[PATCH v8 00/10] x86: macrofying inline asm for better compilation

[PATCH v8 00/10] x86: macrofying inline asm for better compilation

[Nadav Amit]

This patch-set deals with an interesting yet stupid problem: kernel code
that does not get inlined despite its simplicity. There are several
causes for this behavior: "cold" attribute on __init, different function
optimization levels; conditional constant computations based on
__builtin_constant_p(); and finally large inline assembly blocks.

This patch-set deals with the inline assembly problem. I separated these
patches from the others (that were sent in the RFC) for easier
inclusion. I also separated the removal of unnecessary new-lines which
would be sent separately.

The problem with inline assembly is that inline assembly is often used
by the kernel for things that are other than code - for example,
assembly directives and data. GCC however is oblivious to the content of
the blocks and assumes their cost in space and time is proportional to
the number of the perceived assembly "instruction", according to the
number of newlines and semicolons. Alternatives, paravirt and other
mechanisms are affected, causing code not to be inlined, and degrading
compilation quality in general.

The solution that this patch-set carries for this problem is to create
an assembly macro, and then call it from the inline assembly block.  As
a result, the compiler sees a single "instruction" and assigns the more
appropriate cost to the code.

To avoid uglification of the code, as many noted, the macros are first
precompiled into an assembly file, which is later assembled together
with the C files. This also enables to avoid duplicate implementation
that was set before for the asm and C code. This can be seen in the
exception table changes.

Overall this patch-set slightly increases the kernel size (my build was
done using my Ubuntu 18.04 config + localyesconfig for the record):

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18140829 10224724 2957312 31322865 1ddf2f1 ./vmlinux before
18163608 10227348 2957312 31348268 1de562c ./vmlinux after (+0.1%)

The number of static functions in the image is reduced by 379, but
actually inlining is even better, which does not always shows in these
numbers: a function may be inlined causing the calling function not to
be inlined.

I ran some limited number of benchmarks, and in general the performance
impact is not very notable. You can still see >10 cycles shaved off some
syscalls that manipulate page-tables (e.g., mprotect()), in which
paravirt caused many functions not to be inlined. In addition this
patch-set can prevent issues such as [1], and improves code readability
and maintainability.

[1] https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/10450037/

v7->v8:	* Add acks (Masahiro, Max)
	* Rebase on 4.19 (Ingo)

v6->v7: * Fix context switch tracking (Ingo)
	* Fix xtensa build error (Ingo)
	* Rebase on 4.18-rc8

v5->v6:	* Removing more code from jump-labels (PeterZ)
	* Fix build issue on i386 (0-day, PeterZ)

v4->v5:	* Makefile fixes (Masahiro, Sam)

v3->v4: * Changed naming of macros in 2 patches (PeterZ)
	* Minor cleanup of the paravirt patch

v2->v3: * Several build issues resolved (0-day)
	* Wrong comments fix (Josh)
	* Change asm vs C order in refcount (Kees)

v1->v2:	* Compiling the macros into a separate .s file, improving
	  readability (Linus)
	* Improving assembly formatting, applying most of the comments
	  according to my judgment (Jan)
	* Adding exception-table, cpufeature and jump-labels
	* Removing new-line cleanup; to be submitted separately

Cc: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Alok Kataria <akataria@vmware.com>
Cc: Christopher Li <sparse@chrisli.org>
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: Jan Beulich <JBeulich@suse.com>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Cc: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Cc: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: linux-sparse@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org
Cc: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Cc: linux-xtensa@linux-xtensa.org

Nadav Amit (10):
  xtensa: defining LINKER_SCRIPT for the linker script
  Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm
  x86: objtool: use asm macro for better compiler decisions
  x86: refcount: prevent gcc distortions
  x86: alternatives: macrofy locks for better inlining
  x86: bug: prevent gcc distortions
  x86: prevent inline distortion by paravirt ops
  x86: extable: use macros instead of inline assembly
  x86: cpufeature: use macros instead of inline assembly
  x86: jump-labels: use macros instead of inline assembly

 Makefile                               |  9 ++-
 arch/x86/Makefile                      | 11 ++-
 arch/x86/entry/calling.h               |  2 +-
 arch/x86/include/asm/alternative-asm.h | 20 ++++--
 arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h     | 11 +--
 arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h             | 61 +++++++---------
 arch/x86/include/asm/bug.h             | 98 +++++++++++++++-----------
 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h      | 82 ++++++++++++---------
 arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h      | 77 ++++++++------------
 arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h  | 56 +++++++--------
 arch/x86/include/asm/refcount.h        | 74 +++++++++++--------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S               | 16 +++++
 arch/xtensa/kernel/Makefile            |  4 +-
 include/asm-generic/bug.h              |  8 +--
 include/linux/compiler.h               | 56 +++++++++++----
 scripts/Kbuild.include                 |  4 +-
 scripts/mod/Makefile                   |  2 +
 17 files changed, 333 insertions(+), 258 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S

-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 01/10] xtensa: defining LINKER_SCRIPT for the linker script

[Nadav Amit]

Defining the LINKER_SCRIPT when building the linker script as being done
in other architectures. This is required for the next Makefile changes
would otherwise break things.

Cc: Chris Zankel <chris@zankel.net>
Cc: linux-xtensa@linux-xtensa.org
Acked-by: Max Filippov <jcmvbkbc@gmail.com>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/xtensa/kernel/Makefile | 4 ++--
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/xtensa/kernel/Makefile b/arch/xtensa/kernel/Makefile
index 91907590d183..8dff506caf07 100644
--- a/arch/xtensa/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/arch/xtensa/kernel/Makefile
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ sed-y = -e ':a; s/\*(\([^)]*\)\.text\.unlikely/*(\1.literal.unlikely .{text}.unl
 	-e 's/\.{text}/.text/g'
 
 quiet_cmd__cpp_lds_S = LDS     $@
-cmd__cpp_lds_S = $(CPP) $(cpp_flags) -P -C -Uxtensa -D__ASSEMBLY__ $<    \
-                 | sed $(sed-y) >$@
+cmd__cpp_lds_S = $(CPP) $(cpp_flags) -P -C -Uxtensa -D__ASSEMBLY__ \
+		 -DLINKER_SCRIPT $< | sed $(sed-y) >$@
 
 $(obj)/vmlinux.lds: $(src)/vmlinux.lds.S FORCE
 	$(call if_changed_dep,_cpp_lds_S)
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Nadav Amit]

Using macros for inline assembly improves both readability and
compilation decisions that are distorted by big assembly blocks that use
alternative sections. Compile macros.S and use it to assemble all C
files. Currently, only x86 will use it.

Cc: Sam Ravnborg <sam@ravnborg.org>
Cc: Michal Marek <michal.lkml@markovi.net>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: linux-kbuild@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 Makefile                 |  9 +++++++--
 arch/x86/Makefile        | 11 +++++++++--
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S |  7 +++++++
 scripts/Kbuild.include   |  4 +++-
 scripts/mod/Makefile     |  2 ++
 5 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S

diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index f03a1e062503..af5dba613533 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1071,7 +1071,7 @@ scripts: scripts_basic asm-generic gcc-plugins $(autoksyms_h)
 # version.h and scripts_basic is processed / created.
 
 # Listed in dependency order
-PHONY += prepare archprepare prepare0 prepare1 prepare2 prepare3
+PHONY += prepare archprepare macroprepare prepare0 prepare1 prepare2 prepare3
 
 # prepare3 is used to check if we are building in a separate output directory,
 # and if so do:
@@ -1094,7 +1094,9 @@ prepare2: prepare3 outputmakefile asm-generic
 prepare1: prepare2 $(version_h) $(autoksyms_h) include/generated/utsrelease.h
 	$(cmd_crmodverdir)
 
-archprepare: archheaders archscripts prepare1 scripts_basic
+macroprepare: prepare1 archmacros
+
+archprepare: archheaders archscripts macroprepare scripts_basic
 
 prepare0: archprepare gcc-plugins
 	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=.
@@ -1162,6 +1164,9 @@ archheaders:
 PHONY += archscripts
 archscripts:
 
+PHONY += archmacros
+archmacros:
+
 PHONY += __headers
 __headers: $(version_h) scripts_basic uapi-asm-generic archheaders archscripts
 	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=scripts build_unifdef
diff --git a/arch/x86/Makefile b/arch/x86/Makefile
index 8f6e7eb8ae9f..944fa3bc9376 100644
--- a/arch/x86/Makefile
+++ b/arch/x86/Makefile
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
 KBUILD_LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -z max-page-size=0x200000)
 endif
 
-# Speed up the build
-KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
+# We cannot use -pipe flag since we give an additional .s file to the compiler
+#KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
 # Workaround for a gcc prelease that unfortunately was shipped in a suse release
 KBUILD_CFLAGS += -Wno-sign-compare
 #
@@ -237,6 +237,13 @@ archscripts: scripts_basic
 archheaders:
 	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/entry/syscalls all
 
+archmacros:
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/kernel arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
+
+ASM_MACRO_FLAGS = -Wa,arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
+export ASM_MACRO_FLAGS
+KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
+
 ###
 # Kernel objects
 
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..cfc1c7d1a6eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+
+/*
+ * This file includes headers whose assembly part includes macros which are
+ * commonly used. The macros are precompiled into assmebly file which is later
+ * assembled together with each compiled file.
+ */
diff --git a/scripts/Kbuild.include b/scripts/Kbuild.include
index ce53639a864a..8aeb60eb6ee3 100644
--- a/scripts/Kbuild.include
+++ b/scripts/Kbuild.include
@@ -115,7 +115,9 @@ __cc-option = $(call try-run,\
 
 # Do not attempt to build with gcc plugins during cc-option tests.
 # (And this uses delayed resolution so the flags will be up to date.)
-CC_OPTION_CFLAGS = $(filter-out $(GCC_PLUGINS_CFLAGS),$(KBUILD_CFLAGS))
+# In addition, do not include the asm macros which are built later.
+CC_OPTION_FILTERED = $(GCC_PLUGINS_CFLAGS) $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
+CC_OPTION_CFLAGS = $(filter-out $(CC_OPTION_FILTERED),$(KBUILD_CFLAGS))
 
 # cc-option
 # Usage: cflags-y += $(call cc-option,-march=winchip-c6,-march=i586)
diff --git a/scripts/mod/Makefile b/scripts/mod/Makefile
index 42c5d50f2bcc..a5b4af47987a 100644
--- a/scripts/mod/Makefile
+++ b/scripts/mod/Makefile
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ OBJECT_FILES_NON_STANDARD := y
 hostprogs-y	:= modpost mk_elfconfig
 always		:= $(hostprogs-y) empty.o
 
+CFLAGS_REMOVE_empty.o := $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
+
 modpost-objs	:= modpost.o file2alias.o sumversion.o
 
 devicetable-offsets-file := devicetable-offsets.h
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 03/10] x86: objtool: use asm macro for better compiler decisions

[Nadav Amit]

GCC considers the number of statements in inlined assembly blocks,
according to new-lines and semicolons, as an indication to the cost of
the block in time and space. This data is distorted by the kernel code,
which puts information in alternative sections. As a result, the
compiler may perform incorrect inlining and branch optimizations.

In the case of objtool, this distortion is extreme, since anyhow the
annotations of objtool are discarded during linkage.

The solution is to set an assembly macro and call it from the inline
assembly block. As a result GCC considers the inline assembly block as
a single instruction.

This patch slightly increases the kernel size.

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18140829 10224724 2957312 31322865 1ddf2f1 ./vmlinux before
18140970 10225412 2957312 31323694 1ddf62e ./vmlinux after (+829)

Static text symbols:
Before:	40321
After:	40302	(-19)

Cc: Christopher Li <sparse@chrisli.org>
Cc: linux-sparse@vger.kernel.org
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S |  2 ++
 include/linux/compiler.h | 56 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index cfc1c7d1a6eb..cee28c3246dc 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -5,3 +5,5 @@
  * commonly used. The macros are precompiled into assmebly file which is later
  * assembled together with each compiled file.
  */
+
+#include <linux/compiler.h>
diff --git a/include/linux/compiler.h b/include/linux/compiler.h
index 681d866efb1e..1921545c6351 100644
--- a/include/linux/compiler.h
+++ b/include/linux/compiler.h
@@ -99,22 +99,13 @@ void ftrace_likely_update(struct ftrace_likely_data *f, int val,
  * unique, to convince GCC not to merge duplicate inline asm statements.
  */
 #define annotate_reachable() ({						\
-	asm volatile("%c0:\n\t"						\
-		     ".pushsection .discard.reachable\n\t"		\
-		     ".long %c0b - .\n\t"				\
-		     ".popsection\n\t" : : "i" (__COUNTER__));		\
+	asm volatile("ANNOTATE_REACHABLE counter=%c0"			\
+		     : : "i" (__COUNTER__));				\
 })
 #define annotate_unreachable() ({					\
-	asm volatile("%c0:\n\t"						\
-		     ".pushsection .discard.unreachable\n\t"		\
-		     ".long %c0b - .\n\t"				\
-		     ".popsection\n\t" : : "i" (__COUNTER__));		\
+	asm volatile("ANNOTATE_UNREACHABLE counter=%c0"			\
+		     : : "i" (__COUNTER__));				\
 })
-#define ASM_UNREACHABLE							\
-	"999:\n\t"							\
-	".pushsection .discard.unreachable\n\t"				\
-	".long 999b - .\n\t"						\
-	".popsection\n\t"
 #else
 #define annotate_reachable()
 #define annotate_unreachable()
@@ -299,6 +290,45 @@ static inline void *offset_to_ptr(const int *off)
 	return (void *)((unsigned long)off + *off);
 }
 
+#else /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+#ifndef LINKER_SCRIPT
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_STACK_VALIDATION
+.macro ANNOTATE_UNREACHABLE counter:req
+\counter:
+	.pushsection .discard.unreachable
+	.long \counter\()b -.
+	.popsection
+.endm
+
+.macro ANNOTATE_REACHABLE counter:req
+\counter:
+	.pushsection .discard.reachable
+	.long \counter\()b -.
+	.popsection
+.endm
+
+.macro ASM_UNREACHABLE
+999:
+	.pushsection .discard.unreachable
+	.long 999b - .
+	.popsection
+.endm
+#else /* CONFIG_STACK_VALIDATION */
+.macro ANNOTATE_UNREACHABLE counter:req
+.endm
+
+.macro ANNOTATE_REACHABLE counter:req
+.endm
+
+.macro ASM_UNREACHABLE
+.endm
+#endif /* CONFIG_STACK_VALIDATION */
+
+#endif /* LINKER_SCRIPT */
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
 #endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
 
 #ifndef __optimize
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 04/10] x86: refcount: prevent gcc distortions

[Nadav Amit]

GCC considers the number of statements in inlined assembly blocks,
according to new-lines and semicolons, as an indication to the cost of
the block in time and space. This data is distorted by the kernel code,
which puts information in alternative sections. As a result, the
compiler may perform incorrect inlining and branch optimizations.

The solution is to set an assembly macro and call it from the inlined
assembly block. As a result GCC considers the inline assembly block as
a single instruction.

This patch allows to inline functions such as __get_seccomp_filter().
Interestingly, this allows more aggressive inlining while reducing the
kernel size.

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18140970 10225412 2957312 31323694 1ddf62e ./vmlinux before
18140140 10225284 2957312 31322736 1ddf270 ./vmlinux after (-958)

Static text symbols:
Before:	40302
After:	40286	(-16)

Functions such as kref_get(), free_user(), fuse_file_get() now get
inlined.

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Cc: Jan Beulich <JBeulich@suse.com>
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/refcount.h | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S        |  1 +
 2 files changed, 46 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/refcount.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/refcount.h
index 19b90521954c..c92909da0686 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/refcount.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/refcount.h
@@ -4,6 +4,41 @@
  * x86-specific implementation of refcount_t. Based on PAX_REFCOUNT from
  * PaX/grsecurity.
  */
+
+#ifdef __ASSEMBLY__
+
+#include <asm/asm.h>
+#include <asm/bug.h>
+
+.macro REFCOUNT_EXCEPTION counter:req
+	.pushsection .text..refcount
+111:	lea \counter, %_ASM_CX
+112:	ud2
+	ASM_UNREACHABLE
+	.popsection
+113:	_ASM_EXTABLE_REFCOUNT(112b, 113b)
+.endm
+
+/* Trigger refcount exception if refcount result is negative. */
+.macro REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO counter:req
+	js 111f
+	REFCOUNT_EXCEPTION counter="\counter"
+.endm
+
+/* Trigger refcount exception if refcount result is zero or negative. */
+.macro REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO counter:req
+	jz 111f
+	REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO counter="\counter"
+.endm
+
+/* Trigger refcount exception unconditionally. */
+.macro REFCOUNT_ERROR counter:req
+	jmp 111f
+	REFCOUNT_EXCEPTION counter="\counter"
+.endm
+
+#else /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
 #include <linux/refcount.h>
 #include <asm/bug.h>
 
@@ -15,34 +50,11 @@
  * central refcount exception. The fixup address for the exception points
  * back to the regular execution flow in .text.
  */
-#define _REFCOUNT_EXCEPTION				\
-	".pushsection .text..refcount\n"		\
-	"111:\tlea %[counter], %%" _ASM_CX "\n"		\
-	"112:\t" ASM_UD2 "\n"				\
-	ASM_UNREACHABLE					\
-	".popsection\n"					\
-	"113:\n"					\
-	_ASM_EXTABLE_REFCOUNT(112b, 113b)
-
-/* Trigger refcount exception if refcount result is negative. */
-#define REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO				\
-	"js 111f\n\t"					\
-	_REFCOUNT_EXCEPTION
-
-/* Trigger refcount exception if refcount result is zero or negative. */
-#define REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO				\
-	"jz 111f\n\t"					\
-	REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO
-
-/* Trigger refcount exception unconditionally. */
-#define REFCOUNT_ERROR					\
-	"jmp 111f\n\t"					\
-	_REFCOUNT_EXCEPTION
 
 static __always_inline void refcount_add(unsigned int i, refcount_t *r)
 {
 	asm volatile(LOCK_PREFIX "addl %1,%0\n\t"
-		REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO
+		"REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO counter=\"%[counter]\""
 		: [counter] "+m" (r->refs.counter)
 		: "ir" (i)
 		: "cc", "cx");
@@ -51,7 +63,7 @@ static __always_inline void refcount_add(unsigned int i, refcount_t *r)
 static __always_inline void refcount_inc(refcount_t *r)
 {
 	asm volatile(LOCK_PREFIX "incl %0\n\t"
-		REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO
+		"REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO counter=\"%[counter]\""
 		: [counter] "+m" (r->refs.counter)
 		: : "cc", "cx");
 }
@@ -59,7 +71,7 @@ static __always_inline void refcount_inc(refcount_t *r)
 static __always_inline void refcount_dec(refcount_t *r)
 {
 	asm volatile(LOCK_PREFIX "decl %0\n\t"
-		REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO
+		"REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO counter=\"%[counter]\""
 		: [counter] "+m" (r->refs.counter)
 		: : "cc", "cx");
 }
@@ -67,13 +79,15 @@ static __always_inline void refcount_dec(refcount_t *r)
 static __always_inline __must_check
 bool refcount_sub_and_test(unsigned int i, refcount_t *r)
 {
-	GEN_BINARY_SUFFIXED_RMWcc(LOCK_PREFIX "subl", REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO,
+	GEN_BINARY_SUFFIXED_RMWcc(LOCK_PREFIX "subl",
+				  "REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO counter=\"%0\"",
 				  r->refs.counter, "er", i, "%0", e, "cx");
 }
 
 static __always_inline __must_check bool refcount_dec_and_test(refcount_t *r)
 {
-	GEN_UNARY_SUFFIXED_RMWcc(LOCK_PREFIX "decl", REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO,
+	GEN_UNARY_SUFFIXED_RMWcc(LOCK_PREFIX "decl",
+				 "REFCOUNT_CHECK_LT_ZERO counter=\"%0\"",
 				 r->refs.counter, "%0", e, "cx");
 }
 
@@ -91,7 +105,7 @@ bool refcount_add_not_zero(unsigned int i, refcount_t *r)
 
 		/* Did we try to increment from/to an undesirable state? */
 		if (unlikely(c < 0 || c == INT_MAX || result < c)) {
-			asm volatile(REFCOUNT_ERROR
+			asm volatile("REFCOUNT_ERROR counter=\"%[counter]\""
 				     : : [counter] "m" (r->refs.counter)
 				     : "cc", "cx");
 			break;
@@ -107,4 +121,6 @@ static __always_inline __must_check bool refcount_inc_not_zero(refcount_t *r)
 	return refcount_add_not_zero(1, r);
 }
 
+#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
 #endif
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index cee28c3246dc..f1fe1d570365 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -7,3 +7,4 @@
  */
 
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
+#include <asm/refcount.h>
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 05/10] x86: alternatives: macrofy locks for better inlining

[Nadav Amit]

GCC considers the number of statements in inlined assembly blocks,
according to new-lines and semicolons, as an indication to the cost of
the block in time and space. This data is distorted by the kernel code,
which puts information in alternative sections. As a result, the
compiler may perform incorrect inlining and branch optimizations.

The solution is to set an assembly macro and call it from the inlined
assembly block. As a result GCC considers the inline assembly block as
a single instruction.

This patch handles the LOCK prefix, allowing more aggresive inlining.

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18140140 10225284 2957312 31322736 1ddf270 ./vmlinux before
18146889 10225380 2957312 31329581 1de0d2d ./vmlinux after (+6845)

Static text symbols:
Before:	40286
After:	40218	(-68)

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/alternative-asm.h | 20 ++++++++++++++------
 arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h     | 11 ++---------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S               |  1 +
 3 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative-asm.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative-asm.h
index 31b627b43a8e..8e4ea39e55d0 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative-asm.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative-asm.h
@@ -7,16 +7,24 @@
 #include <asm/asm.h>
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
-	.macro LOCK_PREFIX
-672:	lock
+.macro LOCK_PREFIX_HERE
 	.pushsection .smp_locks,"a"
 	.balign 4
-	.long 672b - .
+	.long 671f - .		# offset
 	.popsection
-	.endm
+671:
+.endm
+
+.macro LOCK_PREFIX insn:vararg
+	LOCK_PREFIX_HERE
+	lock \insn
+.endm
 #else
-	.macro LOCK_PREFIX
-	.endm
+.macro LOCK_PREFIX_HERE
+.endm
+
+.macro LOCK_PREFIX insn:vararg
+.endm
 #endif
 
 /*
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h
index 4cd6a3b71824..d7faa16622d8 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/alternative.h
@@ -31,15 +31,8 @@
  */
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
-#define LOCK_PREFIX_HERE \
-		".pushsection .smp_locks,\"a\"\n"	\
-		".balign 4\n"				\
-		".long 671f - .\n" /* offset */		\
-		".popsection\n"				\
-		"671:"
-
-#define LOCK_PREFIX LOCK_PREFIX_HERE "\n\tlock; "
-
+#define LOCK_PREFIX_HERE "LOCK_PREFIX_HERE\n\t"
+#define LOCK_PREFIX "LOCK_PREFIX "
 #else /* ! CONFIG_SMP */
 #define LOCK_PREFIX_HERE ""
 #define LOCK_PREFIX ""
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index f1fe1d570365..852487a9fc56 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -8,3 +8,4 @@
 
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
 #include <asm/refcount.h>
+#include <asm/alternative-asm.h>
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 06/10] x86: bug: prevent gcc distortions

[Nadav Amit]

GCC considers the number of statements in inlined assembly blocks,
according to new-lines and semicolons, as an indication to the cost of
the block in time and space. This data is distorted by the kernel code,
which puts information in alternative sections. As a result, the
compiler may perform incorrect inlining and branch optimizations.

The solution is to set an assembly macro and call it from the inlinedv
assembly block. As a result GCC considers the inline assembly block as
a single instruction.

This patch increases the kernel size:

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18146889 10225380 2957312 31329581 1de0d2d ./vmlinux before
18147336 10226688 2957312 31331336 1de1408 ./vmlinux after (+1755)

But enables more aggressive inlining (and probably branch decisions).
The number of static text symbols in vmlinux is lower.

Static text symbols:
Before:	40218
After:	40053	(-165)

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/bug.h | 98 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S   |  1 +
 include/asm-generic/bug.h  |  8 ++--
 3 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 46 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/bug.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/bug.h
index 6804d6642767..5090035e6d16 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/bug.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/bug.h
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 
 #include <linux/stringify.h>
 
+#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
+
 /*
  * Despite that some emulators terminate on UD2, we use it for WARN().
  *
@@ -20,53 +22,15 @@
 
 #define LEN_UD2		2
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_X86_32
-# define __BUG_REL(val)	".long " __stringify(val)
-#else
-# define __BUG_REL(val)	".long " __stringify(val) " - 2b"
-#endif
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE
-
-#define _BUG_FLAGS(ins, flags)						\
-do {									\
-	asm volatile("1:\t" ins "\n"					\
-		     ".pushsection __bug_table,\"aw\"\n"		\
-		     "2:\t" __BUG_REL(1b) "\t# bug_entry::bug_addr\n"	\
-		     "\t"  __BUG_REL(%c0) "\t# bug_entry::file\n"	\
-		     "\t.word %c1"        "\t# bug_entry::line\n"	\
-		     "\t.word %c2"        "\t# bug_entry::flags\n"	\
-		     "\t.org 2b+%c3\n"					\
-		     ".popsection"					\
-		     : : "i" (__FILE__), "i" (__LINE__),		\
-			 "i" (flags),					\
-			 "i" (sizeof(struct bug_entry)));		\
-} while (0)
-
-#else /* !CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE */
-
 #define _BUG_FLAGS(ins, flags)						\
 do {									\
-	asm volatile("1:\t" ins "\n"					\
-		     ".pushsection __bug_table,\"aw\"\n"		\
-		     "2:\t" __BUG_REL(1b) "\t# bug_entry::bug_addr\n"	\
-		     "\t.word %c0"        "\t# bug_entry::flags\n"	\
-		     "\t.org 2b+%c1\n"					\
-		     ".popsection"					\
-		     : : "i" (flags),					\
+	asm volatile("ASM_BUG ins=\"" ins "\" file=%c0 line=%c1 "	\
+		     "flags=%c2 size=%c3"				\
+		     : : "i" (__FILE__), "i" (__LINE__),                \
+			 "i" (flags),                                   \
 			 "i" (sizeof(struct bug_entry)));		\
 } while (0)
 
-#endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE */
-
-#else
-
-#define _BUG_FLAGS(ins, flags)  asm volatile(ins)
-
-#endif /* CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG */
-
 #define HAVE_ARCH_BUG
 #define BUG()							\
 do {								\
@@ -82,4 +46,54 @@ do {								\
 
 #include <asm-generic/bug.h>
 
+#else /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_X86_32
+.macro __BUG_REL val:req
+	.long \val
+.endm
+#else
+.macro __BUG_REL val:req
+	.long \val - 2b
+.endm
+#endif
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE
+
+.macro ASM_BUG ins:req file:req line:req flags:req size:req
+1:	\ins
+	.pushsection __bug_table,"aw"
+2:	__BUG_REL val=1b	# bug_entry::bug_addr
+	__BUG_REL val=\file	# bug_entry::file
+	.word \line		# bug_entry::line
+	.word \flags		# bug_entry::flags
+	.org 2b+\size
+	.popsection
+.endm
+
+#else /* !CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE */
+
+.macro ASM_BUG ins:req file:req line:req flags:req size:req
+1:	\ins
+	.pushsection __bug_table,"aw"
+2:	__BUG_REL val=1b	# bug_entry::bug_addr
+	.word \flags		# bug_entry::flags
+	.org 2b+\size
+	.popsection
+.endm
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_DEBUG_BUGVERBOSE */
+
+#else /* CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG */
+
+.macro ASM_BUG ins:req file:req line:req flags:req size:req
+	\ins
+.endm
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG */
+
+#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
 #endif /* _ASM_X86_BUG_H */
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index 852487a9fc56..66ccb8e823b1 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -9,3 +9,4 @@
 #include <linux/compiler.h>
 #include <asm/refcount.h>
 #include <asm/alternative-asm.h>
+#include <asm/bug.h>
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/bug.h b/include/asm-generic/bug.h
index 20561a60db9c..cdafa5edea49 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/bug.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/bug.h
@@ -17,10 +17,8 @@
 #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
 #include <linux/kernel.h>
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_BUG
-
-#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG
 struct bug_entry {
+#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG
 #ifndef CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG_RELATIVE_POINTERS
 	unsigned long	bug_addr;
 #else
@@ -35,8 +33,10 @@ struct bug_entry {
 	unsigned short	line;
 #endif
 	unsigned short	flags;
-};
 #endif	/* CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG */
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_BUG
 
 /*
  * Don't use BUG() or BUG_ON() unless there's really no way out; one
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 07/10] x86: prevent inline distortion by paravirt ops

[Nadav Amit]

GCC considers the number of statements in inlined assembly blocks,
according to new-lines and semicolons, as an indication to the cost of
the block in time and space. This data is distorted by the kernel code,
which puts information in alternative sections. As a result, the
compiler may perform incorrect inlining and branch optimizations.

The solution is to set an assembly macro and call it from the inlined
assembly block. As a result GCC considers the inline assembly block as
a single instruction.

The effect of the patch is a more aggressive inlining, which also
causes a size increase of kernel.

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18147336 10226688 2957312 31331336 1de1408 ./vmlinux before
18162555 10226288 2957312 31346155 1de4deb ./vmlinux after (+14819)

Static text symbols:
Before:	40053
After:	39942	(-111)

Cc: Alok Kataria <akataria@vmware.com>
Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: virtualization@lists.linux-foundation.org
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Reviewed-by: Juergen Gross <jgross@suse.com>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h | 56 +++++++++++++--------------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S              |  1 +
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
index 4b75acc23b30..83ce282eed0a 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/paravirt_types.h
@@ -346,23 +346,11 @@ extern struct pv_lock_ops pv_lock_ops;
 #define paravirt_clobber(clobber)		\
 	[paravirt_clobber] "i" (clobber)
 
-/*
- * Generate some code, and mark it as patchable by the
- * apply_paravirt() alternate instruction patcher.
- */
-#define _paravirt_alt(insn_string, type, clobber)	\
-	"771:\n\t" insn_string "\n" "772:\n"		\
-	".pushsection .parainstructions,\"a\"\n"	\
-	_ASM_ALIGN "\n"					\
-	_ASM_PTR " 771b\n"				\
-	"  .byte " type "\n"				\
-	"  .byte 772b-771b\n"				\
-	"  .short " clobber "\n"			\
-	".popsection\n"
-
 /* Generate patchable code, with the default asm parameters. */
-#define paravirt_alt(insn_string)					\
-	_paravirt_alt(insn_string, "%c[paravirt_typenum]", "%c[paravirt_clobber]")
+#define paravirt_call							\
+	"PARAVIRT_CALL type=\"%c[paravirt_typenum]\""			\
+	" clobber=\"%c[paravirt_clobber]\""				\
+	" pv_opptr=\"%c[paravirt_opptr]\";"
 
 /* Simple instruction patching code. */
 #define NATIVE_LABEL(a,x,b) "\n\t.globl " a #x "_" #b "\n" a #x "_" #b ":\n\t"
@@ -390,16 +378,6 @@ unsigned native_patch(u8 type, u16 clobbers, void *ibuf,
 
 int paravirt_disable_iospace(void);
 
-/*
- * This generates an indirect call based on the operation type number.
- * The type number, computed in PARAVIRT_PATCH, is derived from the
- * offset into the paravirt_patch_template structure, and can therefore be
- * freely converted back into a structure offset.
- */
-#define PARAVIRT_CALL					\
-	ANNOTATE_RETPOLINE_SAFE				\
-	"call *%c[paravirt_opptr];"
-
 /*
  * These macros are intended to wrap calls through one of the paravirt
  * ops structs, so that they can be later identified and patched at
@@ -537,7 +515,7 @@ int paravirt_disable_iospace(void);
 		/* since this condition will never hold */		\
 		if (sizeof(rettype) > sizeof(unsigned long)) {		\
 			asm volatile(pre				\
-				     paravirt_alt(PARAVIRT_CALL)	\
+				     paravirt_call			\
 				     post				\
 				     : call_clbr, ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT	\
 				     : paravirt_type(op),		\
@@ -547,7 +525,7 @@ int paravirt_disable_iospace(void);
 			__ret = (rettype)((((u64)__edx) << 32) | __eax); \
 		} else {						\
 			asm volatile(pre				\
-				     paravirt_alt(PARAVIRT_CALL)	\
+				     paravirt_call			\
 				     post				\
 				     : call_clbr, ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT	\
 				     : paravirt_type(op),		\
@@ -574,7 +552,7 @@ int paravirt_disable_iospace(void);
 		PVOP_VCALL_ARGS;					\
 		PVOP_TEST_NULL(op);					\
 		asm volatile(pre					\
-			     paravirt_alt(PARAVIRT_CALL)		\
+			     paravirt_call				\
 			     post					\
 			     : call_clbr, ASM_CALL_CONSTRAINT		\
 			     : paravirt_type(op),			\
@@ -694,6 +672,26 @@ struct paravirt_patch_site {
 extern struct paravirt_patch_site __parainstructions[],
 	__parainstructions_end[];
 
+#else	/* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
+/*
+ * This generates an indirect call based on the operation type number.
+ * The type number, computed in PARAVIRT_PATCH, is derived from the
+ * offset into the paravirt_patch_template structure, and can therefore be
+ * freely converted back into a structure offset.
+ */
+.macro PARAVIRT_CALL type:req clobber:req pv_opptr:req
+771:	ANNOTATE_RETPOLINE_SAFE
+	call *\pv_opptr
+772:	.pushsection .parainstructions,"a"
+	_ASM_ALIGN
+	_ASM_PTR 771b
+	.byte \type
+	.byte 772b-771b
+	.short \clobber
+	.popsection
+.endm
+
 #endif	/* __ASSEMBLY__ */
 
 #endif	/* _ASM_X86_PARAVIRT_TYPES_H */
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index 66ccb8e823b1..71d8b716b111 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -10,3 +10,4 @@
 #include <asm/refcount.h>
 #include <asm/alternative-asm.h>
 #include <asm/bug.h>
+#include <asm/paravirt.h>
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 08/10] x86: extable: use macros instead of inline assembly

[Nadav Amit]

Use assembly macros for exception-tables and call them from inline
assembly.  This not only makes the code more readable and allows to
avoid the duplicate implementation, but also improves compilation
decision, specifically inline decisions which GCC base on the number of
new lines in inline assembly.

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18162555 10226288 2957312 31346155 1de4deb ./vmlinux before
18162879 10226256 2957312 31346447 1de4f0f ./vmlinux after (+292)

This allows to inline functions such as nested_vmx_exit_reflected(),
set_segment_reg(), __copy_xstate_to_user().

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: Josh Poimboeuf <jpoimboe@redhat.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h | 61 +++++++++++++++++---------------------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S   |  1 +
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
index 990770f9e76b..e47a2256c64e 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/asm.h
@@ -117,28 +117,44 @@
 # define CC_OUT(c) [_cc_ ## c] "=qm"
 #endif
 
-/* Exception table entry */
 #ifdef __ASSEMBLY__
 # define _ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, handler)			\
-	.pushsection "__ex_table","a" ;				\
-	.balign 4 ;						\
-	.long (from) - . ;					\
-	.long (to) - . ;					\
-	.long (handler) - . ;					\
-	.popsection
+	ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE from to handler
+
+#else /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
+# define _ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, handler)			\
+	"ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE from=" #from " to=" #to		\
+	" handler=\"" #handler "\"\n\t"
+
+/* For C file, we already have NOKPROBE_SYMBOL macro */
+
+#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
 
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE(from, to)					\
+#define _ASM_EXTABLE(from, to)					\
 	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_default)
 
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_FAULT(from, to)				\
+#define _ASM_EXTABLE_FAULT(from, to)				\
 	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_fault)
 
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(from, to)				\
+#define _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(from, to)				\
 	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_ext)
 
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_REFCOUNT(from, to)			\
+#define _ASM_EXTABLE_REFCOUNT(from, to)				\
 	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_refcount)
 
+/* Exception table entry */
+#ifdef __ASSEMBLY__
+
+.macro ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE from:req to:req handler:req
+	.pushsection "__ex_table","a"
+	.balign 4
+	.long (\from) - .
+	.long (\to) - .
+	.long (\handler) - .
+	.popsection
+.endm
+
 # define _ASM_NOKPROBE(entry)					\
 	.pushsection "_kprobe_blacklist","aw" ;			\
 	_ASM_ALIGN ;						\
@@ -169,29 +185,6 @@
 	_ASM_EXTABLE(101b,103b)
 	.endm
 
-#else
-# define _EXPAND_EXTABLE_HANDLE(x) #x
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, handler)			\
-	" .pushsection \"__ex_table\",\"a\"\n"			\
-	" .balign 4\n"						\
-	" .long (" #from ") - .\n"				\
-	" .long (" #to ") - .\n"				\
-	" .long (" _EXPAND_EXTABLE_HANDLE(handler) ") - .\n"	\
-	" .popsection\n"
-
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE(from, to)					\
-	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_default)
-
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_FAULT(from, to)				\
-	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_fault)
-
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_EX(from, to)				\
-	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_ext)
-
-# define _ASM_EXTABLE_REFCOUNT(from, to)			\
-	_ASM_EXTABLE_HANDLE(from, to, ex_handler_refcount)
-
-/* For C file, we already have NOKPROBE_SYMBOL macro */
 #endif
 
 #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index 71d8b716b111..7baa40d5bf16 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -11,3 +11,4 @@
 #include <asm/alternative-asm.h>
 #include <asm/bug.h>
 #include <asm/paravirt.h>
+#include <asm/asm.h>
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 09/10] x86: cpufeature: use macros instead of inline assembly

[Nadav Amit]

Use assembly macros for static_cpu_has() and call them from inline
assembly.  This not only makes the code more readable, but also improves
compilation decision, specifically inline decisions which GCC base on
the number of new lines in inline assembly.

The patch slightly increases the kernel size:

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18162879 10226256 2957312 31346447 1de4f0f ./vmlinux before
18163528 10226300 2957312 31347140 1de51c4 ./vmlinux after (+693)

And enables the inlining of function such as free_ldt_pgtables().

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h | 82 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S          |  1 +
 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h
index aced6c9290d6..7d442722ef24 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeature.h
@@ -2,10 +2,10 @@
 #ifndef _ASM_X86_CPUFEATURE_H
 #define _ASM_X86_CPUFEATURE_H
 
-#include <asm/processor.h>
-
-#if defined(__KERNEL__) && !defined(__ASSEMBLY__)
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+#ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
 
+#include <asm/processor.h>
 #include <asm/asm.h>
 #include <linux/bitops.h>
 
@@ -161,37 +161,10 @@ extern void clear_cpu_cap(struct cpuinfo_x86 *c, unsigned int bit);
  */
 static __always_inline __pure bool _static_cpu_has(u16 bit)
 {
-	asm_volatile_goto("1: jmp 6f\n"
-		 "2:\n"
-		 ".skip -(((5f-4f) - (2b-1b)) > 0) * "
-			 "((5f-4f) - (2b-1b)),0x90\n"
-		 "3:\n"
-		 ".section .altinstructions,\"a\"\n"
-		 " .long 1b - .\n"		/* src offset */
-		 " .long 4f - .\n"		/* repl offset */
-		 " .word %P[always]\n"		/* always replace */
-		 " .byte 3b - 1b\n"		/* src len */
-		 " .byte 5f - 4f\n"		/* repl len */
-		 " .byte 3b - 2b\n"		/* pad len */
-		 ".previous\n"
-		 ".section .altinstr_replacement,\"ax\"\n"
-		 "4: jmp %l[t_no]\n"
-		 "5:\n"
-		 ".previous\n"
-		 ".section .altinstructions,\"a\"\n"
-		 " .long 1b - .\n"		/* src offset */
-		 " .long 0\n"			/* no replacement */
-		 " .word %P[feature]\n"		/* feature bit */
-		 " .byte 3b - 1b\n"		/* src len */
-		 " .byte 0\n"			/* repl len */
-		 " .byte 0\n"			/* pad len */
-		 ".previous\n"
-		 ".section .altinstr_aux,\"ax\"\n"
-		 "6:\n"
-		 " testb %[bitnum],%[cap_byte]\n"
-		 " jnz %l[t_yes]\n"
-		 " jmp %l[t_no]\n"
-		 ".previous\n"
+	asm_volatile_goto("STATIC_CPU_HAS bitnum=%[bitnum] "
+			  "cap_byte=\"%[cap_byte]\" "
+			  "feature=%P[feature] t_yes=%l[t_yes] "
+			  "t_no=%l[t_no] always=%P[always]"
 		 : : [feature]  "i" (bit),
 		     [always]   "i" (X86_FEATURE_ALWAYS),
 		     [bitnum]   "i" (1 << (bit & 7)),
@@ -226,5 +199,44 @@ static __always_inline __pure bool _static_cpu_has(u16 bit)
 #define CPU_FEATURE_TYPEVAL		boot_cpu_data.x86_vendor, boot_cpu_data.x86, \
 					boot_cpu_data.x86_model
 
-#endif /* defined(__KERNEL__) && !defined(__ASSEMBLY__) */
+#else /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
+.macro STATIC_CPU_HAS bitnum:req cap_byte:req feature:req t_yes:req t_no:req always:req
+1:
+	jmp 6f
+2:
+	.skip -(((5f-4f) - (2b-1b)) > 0) * ((5f-4f) - (2b-1b)),0x90
+3:
+	.section .altinstructions,"a"
+	.long 1b - .		/* src offset */
+	.long 4f - .		/* repl offset */
+	.word \always		/* always replace */
+	.byte 3b - 1b		/* src len */
+	.byte 5f - 4f		/* repl len */
+	.byte 3b - 2b		/* pad len */
+	.previous
+	.section .altinstr_replacement,"ax"
+4:
+	jmp \t_no
+5:
+	.previous
+	.section .altinstructions,"a"
+	.long 1b - .		/* src offset */
+	.long 0			/* no replacement */
+	.word \feature		/* feature bit */
+	.byte 3b - 1b		/* src len */
+	.byte 0			/* repl len */
+	.byte 0			/* pad len */
+	.previous
+	.section .altinstr_aux,"ax"
+6:
+	testb \bitnum,\cap_byte
+	jnz \t_yes
+	jmp \t_no
+	.previous
+.endm
+
+#endif /* __ASSEMBLY__ */
+
+#endif /* __KERNEL__ */
 #endif /* _ASM_X86_CPUFEATURE_H */
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index 7baa40d5bf16..bf8b9c93e255 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@
 #include <asm/bug.h>
 #include <asm/paravirt.h>
 #include <asm/asm.h>
+#include <asm/cpufeature.h>
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH v8 10/10] x86: jump-labels: use macros instead of inline assembly

[Nadav Amit]

Use assembly macros for jump-labels and call them from inline assembly.
This not only makes the code more readable, but also improves
compilation decision, specifically inline decisions which GCC base on
the number of new lines in inline assembly.

As a result the code size is slightly increased.

   text	   data	    bss	    dec	    hex	filename
18163528 10226300 2957312 31347140 1de51c4 ./vmlinux before
18163608 10227348 2957312 31348268 1de562c ./vmlinux after (+1128)

And functions such as intel_pstate_adjust_policy_max(),
kvm_cpu_accept_dm_intr(), kvm_register_readl() are inlined.

Cc: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Cc: Ingo Molnar <mingo@redhat.com>
Cc: "H. Peter Anvin" <hpa@zytor.com>
Cc: x86@kernel.org
Cc: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Cc: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Acked-by: Peter Zijlstra (Intel) <peterz@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>
---
 arch/x86/entry/calling.h          |  2 +-
 arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h | 77 +++++++++++--------------------
 arch/x86/kernel/macros.S          |  1 +
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/x86/entry/calling.h b/arch/x86/entry/calling.h
index 352e70cd33e8..708b46a54578 100644
--- a/arch/x86/entry/calling.h
+++ b/arch/x86/entry/calling.h
@@ -338,7 +338,7 @@ For 32-bit we have the following conventions - kernel is built with
 .macro CALL_enter_from_user_mode
 #ifdef CONFIG_CONTEXT_TRACKING
 #ifdef HAVE_JUMP_LABEL
-	STATIC_JUMP_IF_FALSE .Lafter_call_\@, context_tracking_enabled, def=0
+	STATIC_BRANCH_JMP l_yes=.Lafter_call_\@, key=context_tracking_enabled, branch=1
 #endif
 	call enter_from_user_mode
 .Lafter_call_\@:
diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h
index 8c0de4282659..4606a7101f97 100644
--- a/arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h
+++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/jump_label.h
@@ -2,19 +2,6 @@
 #ifndef _ASM_X86_JUMP_LABEL_H
 #define _ASM_X86_JUMP_LABEL_H
 
-#ifndef HAVE_JUMP_LABEL
-/*
- * For better or for worse, if jump labels (the gcc extension) are missing,
- * then the entire static branch patching infrastructure is compiled out.
- * If that happens, the code in here will malfunction.  Raise a compiler
- * error instead.
- *
- * In theory, jump labels and the static branch patching infrastructure
- * could be decoupled to fix this.
- */
-#error asm/jump_label.h included on a non-jump-label kernel
-#endif
-
 #define JUMP_LABEL_NOP_SIZE 5
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
@@ -28,18 +15,27 @@
 
 #ifndef __ASSEMBLY__
 
+#ifndef HAVE_JUMP_LABEL
+/*
+ * For better or for worse, if jump labels (the gcc extension) are missing,
+ * then the entire static branch patching infrastructure is compiled out.
+ * If that happens, the code in here will malfunction.  Raise a compiler
+ * error instead.
+ *
+ * In theory, jump labels and the static branch patching infrastructure
+ * could be decoupled to fix this.
+ */
+#error asm/jump_label.h included on a non-jump-label kernel
+#endif
+
 #include <linux/stringify.h>
 #include <linux/types.h>
 
 static __always_inline bool arch_static_branch(struct static_key *key, bool branch)
 {
-	asm_volatile_goto("1:"
-		".byte " __stringify(STATIC_KEY_INIT_NOP) "\n\t"
-		".pushsection __jump_table,  \"aw\" \n\t"
-		_ASM_ALIGN "\n\t"
-		_ASM_PTR "1b, %l[l_yes], %c0 + %c1 \n\t"
-		".popsection \n\t"
-		: :  "i" (key), "i" (branch) : : l_yes);
+	asm_volatile_goto("STATIC_BRANCH_NOP l_yes=\"%l[l_yes]\" key=\"%c0\" "
+			  "branch=\"%c1\""
+			: :  "i" (key), "i" (branch) : : l_yes);
 
 	return false;
 l_yes:
@@ -48,13 +44,8 @@ static __always_inline bool arch_static_branch(struct static_key *key, bool bran
 
 static __always_inline bool arch_static_branch_jump(struct static_key *key, bool branch)
 {
-	asm_volatile_goto("1:"
-		".byte 0xe9\n\t .long %l[l_yes] - 2f\n\t"
-		"2:\n\t"
-		".pushsection __jump_table,  \"aw\" \n\t"
-		_ASM_ALIGN "\n\t"
-		_ASM_PTR "1b, %l[l_yes], %c0 + %c1 \n\t"
-		".popsection \n\t"
+	asm_volatile_goto("STATIC_BRANCH_JMP l_yes=\"%l[l_yes]\" key=\"%c0\" "
+			  "branch=\"%c1\""
 		: :  "i" (key), "i" (branch) : : l_yes);
 
 	return false;
@@ -76,35 +67,23 @@ struct jump_entry {
 
 #else	/* __ASSEMBLY__ */
 
-.macro STATIC_JUMP_IF_TRUE target, key, def
-.Lstatic_jump_\@:
-	.if \def
-	/* Equivalent to "jmp.d32 \target" */
-	.byte		0xe9
-	.long		\target - .Lstatic_jump_after_\@
-.Lstatic_jump_after_\@:
-	.else
-	.byte		STATIC_KEY_INIT_NOP
-	.endif
+.macro STATIC_BRANCH_NOP l_yes:req key:req branch:req
+1:
+	.byte STATIC_KEY_INIT_NOP
 	.pushsection __jump_table, "aw"
 	_ASM_ALIGN
-	_ASM_PTR	.Lstatic_jump_\@, \target, \key
+	_ASM_PTR 1b, \l_yes, \key + \branch
 	.popsection
 .endm
 
-.macro STATIC_JUMP_IF_FALSE target, key, def
-.Lstatic_jump_\@:
-	.if \def
-	.byte		STATIC_KEY_INIT_NOP
-	.else
-	/* Equivalent to "jmp.d32 \target" */
-	.byte		0xe9
-	.long		\target - .Lstatic_jump_after_\@
-.Lstatic_jump_after_\@:
-	.endif
+.macro STATIC_BRANCH_JMP l_yes:req key:req branch:req
+1:
+	.byte 0xe9
+	.long \l_yes - 2f
+2:
 	.pushsection __jump_table, "aw"
 	_ASM_ALIGN
-	_ASM_PTR	.Lstatic_jump_\@, \target, \key + 1
+	_ASM_PTR 1b, \l_yes, \key + \branch
 	.popsection
 .endm
 
diff --git a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
index bf8b9c93e255..161c95059044 100644
--- a/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
+++ b/arch/x86/kernel/macros.S
@@ -13,3 +13,4 @@
 #include <asm/paravirt.h>
 #include <asm/asm.h>
 #include <asm/cpufeature.h>
+#include <asm/jump_label.h>
-- 
2.17.1

Re: [PATCH v8 00/10] x86: macrofying inline asm for better compilation

[Kees Cook]

On Tue, Sep 18, 2018 at 2:28 PM, Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com> wrote:
> This patch-set deals with an interesting yet stupid problem: kernel code
> that does not get inlined despite its simplicity. There are several
> causes for this behavior: "cold" attribute on __init, different function
> optimization levels; conditional constant computations based on
> __builtin_constant_p(); and finally large inline assembly blocks.
>
> This patch-set deals with the inline assembly problem. I separated these
> patches from the others (that were sent in the RFC) for easier
> inclusion. I also separated the removal of unnecessary new-lines which
> would be sent separately.
>
> The problem with inline assembly is that inline assembly is often used
> by the kernel for things that are other than code - for example,
> assembly directives and data. GCC however is oblivious to the content of
> the blocks and assumes their cost in space and time is proportional to
> the number of the perceived assembly "instruction", according to the
> number of newlines and semicolons. Alternatives, paravirt and other
> mechanisms are affected, causing code not to be inlined, and degrading
> compilation quality in general.
>
> The solution that this patch-set carries for this problem is to create
> an assembly macro, and then call it from the inline assembly block.  As
> a result, the compiler sees a single "instruction" and assigns the more
> appropriate cost to the code.
>
> To avoid uglification of the code, as many noted, the macros are first
> precompiled into an assembly file, which is later assembled together
> with the C files. This also enables to avoid duplicate implementation
> that was set before for the asm and C code. This can be seen in the
> exception table changes.
>
> Overall this patch-set slightly increases the kernel size (my build was
> done using my Ubuntu 18.04 config + localyesconfig for the record):
>
>    text    data     bss     dec     hex filename
> 18140829 10224724 2957312 31322865 1ddf2f1 ./vmlinux before
> 18163608 10227348 2957312 31348268 1de562c ./vmlinux after (+0.1%)
>
> The number of static functions in the image is reduced by 379, but
> actually inlining is even better, which does not always shows in these
> numbers: a function may be inlined causing the calling function not to
> be inlined.
>
> I ran some limited number of benchmarks, and in general the performance
> impact is not very notable. You can still see >10 cycles shaved off some
> syscalls that manipulate page-tables (e.g., mprotect()), in which
> paravirt caused many functions not to be inlined. In addition this
> patch-set can prevent issues such as [1], and improves code readability
> and maintainability.
>
> [1] https://patchwork.kernel.org/patch/10450037/
>
> v7->v8: * Add acks (Masahiro, Max)
>         * Rebase on 4.19 (Ingo)

I've tested the series for booting and with the refcount lkdtm tests.
Looks good, thanks!

Tested-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>

-Kees

-- 
Kees Cook
Pixel Security

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Rasmus Villemoes]

On 2018-09-18 23:28, Nadav Amit wrote:

> diff --git a/arch/x86/Makefile b/arch/x86/Makefile
> index 8f6e7eb8ae9f..944fa3bc9376 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/Makefile
> +++ b/arch/x86/Makefile
> @@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
>  KBUILD_LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -z max-page-size=0x200000)
>  endif
>  
> -# Speed up the build
> -KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
> +# We cannot use -pipe flag since we give an additional .s file to the compiler
> +#KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe

Is this really necessary? The gas manual says that one can use -- to
name stdin, though that's probably a typo and should just be - . Doing

gcc -pipe -Wa,foo.s -Wa,-

does seem to work as expected (and would also make it possible to append
some .s file should that ever be required).
>  
> +archmacros:
> +	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/kernel arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
> +
> +ASM_MACRO_FLAGS = -Wa,arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
> +export ASM_MACRO_FLAGS
> +KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
How does this affect what gets rebuilt when one of the asm/foo.h files
going into macros.s changes? Does that cause a global rebuild because
everything depends on macros.s, or do we still only rebuild the files
that actually include asm/foo.h?

Rasmus

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Nadav Amit]

at 1:58 AM, Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> wrote:

> On 2018-09-18 23:28, Nadav Amit wrote:
> 
>> diff --git a/arch/x86/Makefile b/arch/x86/Makefile
>> index 8f6e7eb8ae9f..944fa3bc9376 100644
>> --- a/arch/x86/Makefile
>> +++ b/arch/x86/Makefile
>> @@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
>> KBUILD_LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -z max-page-size=0x200000)
>> endif
>> 
>> -# Speed up the build
>> -KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
>> +# We cannot use -pipe flag since we give an additional .s file to the compiler
>> +#KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
> 
> Is this really necessary? The gas manual says that one can use -- to
> name stdin, though that's probably a typo and should just be - . Doing
> 
> gcc -pipe -Wa,foo.s -Wa,-

Good idea. I didn’t think of it. Yes, this can do the trick. I’ll do it in
v9.

> does seem to work as expected (and would also make it possible to append
> some .s file should that ever be required).
>> +archmacros:
>> +	$(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/kernel arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
>> +
>> +ASM_MACRO_FLAGS = -Wa,arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
>> +export ASM_MACRO_FLAGS
>> +KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
> How does this affect what gets rebuilt when one of the asm/foo.h files
> going into macros.s changes? Does that cause a global rebuild because
> everything depends on macros.s, or do we still only rebuild the files
> that actually include asm/foo.h?

There will not be a global rebuild. Any source file that uses the header
files that are included in macros.S will be rebuilt.

But your question actually raises two issues:

1. If macros.S changes, there *should* be a global rebuild, and currently
there wouldn’t be one. Do you happen to know what would be the appropriate
way to trigger one?

2. Someone might mistakenly use the macros through inline assembly without
including the header file. It would be better to detect such cases and fail
the build. I may be able to create another asm macro in the C part of the
header that would cause the build to fail. But let me know if you any
better idea.

Regards,
Nadav

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Rasmus Villemoes]

On 2018-09-26 19:56, Nadav Amit wrote:
> at 1:58 AM, Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> wrote:
> 
>>> +ASM_MACRO_FLAGS = -Wa,arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
>>> +export ASM_MACRO_FLAGS
>>> +KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
>> How does this affect what gets rebuilt when one of the asm/foo.h files
>> going into macros.s changes? Does that cause a global rebuild because
>> everything depends on macros.s, or do we still only rebuild the files
>> that actually include asm/foo.h?
> 
> There will not be a global rebuild. Any source file that uses the header
> files that are included in macros.S will be rebuilt.
> 
> But your question actually raises two issues:
> 
> 1. If macros.S changes, there *should* be a global rebuild, and currently
> there wouldn’t be one. Do you happen to know what would be the appropriate
> way to trigger one?

Hm, that's a question for Kbuild folks, I think. Maybe one could just
ensure macros.s gets written into the dependency file for each
translation unit (maybe fixdep already has support for that). But if we
do that, we probably want macros.s to be generated with some if_changed
makefile magic, so that changes in one of the asm/ headers that do not
actually change macros.s does not cause a global rebuild (it would still
rebuild the files that actually inclue that asm/ header, of course).

> 2. Someone might mistakenly use the macros through inline assembly without
> including the header file.

That's rather unlikely, I think. An open-coded asm("SOME_MACRO ...")
would hopefully be caught in review. But yeah...

> It would be better to detect such cases and fail
> the build. I may be able to create another asm macro in the C part of the
> header that would cause the build to fail. But let me know if you any
> better idea.

The best I can think of (and I'm not suggesting to do this, or that it
would actually work): In asm/foo.h, inside its cpp include guard, and
inside a guard that excludes this piece when building macros.s itself,
have a 'asm("___asm_foo_included__ = 1\n")'. Then inside each asm macro
defined in asm/foo.h, have a ".ifndef ___asm_foo_included___\n.error
...\n.endif". That latter part might be macrofied itself so that it's
just one line, "CHECK_INCLUDE ___asm_foo_included___\n", with
CHECK_INCLUDE being defined in macros.S.

Rasmus

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Masahiro Yamada]

Hi.



2018年9月27日(木) 2:57 Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>:
>
> at 1:58 AM, Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> wrote:
>
> > On 2018-09-18 23:28, Nadav Amit wrote:
> >
> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/Makefile b/arch/x86/Makefile
> >> index 8f6e7eb8ae9f..944fa3bc9376 100644
> >> --- a/arch/x86/Makefile
> >> +++ b/arch/x86/Makefile
> >> @@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
> >> KBUILD_LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -z max-page-size=0x200000)
> >> endif
> >>
> >> -# Speed up the build
> >> -KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
> >> +# We cannot use -pipe flag since we give an additional .s file to the compiler
> >> +#KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
> >
> > Is this really necessary? The gas manual says that one can use -- to
> > name stdin, though that's probably a typo and should just be - . Doing
> >
> > gcc -pipe -Wa,foo.s -Wa,-
>
> Good idea. I didn’t think of it. Yes, this can do the trick. I’ll do it in
> v9.
>
> > does seem to work as expected (and would also make it possible to append
> > some .s file should that ever be required).
> >> +archmacros:
> >> +    $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/kernel arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
> >> +
> >> +ASM_MACRO_FLAGS = -Wa,arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
> >> +export ASM_MACRO_FLAGS
> >> +KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
> > How does this affect what gets rebuilt when one of the asm/foo.h files
> > going into macros.s changes? Does that cause a global rebuild because
> > everything depends on macros.s, or do we still only rebuild the files
> > that actually include asm/foo.h?
>
> There will not be a global rebuild. Any source file that uses the header
> files that are included in macros.S will be rebuilt.
>
> But your question actually raises two issues:
>
> 1. If macros.S changes, there *should* be a global rebuild,


Looking at this series, I can see this rule:
"macros and inline functions that calls them are placed in the same header".


For example,
REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO is defined in <asm/refcount.h>,
and REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO is invoked via refcount_sub_and_test() etc.
in the same header.

Therefore, all users of REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO must have included
<asm/refcount.h>

This means all C files using REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO
will be appropriately recompiled as long as the rule above is observed.



> and currently
> there wouldn’t be one. Do you happen to know what would be the appropriate
> way to trigger one?
>
> 2. Someone might mistakenly use the macros through inline assembly without
> including the header file.

Right, it is possible to use REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO directly.
If this happens, my assumption breaks.

It would be unlikely to happen, though...


> It would be better to detect such cases and fail
> the build. I may be able to create another asm macro in the C part of the
> header that would cause the build to fail. But let me know if you any
> better idea.
>
> Regards,
> Nadav
>


-- 
Best Regards
Masahiro Yamada

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Ingo Molnar]

* Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com> wrote:

> at 1:58 AM, Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> wrote:
> 
> > On 2018-09-18 23:28, Nadav Amit wrote:
> > 
> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/Makefile b/arch/x86/Makefile
> >> index 8f6e7eb8ae9f..944fa3bc9376 100644
> >> --- a/arch/x86/Makefile
> >> +++ b/arch/x86/Makefile
> >> @@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
> >> KBUILD_LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -z max-page-size=0x200000)
> >> endif
> >> 
> >> -# Speed up the build
> >> -KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
> >> +# We cannot use -pipe flag since we give an additional .s file to the compiler
> >> +#KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
> > 
> > Is this really necessary? The gas manual says that one can use -- to
> > name stdin, though that's probably a typo and should just be - . Doing
> > 
> > gcc -pipe -Wa,foo.s -Wa,-
> 
> Good idea. I didn’t think of it. Yes, this can do the trick. I’ll do it in
> v9.

Ok, will wait for v9.

Thanks,

	Ingo

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Nadav Amit]

at 3:01 PM, Masahiro Yamada <yamada.masahiro@socionext.com> wrote:

> Hi.

Thanks for your reply. Your advices are always valuable!

> 
> 
> 
> 2018年9月27日(木) 2:57 Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com>:
>> at 1:58 AM, Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> wrote:
>> 
>>> On 2018-09-18 23:28, Nadav Amit wrote:
>>> 
>>>> diff --git a/arch/x86/Makefile b/arch/x86/Makefile
>>>> index 8f6e7eb8ae9f..944fa3bc9376 100644
>>>> --- a/arch/x86/Makefile
>>>> +++ b/arch/x86/Makefile
>>>> @@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
>>>> KBUILD_LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -z max-page-size=0x200000)
>>>> endif
>>>> 
>>>> -# Speed up the build
>>>> -KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
>>>> +# We cannot use -pipe flag since we give an additional .s file to the compiler
>>>> +#KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
>>> 
>>> Is this really necessary? The gas manual says that one can use -- to
>>> name stdin, though that's probably a typo and should just be - . Doing
>>> 
>>> gcc -pipe -Wa,foo.s -Wa,-
>> 
>> Good idea. I didn’t think of it. Yes, this can do the trick. I’ll do it in
>> v9.
>> 
>>> does seem to work as expected (and would also make it possible to append
>>> some .s file should that ever be required).
>>>> +archmacros:
>>>> +    $(Q)$(MAKE) $(build)=arch/x86/kernel arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
>>>> +
>>>> +ASM_MACRO_FLAGS = -Wa,arch/x86/kernel/macros.s
>>>> +export ASM_MACRO_FLAGS
>>>> +KBUILD_CFLAGS += $(ASM_MACRO_FLAGS)
>>> How does this affect what gets rebuilt when one of the asm/foo.h files
>>> going into macros.s changes? Does that cause a global rebuild because
>>> everything depends on macros.s, or do we still only rebuild the files
>>> that actually include asm/foo.h?
>> 
>> There will not be a global rebuild. Any source file that uses the header
>> files that are included in macros.S will be rebuilt.
>> 
>> But your question actually raises two issues:
>> 
>> 1. If macros.S changes, there *should* be a global rebuild,
> 
> 
> Looking at this series, I can see this rule:
> "macros and inline functions that calls them are placed in the same header".
> 
> 
> For example,
> REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO is defined in <asm/refcount.h>,
> and REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO is invoked via refcount_sub_and_test() etc.
> in the same header.
> 
> Therefore, all users of REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO must have included
> <asm/refcount.h>
> 
> This means all C files using REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO
> will be appropriately recompiled as long as the rule above is observed.

Yes. My concern is not what happens if any of the files included from
macros.S changes, but what happens if macros.S changes (e.g., to include
an additional header).

Maybe I can create some artificial dependency based on __ASSEMBLY__ . I’ll
give it another thought.

>> and currently
>> there wouldn’t be one. Do you happen to know what would be the appropriate
>> way to trigger one?
>> 
>> 2. Someone might mistakenly use the macros through inline assembly without
>> including the header file.
> 
> Right, it is possible to use REFCOUNT_CHECK_LE_ZERO directly.
> If this happens, my assumption breaks.
> 
> It would be unlikely to happen, though...

Yes. I’ll let it go for now.

Thanks,
Nadav

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[hpa]

On October 2, 2018 3:59:52 AM PDT, Ingo Molnar <mingo@kernel.org> wrote:
>
>* Nadav Amit <namit@vmware.com> wrote:
>
>> at 1:58 AM, Rasmus Villemoes <linux@rasmusvillemoes.dk> wrote:
>> 
>> > On 2018-09-18 23:28, Nadav Amit wrote:
>> > 
>> >> diff --git a/arch/x86/Makefile b/arch/x86/Makefile
>> >> index 8f6e7eb8ae9f..944fa3bc9376 100644
>> >> --- a/arch/x86/Makefile
>> >> +++ b/arch/x86/Makefile
>> >> @@ -214,8 +214,8 @@ ifdef CONFIG_X86_64
>> >> KBUILD_LDFLAGS += $(call ld-option, -z max-page-size=0x200000)
>> >> endif
>> >> 
>> >> -# Speed up the build
>> >> -KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
>> >> +# We cannot use -pipe flag since we give an additional .s file to
>the compiler
>> >> +#KBUILD_CFLAGS += -pipe
>> > 
>> > Is this really necessary? The gas manual says that one can use --
>to
>> > name stdin, though that's probably a typo and should just be - .
>Doing
>> > 
>> > gcc -pipe -Wa,foo.s -Wa,-
>> 
>> Good idea. I didn’t think of it. Yes, this can do the trick. I’ll do
>it in
>> v9.
>
>Ok, will wait for v9.
>
>Thanks,
>
>	Ingo

Does -pipe actually win anything these days?
-- 
Sent from my Android device with K-9 Mail. Please excuse my brevity.

Re: [PATCH v8 02/10] Makefile: Prepare for using macros for inline asm

[Nadav Amit]

at 12:43 PM, hpa@zytor.com wrote:

> 
> Does -pipe actually win anything these days?

Sorry, I don’t have the time to check it right now. Anyhow, I presume it is
best that such a change will be in a separate patch.