From: Yu-cheng Yu <yu-cheng.yu@intel.com>
To: x86@kernel.org, "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>,
Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>,
Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>,
linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-doc@vger.kernel.org,
linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-arch@vger.kernel.org,
linux-api@vger.kernel.org, Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>,
Andy Lutomirski <luto@kernel.org>,
Balbir Singh <bsingharora@gmail.com>,
Borislav Petkov <bp@alien8.de>,
Cyrill Gorcunov <gorcunov@gmail.com>,
Dave Hansen <dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>,
Eugene Syromiatnikov <esyr@redhat.com>,
Florian Weimer <fweimer@redhat.com>,
"H.J. Lu" <hjl.tools@gmail.com>, Jann Horn <jannh@google.com>,
Jonathan Corbet <corbet@lwn.net>,
Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>,
Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>,
Nadav Amit <nadav.amit@gmail.com>,
Oleg Nesterov <oleg@redhat.com>, Pavel Machek <pavel@ucw.cz>,
Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>,
Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org>,
"Ravi V. Shankar" <ravi.v.shankar@intel.com>,
Vedvyas Shanbhogue <vedvyas.shanbhogue@intel.com>,
Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com>,
Weijiang Yang <weijiang.yang@intel.com>,
Pengfei Xu <pengfei.xu@intel.com>,
Haitao Huang <haitao.huang@intel.com>
Cc: Yu-cheng Yu <yu-cheng.yu@intel.com>
Subject: [PATCH v26 25/30] x86/cet/shstk: Handle signals for shadow stack
Date: Tue, 27 Apr 2021 13:43:10 -0700 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20210427204315.24153-26-yu-cheng.yu@intel.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20210427204315.24153-1-yu-cheng.yu@intel.com>
When shadow stack is enabled, a task's shadow stack states must be saved
along with the signal context and later restored in sigreturn. However,
currently there is no systematic facility for extending a signal context.
There is some space left in the ucontext, but changing ucontext is likely
to create compatibility issues and there is not enough space for further
extensions.
Introduce a signal context extension struct 'sc_ext', which is used to save
shadow stack restore token address. The extension is located above the fpu
states, plus alignment. The struct can be extended (such as the ibt's
wait_endbr status to be introduced later), and sc_ext.total_size field
keeps track of total size.
Introduce routines for the allocation, save, and restore for sc_ext:
- fpu__alloc_sigcontext_ext(),
- save_extra_state_to_sigframe(),
- get_extra_state_from_sigframe(),
- restore_extra_state_to_xregs().
Signed-off-by: Yu-cheng Yu <yu-cheng.yu@intel.com>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
---
v25:
- Update commit log/comments for the sc_ext struct.
- Use restorer address already calculated.
- Change CONFIG_X86_CET to CONFIG_X86_SHADOW_STACK.
- Change X86_FEATURE_CET to X86_FEATURE_SHSTK.
- Eliminate writing to MSR_IA32_U_CET for shadow stack.
- Change wrmsrl() to wrmsrl_safe() and handle error.
v24:
- Split out shadow stack token routines to a separate patch.
- Put signal frame save/restore routines to fpu/signal.c and re-name accordingly.
arch/x86/ia32/ia32_signal.c | 24 +++--
arch/x86/include/asm/cet.h | 2 +
arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/internal.h | 2 +
arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/sigcontext.h | 9 ++
arch/x86/kernel/fpu/signal.c | 137 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-
arch/x86/kernel/signal.c | 9 ++
6 files changed, 172 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
diff --git a/arch/x86/ia32/ia32_signal.c b/arch/x86/ia32/ia32_signal.c
index 5e3d9b7fd5fb..423abcd181f2 100644
--- a/arch/x86/ia32/ia32_signal.c
+++ b/arch/x86/ia32/ia32_signal.c
@@ -202,7 +202,8 @@ do { \
*/
static void __user *get_sigframe(struct ksignal *ksig, struct pt_regs *regs,
size_t frame_size,
- void __user **fpstate)
+ void __user **fpstate,
+ void __user *restorer)
{
unsigned long sp, fx_aligned, math_size;
@@ -220,6 +221,10 @@ static void __user *get_sigframe(struct ksignal *ksig, struct pt_regs *regs,
sp = fpu__alloc_mathframe(sp, 1, &fx_aligned, &math_size);
*fpstate = (struct _fpstate_32 __user *) sp;
+
+ if (save_extra_state_to_sigframe(1, *fpstate, restorer))
+ return (void __user *)-1L;
+
if (copy_fpstate_to_sigframe(*fpstate, (void __user *)fx_aligned,
math_size) < 0)
return (void __user *) -1L;
@@ -249,8 +254,6 @@ int ia32_setup_frame(int sig, struct ksignal *ksig,
0x80cd, /* int $0x80 */
};
- frame = get_sigframe(ksig, regs, sizeof(*frame), &fp);
-
if (ksig->ka.sa.sa_flags & SA_RESTORER) {
restorer = ksig->ka.sa.sa_restorer;
} else {
@@ -262,6 +265,8 @@ int ia32_setup_frame(int sig, struct ksignal *ksig,
restorer = &frame->retcode;
}
+ frame = get_sigframe(ksig, regs, sizeof(*frame), &fp, restorer);
+
if (!user_access_begin(frame, sizeof(*frame)))
return -EFAULT;
@@ -317,7 +322,13 @@ int ia32_setup_rt_frame(int sig, struct ksignal *ksig,
0,
};
- frame = get_sigframe(ksig, regs, sizeof(*frame), &fp);
+ if (ksig->ka.sa.sa_flags & SA_RESTORER)
+ restorer = ksig->ka.sa.sa_restorer;
+ else
+ restorer = current->mm->context.vdso +
+ vdso_image_32.sym___kernel_rt_sigreturn;
+
+ frame = get_sigframe(ksig, regs, sizeof(*frame), &fp, restorer);
if (!user_access_begin(frame, sizeof(*frame)))
return -EFAULT;
@@ -334,11 +345,6 @@ int ia32_setup_rt_frame(int sig, struct ksignal *ksig,
unsafe_put_user(0, &frame->uc.uc_link, Efault);
unsafe_compat_save_altstack(&frame->uc.uc_stack, regs->sp, Efault);
- if (ksig->ka.sa.sa_flags & SA_RESTORER)
- restorer = ksig->ka.sa.sa_restorer;
- else
- restorer = current->mm->context.vdso +
- vdso_image_32.sym___kernel_rt_sigreturn;
unsafe_put_user(ptr_to_compat(restorer), &frame->pretcode, Efault);
/*
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/cet.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/cet.h
index ef6155213b7e..5e66919bd2fe 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/cet.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/cet.h
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
#include <linux/types.h>
struct task_struct;
+struct sc_ext;
+
/*
* Per-thread CET status
*/
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/internal.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/internal.h
index 8d33ad80704f..2a3c6a160dd6 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/internal.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/internal.h
@@ -443,6 +443,8 @@ static inline void copy_kernel_to_fpregs(union fpregs_state *fpstate)
__copy_kernel_to_fpregs(fpstate, -1);
}
+extern int save_extra_state_to_sigframe(int ia32, void __user *fp,
+ void __user *restorer);
extern int copy_fpstate_to_sigframe(void __user *buf, void __user *fp, int size);
/*
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/sigcontext.h b/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/sigcontext.h
index 844d60eb1882..10d7fa192d48 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/sigcontext.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/sigcontext.h
@@ -196,6 +196,15 @@ struct _xstate {
/* New processor state extensions go here: */
};
+/*
+ * Located at the end of sigcontext->fpstate, aligned to 8.
+ * total_size keeps track of further extension of the struct.
+ */
+struct sc_ext {
+ unsigned long total_size;
+ unsigned long ssp;
+};
+
/*
* The 32-bit signal frame:
*/
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/fpu/signal.c b/arch/x86/kernel/fpu/signal.c
index a4ec65317a7f..0488407bec81 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/fpu/signal.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/fpu/signal.c
@@ -52,6 +52,107 @@ static inline int check_for_xstate(struct fxregs_state __user *buf,
return 0;
}
+int save_extra_state_to_sigframe(int ia32, void __user *fp, void __user *restorer)
+{
+ int err = 0;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86_SHADOW_STACK
+ struct cet_status *cet = ¤t->thread.cet;
+ unsigned long token_addr = 0, new_ssp = 0;
+ struct sc_ext ext = {};
+
+ if (!cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_SHSTK))
+ return 0;
+
+ if (cet->shstk_size) {
+ err = shstk_setup_rstor_token(ia32, (unsigned long)restorer,
+ &token_addr, &new_ssp);
+ if (err)
+ return err;
+
+ ext.ssp = token_addr;
+
+ fpregs_lock();
+ if (test_thread_flag(TIF_NEED_FPU_LOAD))
+ __fpregs_load_activate();
+ if (new_ssp)
+ err = wrmsrl_safe(MSR_IA32_PL3_SSP, new_ssp);
+ fpregs_unlock();
+ }
+
+ if (!err && ext.ssp) {
+ void __user *p = fp;
+
+ ext.total_size = sizeof(ext);
+
+ p = fp;
+ if (ia32)
+ p += sizeof(struct fregs_state);
+
+ p += fpu_user_xstate_size + FP_XSTATE_MAGIC2_SIZE;
+ p = (void __user *)ALIGN((unsigned long)p, 8);
+
+ if (copy_to_user(p, &ext, sizeof(ext)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ }
+#endif
+ return err;
+}
+
+static int get_extra_state_from_sigframe(int ia32, void __user *fp, struct sc_ext *ext)
+{
+ int err = 0;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86_SHADOW_STACK
+ struct cet_status *cet = ¤t->thread.cet;
+ void __user *p;
+
+ if (!cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_SHSTK))
+ return 0;
+
+ if (!cet->shstk_size)
+ return 0;
+
+ memset(ext, 0, sizeof(*ext));
+
+ p = fp;
+ if (ia32)
+ p += sizeof(struct fregs_state);
+
+ p += fpu_user_xstate_size + FP_XSTATE_MAGIC2_SIZE;
+ p = (void __user *)ALIGN((unsigned long)p, 8);
+
+ if (copy_from_user(ext, p, sizeof(*ext)))
+ return -EFAULT;
+
+ if (ext->total_size != sizeof(*ext))
+ return -EFAULT;
+
+ if (cet->shstk_size)
+ err = shstk_check_rstor_token(ia32, ext->ssp, &ext->ssp);
+#endif
+ return err;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called from __fpu__restore_sig() and protected by fpregs_lock().
+ */
+static int restore_extra_state_to_xregs(struct sc_ext *sc_ext)
+{
+ int err = 0;
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86_SHADOW_STACK
+ struct cet_status *cet = ¤t->thread.cet;
+
+ if (!cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_SHSTK))
+ return 0;
+
+ if (cet->shstk_size)
+ err = wrmsrl_safe(MSR_IA32_PL3_SSP, sc_ext->ssp);
+#endif
+ return err;
+}
+
/*
* Signal frame handlers.
*/
@@ -295,6 +396,7 @@ static int __fpu__restore_sig(void __user *buf, void __user *buf_fx, int size)
struct task_struct *tsk = current;
struct fpu *fpu = &tsk->thread.fpu;
struct user_i387_ia32_struct env;
+ struct sc_ext sc_ext;
u64 user_xfeatures = 0;
int fx_only = 0;
int ret = 0;
@@ -335,6 +437,10 @@ static int __fpu__restore_sig(void __user *buf, void __user *buf_fx, int size)
if ((unsigned long)buf_fx % 64)
fx_only = 1;
+ ret = get_extra_state_from_sigframe(ia32_fxstate, buf, &sc_ext);
+ if (ret)
+ return ret;
+
if (!ia32_fxstate) {
/*
* Attempt to restore the FPU registers directly from user
@@ -365,9 +471,17 @@ static int __fpu__restore_sig(void __user *buf, void __user *buf_fx, int size)
xfeatures_mask_supervisor())
copy_kernel_to_xregs(&fpu->state.xsave,
xfeatures_mask_supervisor());
- fpregs_mark_activate();
+
+ ret = restore_extra_state_to_xregs(&sc_ext);
+ if (!ret) {
+ fpregs_mark_activate();
+ } else {
+ fpregs_deactivate(fpu);
+ fpu__clear_user_states(fpu);
+ }
+
fpregs_unlock();
- return 0;
+ return ret;
}
fpregs_unlock();
} else {
@@ -430,6 +544,8 @@ static int __fpu__restore_sig(void __user *buf, void __user *buf_fx, int size)
ret = copy_kernel_to_xregs_err(&fpu->state.xsave,
user_xfeatures | xfeatures_mask_supervisor());
+ if (!ret)
+ ret = restore_extra_state_to_xregs(&sc_ext);
} else if (use_fxsr()) {
ret = __copy_from_user(&fpu->state.fxsave, buf_fx, state_size);
if (ret) {
@@ -491,12 +607,29 @@ int fpu__restore_sig(void __user *buf, int ia32_frame)
return __fpu__restore_sig(buf, buf_fx, size);
}
+static unsigned long fpu__alloc_sigcontext_ext(unsigned long sp)
+{
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86_SHADOW_STACK
+ struct cet_status *cet = ¤t->thread.cet;
+
+ /*
+ * sigcontext_ext is at: fpu + fpu_user_xstate_size +
+ * FP_XSTATE_MAGIC2_SIZE, then aligned to 8.
+ */
+ if (cet->shstk_size)
+ sp -= (sizeof(struct sc_ext) + 8);
+#endif
+ return sp;
+}
+
unsigned long
fpu__alloc_mathframe(unsigned long sp, int ia32_frame,
unsigned long *buf_fx, unsigned long *size)
{
unsigned long frame_size = xstate_sigframe_size();
+ sp = fpu__alloc_sigcontext_ext(sp);
+
*buf_fx = sp = round_down(sp - frame_size, 64);
if (ia32_frame && use_fxsr()) {
frame_size += sizeof(struct fregs_state);
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/signal.c b/arch/x86/kernel/signal.c
index f306e85a08a6..56d2412174c8 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/signal.c
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/signal.c
@@ -239,6 +239,9 @@ get_sigframe(struct k_sigaction *ka, struct pt_regs *regs, size_t frame_size,
unsigned long buf_fx = 0;
int onsigstack = on_sig_stack(sp);
int ret;
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
+ void __user *restorer = NULL;
+#endif
/* redzone */
if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_X86_64))
@@ -270,6 +273,12 @@ get_sigframe(struct k_sigaction *ka, struct pt_regs *regs, size_t frame_size,
if (onsigstack && !likely(on_sig_stack(sp)))
return (void __user *)-1L;
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
+ if (ka->sa.sa_flags & SA_RESTORER)
+ restorer = ka->sa.sa_restorer;
+ ret = save_extra_state_to_sigframe(0, *fpstate, restorer);
+#endif
+
/* save i387 and extended state */
ret = copy_fpstate_to_sigframe(*fpstate, (void __user *)buf_fx, math_size);
if (ret < 0)
--
2.21.0
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2021-04-27 20:45 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 83+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2021-04-27 20:42 [PATCH v26 00/30] Control-flow Enforcement: Shadow Stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 01/30] Documentation/x86: Add CET description Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 02/30] x86/cet/shstk: Add Kconfig option for Shadow Stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 03/30] x86/cpufeatures: Add CET CPU feature flags for Control-flow Enforcement Technology (CET) Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 04/30] x86/cpufeatures: Introduce CPU setup and option parsing for CET Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 05/30] x86/fpu/xstate: Introduce CET MSR and XSAVES supervisor states Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 06/30] x86/cet: Add control-protection fault handler Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 07/30] x86/mm: Remove _PAGE_DIRTY from kernel RO pages Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 08/30] x86/mm: Move pmd_write(), pud_write() up in the file Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 09/30] x86/mm: Introduce _PAGE_COW Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 10/30] drm/i915/gvt: Change _PAGE_DIRTY to _PAGE_DIRTY_BITS Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 11/30] x86/mm: Update pte_modify for _PAGE_COW Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 12/30] x86/mm: Update ptep_set_wrprotect() and pmdp_set_wrprotect() for transition from _PAGE_DIRTY to _PAGE_COW Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 13/30] mm: Introduce VM_SHADOW_STACK for shadow stack memory Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:42 ` [PATCH v26 14/30] x86/mm: Shadow Stack page fault error checking Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 15/30] x86/mm: Update maybe_mkwrite() for shadow stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 16/30] mm: Fixup places that call pte_mkwrite() directly Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 17/30] mm: Add guard pages around a shadow stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 18/30] mm/mmap: Add shadow stack pages to memory accounting Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 19/30] mm: Update can_follow_write_pte() for shadow stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 20/30] mm/mprotect: Exclude shadow stack from preserve_write Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 21/30] mm: Re-introduce vm_flags to do_mmap() Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 22/30] x86/cet/shstk: Add user-mode shadow stack support Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-28 17:52 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-04-28 18:39 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-29 9:12 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-04-29 16:17 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-29 16:45 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 23/30] x86/cet/shstk: Handle thread shadow stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-05-10 14:15 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-10 22:57 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-11 17:09 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-12 8:12 ` David Laight
2021-05-11 18:35 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-12 15:56 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 24/30] x86/cet/shstk: Introduce shadow stack token setup/verify routines Yu-cheng Yu
2021-05-17 7:45 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-17 20:55 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-18 0:14 ` Eugene Syromiatnikov
2021-05-18 17:58 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-18 19:45 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-18 18:05 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-18 5:56 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-21 16:17 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-21 18:40 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-04-27 20:43 ` Yu-cheng Yu [this message]
2021-04-28 23:03 ` extending ucontext (Re: [PATCH v26 25/30] x86/cet/shstk: Handle signals for shadow stack) Andy Lutomirski
2021-04-28 23:20 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-29 7:28 ` Cyrill Gorcunov
2021-04-29 14:44 ` Andy Lutomirski
2021-04-29 15:35 ` Cyrill Gorcunov
2021-04-30 6:45 ` Florian Weimer
2021-04-30 17:00 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-30 17:47 ` Andy Lutomirski
2021-04-30 18:32 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-04 20:49 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-06 22:05 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-06 23:31 ` Andy Lutomirski
2021-05-02 23:23 ` Andy Lutomirski
2021-05-03 6:03 ` H. Peter Anvin
2021-05-03 15:13 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-03 15:29 ` Andy Lutomirski
2021-05-03 20:25 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 26/30] ELF: Introduce arch_setup_elf_property() Yu-cheng Yu
2021-05-19 18:10 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-19 22:14 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-20 9:26 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-20 17:18 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-20 17:35 ` Borislav Petkov
2021-05-20 17:51 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-20 17:38 ` Matthew Wilcox
2021-05-20 17:52 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-05-20 21:06 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 27/30] x86/cet/shstk: Add arch_prctl functions for shadow stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 28/30] mm: Move arch_calc_vm_prot_bits() to arch/x86/include/asm/mman.h Yu-cheng Yu
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 29/30] mm: Update arch_validate_flags() to test vma anonymous Yu-cheng Yu
2021-05-11 11:35 ` Kirill A. Shutemov
2021-04-27 20:43 ` [PATCH v26 30/30] mm: Introduce PROT_SHADOW_STACK for shadow stack Yu-cheng Yu
2021-05-11 11:48 ` Kirill A. Shutemov
2021-05-11 14:44 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-29 17:13 ` [PATCH v26 00/30] Control-flow Enforcement: Shadow Stack Borislav Petkov
2021-04-29 17:32 ` Yu, Yu-cheng
2021-04-29 17:49 ` Borislav Petkov
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to=20210427204315.24153-26-yu-cheng.yu@intel.com \
--to=yu-cheng.yu@intel.com \
--cc=Dave.Martin@arm.com \
--cc=arnd@arndb.de \
--cc=bp@alien8.de \
--cc=bsingharora@gmail.com \
--cc=corbet@lwn.net \
--cc=dave.hansen@linux.intel.com \
--cc=esyr@redhat.com \
--cc=fweimer@redhat.com \
--cc=gorcunov@gmail.com \
--cc=haitao.huang@intel.com \
--cc=hjl.tools@gmail.com \
--cc=hpa@zytor.com \
--cc=jannh@google.com \
--cc=keescook@chromium.org \
--cc=linux-api@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-arch@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-doc@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-mm@kvack.org \
--cc=luto@kernel.org \
--cc=mike.kravetz@oracle.com \
--cc=mingo@redhat.com \
--cc=nadav.amit@gmail.com \
--cc=oleg@redhat.com \
--cc=pavel@ucw.cz \
--cc=pengfei.xu@intel.com \
--cc=peterz@infradead.org \
--cc=ravi.v.shankar@intel.com \
--cc=rdunlap@infradead.org \
--cc=tglx@linutronix.de \
--cc=vedvyas.shanbhogue@intel.com \
--cc=weijiang.yang@intel.com \
--cc=x86@kernel.org \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for NNTP newsgroup(s).