[PATCH RFC v2 05/25] kmsan: add ReST documentation

[glider@google.com]

Add Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst and reference it in the dev-tools
index.

Signed-off-by: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
To: Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>
Cc: Vegard Nossum <vegard.nossum@oracle.com>
Cc: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org

---

Change-Id: Iac6345065e6804ef811f1124fdf779c67ff1530e
---
 Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst |   1 +
 Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst | 418 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 419 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst b/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst
index b0522a4dd107..bc5e3fd87efa 100644
--- a/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst
+++ b/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ whole; patches welcome!
    kcov
    gcov
    kasan
+   kmsan
    ubsan
    kmemleak
    gdb-kernel-debugging
diff --git a/Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst b/Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..51f9c207cc2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
+=============================
+KernelMemorySanitizer (KMSAN)
+=============================
+
+KMSAN is a dynamic memory error detector aimed at finding uses of uninitialized
+memory.
+It is based on compiler instrumentation, and is quite similar to the userspace
+MemorySanitizer tool (http://clang.llvm.org/docs/MemorySanitizer.html).
+
+KMSAN and Clang
+===============
+
+In order for KMSAN to work the kernel must be
+built with Clang, which is so far the only compiler that has KMSAN support.
+The kernel instrumentation pass is based on the userspace MemorySanitizer tool
+(http://clang.llvm.org/docs/MemorySanitizer.html). Because of the
+instrumentation complexity it's unlikely that any other compiler will support
+KMSAN soon.
+
+Right now the instrumentation pass supports x86_64 only.
+
+How to build
+============
+
+In order to build a kernel with KMSAN you'll need a fresh Clang (10.0.0+, trunk
+version r365008 or greater). Please refer to
+https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html for the instructions on how to build
+Clang::
+
+  export KMSAN_CLANG_PATH=/path/to/clang
+  # Now configure and build the kernel with CONFIG_KMSAN enabled.
+  make CC=$KMSAN_CLANG_PATH -j64
+
+How KMSAN works
+===============
+
+KMSAN shadow memory
+-------------------
+
+KMSAN associates a so-called shadow byte with every byte of kernel memory.
+A bit in the shadow byte is set iff the corresponding bit of the kernel memory
+byte is uninitialized.
+Marking the memory uninitialized (i.e. setting its shadow bytes to 0xff) is
+called poisoning, marking it initialized (setting the shadow bytes to 0x00) is
+called unpoisoning.
+
+When a new variable is allocated on the stack, it's poisoned by default by
+instrumentation code inserted by the compiler (unless it's a stack variable that
+is immediately initialized). Any new heap allocation done without ``__GFP_ZERO``
+is also poisoned.
+
+Compiler instrumentation also tracks the shadow values with the help from the
+runtime library in ``mm/kmsan/``.
+
+The shadow value of a basic or compound type is an array of bytes of the same
+length.
+When a constant value is written into memory, that memory is unpoisoned.
+When a value is read from memory, its shadow memory is also obtained and
+propagated into all the operations which use that value. For every instruction
+that takes one or more values the compiler generates code that calculates the
+shadow of the result depending on those values and their shadows.
+
+Example::
+
+  int a = 0xff;
+  int b;
+  int c = a | b;
+
+In this case the shadow of ``a`` is ``0``, shadow of ``b`` is ``0xffffffff``,
+shadow of ``c`` is ``0xffffff00``. This means that the upper three bytes of
+``c`` are uninitialized, while the lower byte is initialized.
+
+
+Origin tracking
+---------------
+
+Every four bytes of kernel memory also have a so-called origin assigned to
+them.
+This origin describes the point in program execution at which the uninitialized
+value was created. Every origin is associated with a creation stack, which lets
+the user figure out what's going on.
+
+When an uninitialized variable is allocated on stack or heap, a new origin
+value is created, and that variable's origin is filled with that value.
+When a value is read from memory, its origin is also read and kept together
+with the shadow. For every instruction that takes one or more values the origin
+of the result is one of the origins corresponding to any of the uninitialized
+inputs.
+If a poisoned value is written into memory, its origin is written to the
+corresponding storage as well.
+
+Example 1::
+
+  int a = 0;
+  int b;
+  int c = a + b;
+
+In this case the origin of ``b`` is generated upon function entry, and is
+stored to the origin of ``c`` right before the addition result is written into
+memory.
+
+Several variables may share the same origin address, if they are stored in the
+same four-byte chunk.
+In this case every write to either variable updates the origin for all of them.
+
+Example 2::
+
+  int combine(short a, short b) {
+    union ret_t {
+      int i;
+      short s[2];
+    } ret;
+    ret.s[0] = a;
+    ret.s[1] = b;
+    return ret.i;
+  }
+
+If ``a`` is initialized and ``b`` is not, the shadow of the result would be
+0xffff0000, and the origin of the result would be the origin of ``b``.
+``ret.s[0]`` would have the same origin, but it will be never used, because
+that variable is initialized.
+
+If both function arguments are uninitialized, only the origin of the second
+argument is preserved.
+
+Origin chaining
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+To ease the debugging, KMSAN creates a new origin for every memory store.
+The new origin references both its creation stack and the previous origin the
+memory location had.
+This may cause increased memory consumption, so we limit the length of origin
+chains in the runtime.
+
+Clang instrumentation API
+-------------------------
+
+Clang instrumentation pass inserts calls to functions defined in
+``mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c`` into the kernel code.
+
+Shadow manipulation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+For every memory access the compiler emits a call to a function that returns a
+pair of pointers to the shadow and origin addresses of the given memory::
+
+  typedef struct {
+    void *s, *o;
+  } shadow_origin_ptr_t
+
+  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_load_{1,2,4,8}(void *addr)
+  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_store_{1,2,4,8}(void *addr)
+  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_load_n(void *addr, u64 size)
+  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_store_n(void *addr, u64 size)
+
+The function name depends on the memory access size.
+Each such function also checks if the shadow of the memory in the range
+[``addr``, ``addr + n``) is contiguous and reports an error otherwise.
+
+The compiler makes sure that for every loaded value its shadow and origin
+values are read from memory.
+When a value is stored to memory, its shadow and origin are also stored using
+the metadata pointers.
+
+Origin tracking
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+A special function is used to create a new origin value for a local variable
+and set the origin of that variable to that value::
+
+  void __msan_poison_alloca(u64 address, u64 size, char *descr)
+
+Access to per-task data
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+At the beginning of every instrumented function KMSAN inserts a call to
+``__msan_get_context_state()``::
+
+  kmsan_context_state *__msan_get_context_state(void)
+
+``kmsan_context_state`` is declared in ``include/linux/kmsan.h``::
+
+  struct kmsan_context_s {
+    char param_tls[KMSAN_PARAM_SIZE];
+    char retval_tls[RETVAL_SIZE];
+    char va_arg_tls[KMSAN_PARAM_SIZE];
+    char va_arg_origin_tls[KMSAN_PARAM_SIZE];
+    u64 va_arg_overflow_size_tls;
+    depot_stack_handle_t param_origin_tls[PARAM_ARRAY_SIZE];
+    depot_stack_handle_t retval_origin_tls;
+    depot_stack_handle_t origin_tls;
+  };
+
+This structure is used by KMSAN to pass parameter shadows and origins between
+instrumented functions.
+
+String functions
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The compiler replaces calls to ``memcpy()``/``memmove()``/``memset()`` with the
+following functions. These functions are also called when data structures are
+initialized or copied, making sure shadow and origin values are copied alongside
+with the data::
+
+  void *__msan_memcpy(void *dst, void *src, u64 n)
+  void *__msan_memmove(void *dst, void *src, u64 n)
+  void *__msan_memset(void *dst, int c, size_t n)
+
+Error reporting
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+For each pointer dereference and each condition the compiler emits a shadow
+check that calls ``__msan_warning()`` in the case a poisoned value is being
+used::
+
+  void __msan_warning(u32 origin)
+
+``__msan_warning()`` causes KMSAN runtime to print an error report.
+
+Inline assembly instrumentation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+KMSAN instruments every inline assembly output with a call to::
+
+  void __msan_instrument_asm_store(u64 addr, u64 size)
+
+, which unpoisons the memory region.
+
+This approach may mask certain errors, but it also helps to avoid a lot of
+false positives in bitwise operations, atomics etc.
+
+Sometimes the pointers passed into inline assembly don't point to valid memory.
+In such cases they are ignored at runtime.
+
+Disabling the instrumentation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+A function can be marked with ``__no_sanitize_memory``.
+Doing so doesn't remove KMSAN instrumentation from it, however it makes the
+compiler ignore the uninitialized values coming from the function's inputs,
+and initialize the function's outputs.
+The compiler won't inline functions marked with this attribute into functions
+not marked with it, and vice versa.
+
+It's also possible to disable KMSAN for a single file (e.g. main.o)::
+
+  KMSAN_SANITIZE_main.o := n
+
+or for the whole directory::
+
+  KMSAN_SANITIZE := n
+
+in the Makefile. This comes at a cost however: stack allocations from such files
+and parameters of instrumented functions called from them will have incorrect
+shadow/origin values. As a rule of thumb, avoid using KMSAN_SANITIZE.
+
+Runtime library
+---------------
+The code is located in ``mm/kmsan/``.
+
+Per-task KMSAN state
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Every task_struct has an associated KMSAN task state that holds the KMSAN
+context (see above) and a per-task flag disallowing KMSAN reports::
+
+  struct kmsan_task_state {
+    ...
+    bool allow_reporting;
+    struct kmsan_context_state cstate;
+    ...
+  }
+
+  struct task_struct {
+    ...
+    struct kmsan_task_state kmsan;
+    ...
+  }
+
+
+KMSAN contexts
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+When running in a kernel task context, KMSAN uses ``current->kmsan.cstate`` to
+hold the metadata for function parameters and return values.
+
+But in the case the kernel is running in the interrupt, softirq or NMI context,
+where ``current`` is unavailable, KMSAN switches to per-cpu interrupt state::
+
+  DEFINE_PER_CPU(kmsan_context_state[KMSAN_NESTED_CONTEXT_MAX],
+                 kmsan_percpu_cstate);
+
+Metadata allocation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+There are several places in the kernel for which the metadata is stored.
+
+1. Each ``struct page`` instance contains two pointers to its shadow and
+origin pages::
+
+  struct page {
+    ...
+    struct page *shadow, *origin;
+    ...
+  };
+
+Every time a ``struct page`` is allocated, the runtime library allocates two
+additional pages to hold its shadow and origins. This is done by adding hooks
+to ``alloc_pages()``/``free_pages()`` in ``mm/page_alloc.c``.
+To avoid allocating the metadata for non-interesting pages (right now only the
+shadow/origin page themselves and stackdepot storage) the
+``__GFP_NO_KMSAN_SHADOW`` flag is used.
+
+There is a problem related to this allocation algorithm: when two contiguous
+memory blocks are allocated with two different ``alloc_pages()`` calls, their
+shadow pages may not be contiguous. So, if a memory access crosses the boundary
+of a memory block, accesses to shadow/origin memory may potentially corrupt
+other pages or read incorrect values from them.
+
+As a workaround, we check the access size in
+``__msan_metadata_ptr_for_XXX_YYY()`` and return a pointer to a fake shadow
+region in the case of an error::
+
+  char dummy_load_page[PAGE_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(PAGE_SIZE)));
+  char dummy_store_page[PAGE_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(PAGE_SIZE)));
+
+``dummy_load_page`` is zero-initialized, so reads from it always yield zeroes.
+All stores to ``dummy_store_page`` are ignored.
+
+Unfortunately at boot time we need to allocate shadow and origin pages for the
+kernel data (``.data``, ``.bss`` etc.) and percpu memory regions, the size of
+which is not a power of 2. As a result, we have to allocate the metadata page by
+page, so that it is also non-contiguous, although it may be perfectly valid to
+access the corresponding kernel memory across page boundaries.
+This can be probably fixed by allocating 1<<N pages at once, splitting them and
+deallocating the rest.
+
+LSB of the ``shadow`` pointer in a ``struct page`` may be set to 1. In this case
+shadow and origin pages are allocated, but KMSAN ignores accesses to them by
+falling back to dummy pages. Allocating the metadata pages is still needed to
+support ``vmap()/vunmap()`` operations on this struct page.
+
+2. For vmalloc memory and modules, there's a direct mapping between the memory
+range, its shadow and origin. KMSAN lessens the vmalloc area by 3/4, making only
+the first quarter available to ``vmalloc()``. The second quarter of the vmalloc
+area contains shadow memory for the first quarter, the third one holds the
+origins. A small part of the fourth quarter contains shadow and origins for the
+kernel modules. Please refer to ``arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_64_types.h`` for
+more details.
+
+When an array of pages is mapped into a contiguous virtual memory space, their
+shadow and origin pages are similarly mapped into contiguous regions.
+
+3. For CPU entry area there're separate per-CPU arrays that hold its metadata::
+
+  DEFINE_PER_CPU(char[CPU_ENTRY_AREA_SIZE], cpu_entry_area_shadow);
+  DEFINE_PER_CPU(char[CPU_ENTRY_AREA_SIZE], cpu_entry_area_origin);
+
+When calculating shadow and origin addresses for a given memory address, the
+runtime checks whether the address belongs to the physical page range, the
+virtual page range or CPU entry area.
+
+Handling ``pt_regs``
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Many functions receive a ``struct pt_regs`` holding the register state at a
+certain point. Registers don't have (easily calculatable) shadow or origin
+associated with them.
+We can assume that the registers are always initialized.
+
+Example report
+--------------
+Here's an example of a real KMSAN report in ``packet_bind_spkt()``::
+
+  ==================================================================
+  BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in strlen
+  CPU: 0 PID: 1074 Comm: packet Not tainted 4.8.0-rc6+ #1891
+  Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Bochs 01/01/2011
+   0000000000000000 ffff88006b6dfc08 ffffffff82559ae8 ffff88006b6dfb48
+   ffffffff818a7c91 ffffffff85b9c870 0000000000000092 ffffffff85b9c550
+   0000000000000000 0000000000000092 00000000ec400911 0000000000000002
+  Call Trace:
+   [<     inline     >] __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:15
+   [<ffffffff82559ae8>] dump_stack+0x238/0x290 lib/dump_stack.c:51
+   [<ffffffff818a6626>] kmsan_report+0x276/0x2e0 mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:1003
+   [<ffffffff818a783b>] __msan_warning+0x5b/0xb0 mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c:424
+   [<     inline     >] strlen lib/string.c:484
+   [<ffffffff8259b58d>] strlcpy+0x9d/0x200 lib/string.c:144
+   [<ffffffff84b2eca4>] packet_bind_spkt+0x144/0x230 net/packet/af_packet.c:3132
+   [<ffffffff84242e4d>] SYSC_bind+0x40d/0x5f0 net/socket.c:1370
+   [<ffffffff84242a22>] SyS_bind+0x82/0xa0 net/socket.c:1356
+   [<ffffffff8515991b>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x13/0x8f arch/x86/entry/entry_64.o:?
+  chained origin:
+   [<ffffffff810bb787>] save_stack_trace+0x27/0x50 arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c:67
+   [<     inline     >] kmsan_save_stack_with_flags mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:322
+   [<     inline     >] kmsan_save_stack mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:334
+   [<ffffffff818a59f8>] kmsan_internal_chain_origin+0x118/0x1e0 mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:527
+   [<ffffffff818a7773>] __msan_set_alloca_origin4+0xc3/0x130 mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c:380
+   [<ffffffff84242b69>] SYSC_bind+0x129/0x5f0 net/socket.c:1356
+   [<ffffffff84242a22>] SyS_bind+0x82/0xa0 net/socket.c:1356
+   [<ffffffff8515991b>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x13/0x8f arch/x86/entry/entry_64.o:?
+  origin description: ----address@SYSC_bind (origin=00000000eb400911)
+  ==================================================================
+
+The report tells that the local variable ``address`` was created uninitialized
+in ``SYSC_bind()`` (the ``bind`` system call implementation). The lower stack
+trace corresponds to the place where this variable was created.
+
+The upper stack shows where the uninit value was used - in ``strlen()``.
+It turned out that the contents of ``address`` were partially copied from the
+userspace, but the buffer wasn't zero-terminated and contained some trailing
+uninitialized bytes.
+``packet_bind_spkt()`` didn't check the length of the buffer, but called
+``strlcpy()`` on it, which called ``strlen()``, which started reading the
+buffer byte by byte till it hit the uninitialized memory.
+
+
+References
+==========
+
+E. Stepanov, K. Serebryany. MemorySanitizer: fast detector of uninitialized
+memory use in C++.
+In Proceedings of CGO 2015.
-- 
2.24.0.rc0.303.g954a862665-goog