
>  	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
>  	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
>  
> -	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> +	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
>  		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
>  		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
>  		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
>  
> -	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> +	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
>  		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
>  
>  	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
>  	doing much of anything else with it.
>  
> -o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> +-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
>  	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
>  	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
>  	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
> @@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
>  	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
>  	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
>  
> -o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> +-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
>  	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
>  	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
>  	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
>  	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
>  	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
>  
> -o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> +-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
>  	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
> -	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
> +	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
>  
>  		int *p;
>  		int *q;
> @@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
>  	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
>  	result in misordering bugs.
>  
> -o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> +-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
>  	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
>  	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
> -	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
> +	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
>  
>  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
>  		if (p == &default_struct)
> @@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  
>  	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
>  	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
> -	transform this code into the following:
> +	transform this code into the following::
>  
>  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
>  		if (p == &default_struct)
> @@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  
>  	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
>  
> -	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> +	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
>  		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
>  		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
>  		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
>  		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
>  		against NULL pointers.
>  
> -	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> +	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
>  		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
>  		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
>  		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
> @@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
>  		of rcu_dereference().
>  
> -	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> +	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
>  		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
>  		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
>  		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
>  		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
>  		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
>  
> -		o	Compile time.
> +		-	Compile time.
>  
> -		o	Boot time.
> +		-	Boot time.
>  
> -		o	Module-init time for module code.
> +		-	Module-init time for module code.
>  
> -		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> +		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
>  
> -		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> +		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
>  			we now hold.
>  
> -		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> +		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
>  
>  		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
>  		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
>  		be invoked at a later time.
>  
> -	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
> +	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
>  		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
>  		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
>  		ordering either way.
> @@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
>  		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
>  
> -	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> +	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
>  		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
>  		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
>  		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
>  		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
>  
> -	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> +	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
>  		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
>  		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
>  		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
> @@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
>  		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
>  
> -o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> +-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
>  	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
>  	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
>  	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
> @@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
>  
>  
>  EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
> +----------------------------------
>  
>  Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
>  see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
>  consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
> -precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
> +precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
>  
>  But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
>  
> -Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
> +Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
>  
>  
>  EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
> +-----------------------------------------
>  
>  If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
>  other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
> @@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
>  should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
>  
>  But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
> -expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
> +expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
>  
>  
>  WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
> +------------------------------------------------------------
>  
>  First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
>  using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
> @@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
>  	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
> -	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> +	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> @@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
>  	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
> -	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> +	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
>  
>  4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
> -	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
> +	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> @@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  
>  SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
> +-----------------------------------------
>  
>  The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
>  pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
>  optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
> -For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
> +For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
>  
>  	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
>  	do_something_with(p->a);
>  	do_something_else_with(p->b);
>  
>  If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
> -of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
> +of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
>  
>  	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
>  	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
> @@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
>  of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
>  
>  These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
> -read as follows:
> +read as follows::
>  
>  	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
>  	do_something_with(p->a);
> @@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
>  this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
>  if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
>  and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
> -follows:
> +follows::
>  
>  	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
>  
> -- 
> 2.20.1
> 

Re: [Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[Paul E. McKenney]

On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 01:31:07PM +0530, Amol Grover wrote:
> This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
> adds it to index.rst
> 
> Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite@gmail.com>

Queued and pushed for review and testing.  Assuming all goes well, I will
push it for the v5.6 merge window.

Could you please take a look at the similar commits from Madhuparna and
Phong?  No time like the present to also gain experience with review
and testing!

							Thanx, Paul

> ---
>  Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
>  ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
>  2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
>  rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
>     :maxdepth: 3
>  
>     arrayRCU
> +   rcu_dereference
>     rcu
>     listRCU
>     NMI-RCU
> diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> similarity index 88%
> rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
> --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
> +.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
> +
>  PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
> +===============================================================
>  
>  Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
>  the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
> @@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
>  It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
>  Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
>  
> -o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> +-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
>  	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
>  	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
>  	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
> @@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
>  	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
>  	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
>  
> -o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> +-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
>  	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
>  	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
>  	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
>  	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
>  
> -	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> +	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
>  		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
>  		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
>  		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
>  
> -	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> +	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
>  		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
>  
>  	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
>  	doing much of anything else with it.
>  
> -o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> +-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
>  	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
>  	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
>  	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
> @@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
>  	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
>  	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
>  
> -o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> +-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
>  	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
>  	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
>  	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
>  	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
>  	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
>  
> -o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> +-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
>  	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
> -	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
> +	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
>  
>  		int *p;
>  		int *q;
> @@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
>  	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
>  	result in misordering bugs.
>  
> -o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> +-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
>  	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
>  	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
> -	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
> +	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
>  
>  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
>  		if (p == &default_struct)
> @@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  
>  	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
>  	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
> -	transform this code into the following:
> +	transform this code into the following::
>  
>  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
>  		if (p == &default_struct)
> @@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  
>  	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
>  
> -	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> +	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
>  		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
>  		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
>  		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
>  		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
>  		against NULL pointers.
>  
> -	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> +	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
>  		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
>  		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
>  		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
> @@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
>  		of rcu_dereference().
>  
> -	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> +	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
>  		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
>  		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
>  		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
>  		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
>  		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
>  
> -		o	Compile time.
> +		-	Compile time.
>  
> -		o	Boot time.
> +		-	Boot time.
>  
> -		o	Module-init time for module code.
> +		-	Module-init time for module code.
>  
> -		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> +		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
>  
> -		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> +		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
>  			we now hold.
>  
> -		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> +		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
>  
>  		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
>  		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
>  		be invoked at a later time.
>  
> -	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
> +	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
>  		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
>  		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
>  		ordering either way.
> @@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
>  		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
>  
> -	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> +	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
>  		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
>  		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
>  		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
>  		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
>  
> -	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> +	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
>  		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
>  		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
>  		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
> @@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
>  		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
>  		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
>  
> -o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> +-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
>  	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
>  	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
>  	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
> @@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
>  
>  
>  EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
> +----------------------------------
>  
>  Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
>  see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
>  consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
> -precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
> +precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
>  
>  But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
>  
> -Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
> +Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
>  
>  
>  EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
> +-----------------------------------------
>  
>  If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
>  other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
> @@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
>  should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
>  
>  But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
> -expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
> +expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
>  
>  	struct foo {
>  		int a;
> @@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
>  
>  
>  WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
> +------------------------------------------------------------
>  
>  First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
>  using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
> @@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
>  	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
> -	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> +	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> @@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
>  	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
> -	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> +	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
>  					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
>  
>  4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
> -	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
> +	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
>  
>  		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
>  					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> @@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
>  
>  
>  SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
> +-----------------------------------------
>  
>  The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
>  pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
>  optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
> -For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
> +For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
>  
>  	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
>  	do_something_with(p->a);
>  	do_something_else_with(p->b);
>  
>  If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
> -of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
> +of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
>  
>  	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
>  	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
> @@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
>  of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
>  
>  These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
> -read as follows:
> +read as follows::
>  
>  	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
>  	do_something_with(p->a);
> @@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
>  this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
>  if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
>  and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
> -follows:
> +follows::
>  
>  	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
>  
> -- 
> 2.20.1
> 
_______________________________________________
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[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[frextrite]

On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 09:57:34AM -0700, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 01:31:07PM +0530, Amol Grover wrote:
> > This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
> > adds it to index.rst
> > 
> > Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite at gmail.com>
> 
> Queued and pushed for review and testing.  Assuming all goes well, I will
> push it for the v5.6 merge window.
> 
> Could you please take a look at the similar commits from Madhuparna and
> Phong?  No time like the present to also gain experience with review
> and testing!
> 
> 							Thanx, Paul

Sure thing Paul!

Thank you
Amol

> 
> > ---
> >  Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
> >  ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
> >  2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
> >  rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)
> > 
> > diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > +++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
> >     :maxdepth: 3
> >  
> >     arrayRCU
> > +   rcu_dereference
> >     rcu
> >     listRCU
> >     NMI-RCU
> > diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > similarity index 88%
> > rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> > rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> > +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
> > +.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
> > +
> >  PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
> > +===============================================================
> >  
> >  Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
> >  the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
> > @@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
> >  It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
> >  Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
> >  
> > -o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> > +-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> >  	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
> >  	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
> >  	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
> > @@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> >  	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
> >  	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
> >  
> > -o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> > +-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> >  	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
> >  	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
> >  	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
> >  	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
> >  
> > -	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> > +	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> >  		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
> >  		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
> >  		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
> >  
> > -	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> > +	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> >  		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
> >  
> >  	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
> >  	doing much of anything else with it.
> >  
> > -o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> > +-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> >  	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
> >  	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
> >  	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
> > @@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> >  	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
> >  	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
> >  
> > -o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> > +-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> >  	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
> >  	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
> >  	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
> >  	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
> >  	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
> >  
> > -o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> > +-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> >  	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
> > -	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
> > +	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
> >  
> >  		int *p;
> >  		int *q;
> > @@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> >  	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
> >  	result in misordering bugs.
> >  
> > -o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> > +-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
> >  	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
> >  	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
> > -	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
> > +	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
> >  
> >  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
> >  		if (p == &default_struct)
> > @@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  
> >  	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
> >  	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
> > -	transform this code into the following:
> > +	transform this code into the following::
> >  
> >  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
> >  		if (p == &default_struct)
> > @@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  
> >  	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
> >  
> > -	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> > +	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> >  		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
> >  		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
> >  		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
> >  		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
> >  		against NULL pointers.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> > +	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> >  		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
> >  		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
> >  		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
> > @@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
> >  		of rcu_dereference().
> >  
> > -	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> > +	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> >  		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
> >  		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
> >  		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
> >  		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
> >  		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
> >  
> > -		o	Compile time.
> > +		-	Compile time.
> >  
> > -		o	Boot time.
> > +		-	Boot time.
> >  
> > -		o	Module-init time for module code.
> > +		-	Module-init time for module code.
> >  
> > -		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> > +		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> >  
> > -		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> > +		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> >  			we now hold.
> >  
> > -		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> > +		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> >  
> >  		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
> >  		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
> >  		be invoked at a later time.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
> > +	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
> >  		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
> >  		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
> >  		ordering either way.
> > @@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
> >  		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
> >  
> > -	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> > +	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> >  		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
> >  		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
> >  		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
> >  		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> > +	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> >  		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
> >  		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
> >  		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
> > @@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
> >  		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
> >  
> > -o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> > +-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> >  	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
> >  	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
> >  	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
> > @@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> >  
> >  
> >  EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
> > +----------------------------------
> >  
> >  Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
> >  see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
> >  consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
> > -precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
> > +precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
> >  
> >  But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
> >  
> > -Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
> > +Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
> >  
> >  
> >  EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
> > +-----------------------------------------
> >  
> >  If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
> >  other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
> > @@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
> >  should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
> >  
> >  But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
> > -expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
> > +expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
> >  
> >  
> >  WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
> > +------------------------------------------------------------
> >  
> >  First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
> >  using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
> > @@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
> >  	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
> > -	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> > +	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> > @@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
> >  	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
> > -	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> > +	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
> >  
> >  4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
> > -	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
> > +	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> > @@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  
> >  SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
> > +-----------------------------------------
> >  
> >  The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
> >  pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
> >  optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
> > -For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
> > +For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
> >  
> >  	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
> >  	do_something_with(p->a);
> >  	do_something_else_with(p->b);
> >  
> >  If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
> > -of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
> > +of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
> >  
> >  	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
> >  	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
> > @@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
> >  of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
> >  
> >  These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
> > -read as follows:
> > +read as follows::
> >  
> >  	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
> >  	do_something_with(p->a);
> > @@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
> >  this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
> >  if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
> >  and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
> > -follows:
> > +follows::
> >  
> >  	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
> >  
> > -- 
> > 2.20.1
> > 

[Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[Amol Grover]

On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 09:57:34AM -0700, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 01:31:07PM +0530, Amol Grover wrote:
> > This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
> > adds it to index.rst
> > 
> > Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite at gmail.com>
> 
> Queued and pushed for review and testing.  Assuming all goes well, I will
> push it for the v5.6 merge window.
> 
> Could you please take a look at the similar commits from Madhuparna and
> Phong?  No time like the present to also gain experience with review
> and testing!
> 
> 							Thanx, Paul

Sure thing Paul!

Thank you
Amol

> 
> > ---
> >  Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
> >  ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
> >  2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
> >  rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)
> > 
> > diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > +++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
> >     :maxdepth: 3
> >  
> >     arrayRCU
> > +   rcu_dereference
> >     rcu
> >     listRCU
> >     NMI-RCU
> > diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > similarity index 88%
> > rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> > rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> > +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
> > +.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
> > +
> >  PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
> > +===============================================================
> >  
> >  Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
> >  the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
> > @@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
> >  It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
> >  Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
> >  
> > -o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> > +-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> >  	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
> >  	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
> >  	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
> > @@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> >  	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
> >  	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
> >  
> > -o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> > +-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> >  	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
> >  	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
> >  	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
> >  	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
> >  
> > -	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> > +	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> >  		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
> >  		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
> >  		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
> >  
> > -	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> > +	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> >  		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
> >  
> >  	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
> >  	doing much of anything else with it.
> >  
> > -o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> > +-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> >  	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
> >  	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
> >  	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
> > @@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> >  	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
> >  	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
> >  
> > -o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> > +-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> >  	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
> >  	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
> >  	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
> >  	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
> >  	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
> >  
> > -o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> > +-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> >  	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
> > -	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
> > +	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
> >  
> >  		int *p;
> >  		int *q;
> > @@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> >  	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
> >  	result in misordering bugs.
> >  
> > -o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> > +-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
> >  	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
> >  	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
> > -	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
> > +	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
> >  
> >  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
> >  		if (p == &default_struct)
> > @@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  
> >  	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
> >  	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
> > -	transform this code into the following:
> > +	transform this code into the following::
> >  
> >  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
> >  		if (p == &default_struct)
> > @@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  
> >  	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
> >  
> > -	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> > +	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> >  		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
> >  		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
> >  		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
> >  		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
> >  		against NULL pointers.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> > +	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> >  		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
> >  		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
> >  		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
> > @@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
> >  		of rcu_dereference().
> >  
> > -	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> > +	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> >  		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
> >  		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
> >  		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
> >  		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
> >  		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
> >  
> > -		o	Compile time.
> > +		-	Compile time.
> >  
> > -		o	Boot time.
> > +		-	Boot time.
> >  
> > -		o	Module-init time for module code.
> > +		-	Module-init time for module code.
> >  
> > -		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> > +		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> >  
> > -		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> > +		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> >  			we now hold.
> >  
> > -		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> > +		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> >  
> >  		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
> >  		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
> >  		be invoked at a later time.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
> > +	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
> >  		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
> >  		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
> >  		ordering either way.
> > @@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
> >  		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
> >  
> > -	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> > +	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> >  		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
> >  		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
> >  		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
> >  		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> > +	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> >  		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
> >  		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
> >  		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
> > @@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
> >  		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
> >  
> > -o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> > +-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> >  	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
> >  	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
> >  	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
> > @@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> >  
> >  
> >  EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
> > +----------------------------------
> >  
> >  Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
> >  see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
> >  consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
> > -precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
> > +precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
> >  
> >  But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
> >  
> > -Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
> > +Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
> >  
> >  
> >  EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
> > +-----------------------------------------
> >  
> >  If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
> >  other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
> > @@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
> >  should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
> >  
> >  But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
> > -expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
> > +expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
> >  
> >  
> >  WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
> > +------------------------------------------------------------
> >  
> >  First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
> >  using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
> > @@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
> >  	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
> > -	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> > +	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> > @@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
> >  	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
> > -	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> > +	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
> >  
> >  4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
> > -	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
> > +	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> > @@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  
> >  SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
> > +-----------------------------------------
> >  
> >  The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
> >  pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
> >  optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
> > -For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
> > +For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
> >  
> >  	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
> >  	do_something_with(p->a);
> >  	do_something_else_with(p->b);
> >  
> >  If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
> > -of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
> > +of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
> >  
> >  	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
> >  	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
> > @@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
> >  of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
> >  
> >  These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
> > -read as follows:
> > +read as follows::
> >  
> >  	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
> >  	do_something_with(p->a);
> > @@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
> >  this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
> >  if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
> >  and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
> > -follows:
> > +follows::
> >  
> >  	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
> >  
> > -- 
> > 2.20.1
> > 

Re: [Linux-kernel-mentees] [PATCH] Documentation: RCU: rcu_dereference: Convert to rcu_dereference.rst

[Amol Grover]

On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 09:57:34AM -0700, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> On Sat, Nov 02, 2019 at 01:31:07PM +0530, Amol Grover wrote:
> > This patch converts rcu_dereference.txt to rcu_dereference.rst and
> > adds it to index.rst
> > 
> > Signed-off-by: Amol Grover <frextrite@gmail.com>
> 
> Queued and pushed for review and testing.  Assuming all goes well, I will
> push it for the v5.6 merge window.
> 
> Could you please take a look at the similar commits from Madhuparna and
> Phong?  No time like the present to also gain experience with review
> and testing!
> 
> 							Thanx, Paul

Sure thing Paul!

Thank you
Amol

> 
> > ---
> >  Documentation/RCU/index.rst                   |  1 +
> >  ...cu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} | 75 ++++++++++---------
> >  2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)
> >  rename Documentation/RCU/{rcu_dereference.txt => rcu_dereference.rst} (88%)
> > 
> > diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > index 627128c230dc..585f3d8abd76 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > +++ b/Documentation/RCU/index.rst
> > @@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ RCU concepts
> >     :maxdepth: 3
> >  
> >     arrayRCU
> > +   rcu_dereference
> >     rcu
> >     listRCU
> >     NMI-RCU
> > diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > similarity index 88%
> > rename from Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> > rename to Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > index bf699e8cfc75..c9667eb0d444 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.txt
> > +++ b/Documentation/RCU/rcu_dereference.rst
> > @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
> > +.. _rcu_dereference_doc:
> > +
> >  PROPER CARE AND FEEDING OF RETURN VALUES FROM rcu_dereference()
> > +===============================================================
> >  
> >  Most of the time, you can use values from rcu_dereference() or one of
> >  the similar primitives without worries.  Dereferencing (prefix "*"),
> > @@ -8,7 +11,7 @@ subtraction of constants, and casts all work quite naturally and safely.
> >  It is nevertheless possible to get into trouble with other operations.
> >  Follow these rules to keep your RCU code working properly:
> >  
> > -o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> > +-	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> >  	to load an RCU-protected pointer, otherwise CONFIG_PROVE_RCU
> >  	will complain.  Worse yet, your code can see random memory-corruption
> >  	bugs due to games that compilers and DEC Alpha can play.
> > @@ -25,24 +28,24 @@ o	You must use one of the rcu_dereference() family of primitives
> >  	for an example where the compiler can in fact deduce the exact
> >  	value of the pointer, and thus cause misordering.
> >  
> > -o	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> > +-	You are only permitted to use rcu_dereference on pointer values.
> >  	The compiler simply knows too much about integral values to
> >  	trust it to carry dependencies through integer operations.
> >  	There are a very few exceptions, namely that you can temporarily
> >  	cast the pointer to uintptr_t in order to:
> >  
> > -	o	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> > +	-	Set bits and clear bits down in the must-be-zero low-order
> >  		bits of that pointer.  This clearly means that the pointer
> >  		must have alignment constraints, for example, this does
> >  		-not- work in general for char* pointers.
> >  
> > -	o	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> > +	-	XOR bits to translate pointers, as is done in some
> >  		classic buddy-allocator algorithms.
> >  
> >  	It is important to cast the value back to pointer before
> >  	doing much of anything else with it.
> >  
> > -o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> > +-	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> >  	operators.  For example, for a given variable "x", avoid
> >  	"(x-(uintptr_t)x)" for char* pointers.	The compiler is within its
> >  	rights to substitute zero for this sort of expression, so that
> > @@ -54,16 +57,16 @@ o	Avoid cancellation when using the "+" and "-" infix arithmetic
> >  	"p+a-b" is safe because its value still necessarily depends on
> >  	the rcu_dereference(), thus maintaining proper ordering.
> >  
> > -o	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> > +-	If you are using RCU to protect JITed functions, so that the
> >  	"()" function-invocation operator is applied to a value obtained
> >  	(directly or indirectly) from rcu_dereference(), you may need to
> >  	interact directly with the hardware to flush instruction caches.
> >  	This issue arises on some systems when a newly JITed function is
> >  	using the same memory that was used by an earlier JITed function.
> >  
> > -o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> > +-	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> >  	">", ">=", "<", or "<=") when dereferencing.  For example,
> > -	the following (quite strange) code is buggy:
> > +	the following (quite strange) code is buggy::
> >  
> >  		int *p;
> >  		int *q;
> > @@ -81,11 +84,11 @@ o	Do not use the results from relational operators ("==", "!=",
> >  	after such branches, but can speculate loads, which can again
> >  	result in misordering bugs.
> >  
> > -o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> > +-	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  	rcu_dereference() against non-NULL values.  As Linus Torvalds
> >  	explained, if the two pointers are equal, the compiler could
> >  	substitute the pointer you are comparing against for the pointer
> > -	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example:
> > +	obtained from rcu_dereference().  For example::
> >  
> >  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
> >  		if (p == &default_struct)
> > @@ -93,7 +96,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  
> >  	Because the compiler now knows that the value of "p" is exactly
> >  	the address of the variable "default_struct", it is free to
> > -	transform this code into the following:
> > +	transform this code into the following::
> >  
> >  		p = rcu_dereference(gp);
> >  		if (p == &default_struct)
> > @@ -105,14 +108,14 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  
> >  	However, comparisons are OK in the following cases:
> >  
> > -	o	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> > +	-	The comparison was against the NULL pointer.  If the
> >  		compiler knows that the pointer is NULL, you had better
> >  		not be dereferencing it anyway.  If the comparison is
> >  		non-equal, the compiler is none the wiser.  Therefore,
> >  		it is safe to compare pointers from rcu_dereference()
> >  		against NULL pointers.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> > +	-	The pointer is never dereferenced after being compared.
> >  		Since there are no subsequent dereferences, the compiler
> >  		cannot use anything it learned from the comparison
> >  		to reorder the non-existent subsequent dereferences.
> > @@ -124,31 +127,31 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		dereferenced, rcu_access_pointer() should be used in place
> >  		of rcu_dereference().
> >  
> > -	o	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> > +	-	The comparison is against a pointer that references memory
> >  		that was initialized "a long time ago."  The reason
> >  		this is safe is that even if misordering occurs, the
> >  		misordering will not affect the accesses that follow
> >  		the comparison.  So exactly how long ago is "a long
> >  		time ago"?  Here are some possibilities:
> >  
> > -		o	Compile time.
> > +		-	Compile time.
> >  
> > -		o	Boot time.
> > +		-	Boot time.
> >  
> > -		o	Module-init time for module code.
> > +		-	Module-init time for module code.
> >  
> > -		o	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> > +		-	Prior to kthread creation for kthread code.
> >  
> > -		o	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> > +		-	During some prior acquisition of the lock that
> >  			we now hold.
> >  
> > -		o	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> > +		-	Before mod_timer() time for a timer handler.
> >  
> >  		There are many other possibilities involving the Linux
> >  		kernel's wide array of primitives that cause code to
> >  		be invoked at a later time.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointer being compared against also came from
> > +	-	The pointer being compared against also came from
> >  		rcu_dereference().  In this case, both pointers depend
> >  		on one rcu_dereference() or another, so you get proper
> >  		ordering either way.
> > @@ -159,13 +162,13 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		of such an RCU usage bug is shown in the section titled
> >  		"EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG".
> >  
> > -	o	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> > +	-	All of the accesses following the comparison are stores,
> >  		so that a control dependency preserves the needed ordering.
> >  		That said, it is easy to get control dependencies wrong.
> >  		Please see the "CONTROL DEPENDENCIES" section of
> >  		Documentation/memory-barriers.txt for more details.
> >  
> > -	o	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> > +	-	The pointers are not equal -and- the compiler does
> >  		not have enough information to deduce the value of the
> >  		pointer.  Note that the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
> >  		will normally prevent the compiler from knowing too much.
> > @@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ o	Be very careful about comparing pointers obtained from
> >  		comparison will provide exactly the information that the
> >  		compiler needs to deduce the value of the pointer.
> >  
> > -o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> > +-	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> >  	might provide, especially if you are making use of feedback-based
> >  	optimizations that take data collected from prior runs.  Such
> >  	value-speculation optimizations reorder operations by design.
> > @@ -188,11 +191,12 @@ o	Disable any value-speculation optimizations that your compiler
> >  
> >  
> >  EXAMPLE OF AMPLIFIED RCU-USAGE BUG
> > +----------------------------------
> >  
> >  Because updaters can run concurrently with RCU readers, RCU readers can
> >  see stale and/or inconsistent values.  If RCU readers need fresh or
> >  consistent values, which they sometimes do, they need to take proper
> > -precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment:
> > +precautions.  To see this, consider the following code fragment::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ to some reordering from the compiler and CPUs is beside the point.
> >  
> >  But suppose that the reader needs a consistent view?
> >  
> > -Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows:
> > +Then one approach is to use locking, for example, as follows::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -299,6 +303,7 @@ As always, use the right tool for the job!
> >  
> >  
> >  EXAMPLE WHERE THE COMPILER KNOWS TOO MUCH
> > +-----------------------------------------
> >  
> >  If a pointer obtained from rcu_dereference() compares not-equal to some
> >  other pointer, the compiler normally has no clue what the value of the
> > @@ -308,7 +313,7 @@ guarantees that RCU depends on.  And the volatile cast in rcu_dereference()
> >  should prevent the compiler from guessing the value.
> >  
> >  But without rcu_dereference(), the compiler knows more than you might
> > -expect.  Consider the following code fragment:
> > +expect.  Consider the following code fragment::
> >  
> >  	struct foo {
> >  		int a;
> > @@ -354,6 +359,7 @@ dereference the resulting pointer.
> >  
> >  
> >  WHICH MEMBER OF THE rcu_dereference() FAMILY SHOULD YOU USE?
> > +------------------------------------------------------------
> >  
> >  First, please avoid using rcu_dereference_raw() and also please avoid
> >  using rcu_dereference_check() and rcu_dereference_protected() with a
> > @@ -370,7 +376,7 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  2.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
> >  	on the one hand, or protected by (say) my_lock on the other,
> > -	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> > +	use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> > @@ -378,14 +384,14 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  3.	If the access might be within an RCU read-side critical section
> >  	on the one hand, or protected by either my_lock or your_lock on
> > -	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example:
> > +	the other, again use rcu_dereference_check(), for example::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_check(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&my_lock) ||
> >  					   lockdep_is_held(&your_lock));
> >  
> >  4.	If the access is on the update side, so that it is always protected
> > -	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected():
> > +	by my_lock, use rcu_dereference_protected()::
> >  
> >  		p1 = rcu_dereference_protected(p->rcu_protected_pointer,
> >  					       lockdep_is_held(&my_lock));
> > @@ -410,18 +416,19 @@ member of the rcu_dereference() to use in various situations:
> >  
> >  
> >  SPARSE CHECKING OF RCU-PROTECTED POINTERS
> > +-----------------------------------------
> >  
> >  The sparse static-analysis tool checks for direct access to RCU-protected
> >  pointers, which can result in "interesting" bugs due to compiler
> >  optimizations involving invented loads and perhaps also load tearing.
> > -For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this:
> > +For example, suppose someone mistakenly does something like this::
> >  
> >  	p = q->rcu_protected_pointer;
> >  	do_something_with(p->a);
> >  	do_something_else_with(p->b);
> >  
> >  If register pressure is high, the compiler might optimize "p" out
> > -of existence, transforming the code to something like this:
> > +of existence, transforming the code to something like this::
> >  
> >  	do_something_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->a);
> >  	do_something_else_with(q->rcu_protected_pointer->b);
> > @@ -435,7 +442,7 @@ Load tearing could of course result in dereferencing a mashup of a pair
> >  of pointers, which also might fatally disappoint your code.
> >  
> >  These problems could have been avoided simply by making the code instead
> > -read as follows:
> > +read as follows::
> >  
> >  	p = rcu_dereference(q->rcu_protected_pointer);
> >  	do_something_with(p->a);
> > @@ -448,7 +455,7 @@ or as a formal parameter, with "__rcu", which tells sparse to complain if
> >  this pointer is accessed directly.  It will also cause sparse to complain
> >  if a pointer not marked with "__rcu" is accessed using rcu_dereference()
> >  and friends.  For example, ->rcu_protected_pointer might be declared as
> > -follows:
> > +follows::
> >  
> >  	struct foo __rcu *rcu_protected_pointer;
> >  
> > -- 
> > 2.20.1
> > 
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