From: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
To: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Eric Snowberg <eric.snowberg@oracle.com>,
Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko@kernel.org>,
David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>,
keyrings@vger.kernel.org, Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
Subject: [PATCH 5.12 107/110] certs: Move load_system_certificate_list to a common function
Date: Mon, 28 Jun 2021 10:18:25 -0400 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20210628141828.31757-108-sashal@kernel.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20210628141828.31757-1-sashal@kernel.org>
From: Eric Snowberg <eric.snowberg@oracle.com>
[ Upstream commit 2565ca7f5ec1a98d51eea8860c4ab923f1ca2c85 ]
Move functionality within load_system_certificate_list to a common
function, so it can be reused in the future.
DH Changes:
- Added inclusion of common.h to common.c (Eric [1]).
Signed-off-by: Eric Snowberg <eric.snowberg@oracle.com>
Acked-by: Jarkko Sakkinen <jarkko@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
cc: keyrings@vger.kernel.org
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/EDA280F9-F72D-4181-93C7-CDBE95976FF7@oracle.com/ [1]
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20200930201508.35113-2-eric.snowberg@oracle.com/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20210122181054.32635-3-eric.snowberg@oracle.com/ # v5
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/161428672825.677100.7545516389752262918.stgit@warthog.procyon.org.uk/
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/161433311696.902181.3599366124784670368.stgit@warthog.procyon.org.uk/ # v2
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/161529605850.163428.7786675680201528556.stgit@warthog.procyon.org.uk/ # v3
Signed-off-by: Sasha Levin <sashal@kernel.org>
---
certs/Makefile | 2 +-
certs/common.c | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
certs/common.h | 9 +++++++
certs/system_keyring.c | 49 +++---------------------------------
4 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 certs/common.c
create mode 100644 certs/common.h
diff --git a/certs/Makefile b/certs/Makefile
index f4c25b67aad9..f4b90bad8690 100644
--- a/certs/Makefile
+++ b/certs/Makefile
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
# Makefile for the linux kernel signature checking certificates.
#
-obj-$(CONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYRING) += system_keyring.o system_certificates.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SYSTEM_TRUSTED_KEYRING) += system_keyring.o system_certificates.o common.o
obj-$(CONFIG_SYSTEM_BLACKLIST_KEYRING) += blacklist.o
ifneq ($(CONFIG_SYSTEM_BLACKLIST_HASH_LIST),"")
obj-$(CONFIG_SYSTEM_BLACKLIST_KEYRING) += blacklist_hashes.o
diff --git a/certs/common.c b/certs/common.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..16a220887a53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/certs/common.c
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+
+#include <linux/kernel.h>
+#include <linux/key.h>
+#include "common.h"
+
+int load_certificate_list(const u8 cert_list[],
+ const unsigned long list_size,
+ const struct key *keyring)
+{
+ key_ref_t key;
+ const u8 *p, *end;
+ size_t plen;
+
+ p = cert_list;
+ end = p + list_size;
+ while (p < end) {
+ /* Each cert begins with an ASN.1 SEQUENCE tag and must be more
+ * than 256 bytes in size.
+ */
+ if (end - p < 4)
+ goto dodgy_cert;
+ if (p[0] != 0x30 &&
+ p[1] != 0x82)
+ goto dodgy_cert;
+ plen = (p[2] << 8) | p[3];
+ plen += 4;
+ if (plen > end - p)
+ goto dodgy_cert;
+
+ key = key_create_or_update(make_key_ref(keyring, 1),
+ "asymmetric",
+ NULL,
+ p,
+ plen,
+ ((KEY_POS_ALL & ~KEY_POS_SETATTR) |
+ KEY_USR_VIEW | KEY_USR_READ),
+ KEY_ALLOC_NOT_IN_QUOTA |
+ KEY_ALLOC_BUILT_IN |
+ KEY_ALLOC_BYPASS_RESTRICTION);
+ if (IS_ERR(key)) {
+ pr_err("Problem loading in-kernel X.509 certificate (%ld)\n",
+ PTR_ERR(key));
+ } else {
+ pr_notice("Loaded X.509 cert '%s'\n",
+ key_ref_to_ptr(key)->description);
+ key_ref_put(key);
+ }
+ p += plen;
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+
+dodgy_cert:
+ pr_err("Problem parsing in-kernel X.509 certificate list\n");
+ return 0;
+}
diff --git a/certs/common.h b/certs/common.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..abdb5795936b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/certs/common.h
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+
+#ifndef _CERT_COMMON_H
+#define _CERT_COMMON_H
+
+int load_certificate_list(const u8 cert_list[], const unsigned long list_size,
+ const struct key *keyring);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/certs/system_keyring.c b/certs/system_keyring.c
index ed98754d5795..0c9a4795e847 100644
--- a/certs/system_keyring.c
+++ b/certs/system_keyring.c
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
#include <keys/asymmetric-type.h>
#include <keys/system_keyring.h>
#include <crypto/pkcs7.h>
+#include "common.h"
static struct key *builtin_trusted_keys;
#ifdef CONFIG_SECONDARY_TRUSTED_KEYRING
@@ -137,54 +138,10 @@ device_initcall(system_trusted_keyring_init);
*/
static __init int load_system_certificate_list(void)
{
- key_ref_t key;
- const u8 *p, *end;
- size_t plen;
-
pr_notice("Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates\n");
- p = system_certificate_list;
- end = p + system_certificate_list_size;
- while (p < end) {
- /* Each cert begins with an ASN.1 SEQUENCE tag and must be more
- * than 256 bytes in size.
- */
- if (end - p < 4)
- goto dodgy_cert;
- if (p[0] != 0x30 &&
- p[1] != 0x82)
- goto dodgy_cert;
- plen = (p[2] << 8) | p[3];
- plen += 4;
- if (plen > end - p)
- goto dodgy_cert;
-
- key = key_create_or_update(make_key_ref(builtin_trusted_keys, 1),
- "asymmetric",
- NULL,
- p,
- plen,
- ((KEY_POS_ALL & ~KEY_POS_SETATTR) |
- KEY_USR_VIEW | KEY_USR_READ),
- KEY_ALLOC_NOT_IN_QUOTA |
- KEY_ALLOC_BUILT_IN |
- KEY_ALLOC_BYPASS_RESTRICTION);
- if (IS_ERR(key)) {
- pr_err("Problem loading in-kernel X.509 certificate (%ld)\n",
- PTR_ERR(key));
- } else {
- pr_notice("Loaded X.509 cert '%s'\n",
- key_ref_to_ptr(key)->description);
- key_ref_put(key);
- }
- p += plen;
- }
-
- return 0;
-
-dodgy_cert:
- pr_err("Problem parsing in-kernel X.509 certificate list\n");
- return 0;
+ return load_certificate_list(system_certificate_list, system_certificate_list_size,
+ builtin_trusted_keys);
}
late_initcall(load_system_certificate_list);
--
2.30.2
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2021-06-28 14:28 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 123+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2021-06-28 14:16 [PATCH 5.12 000/110] 5.12.14-rc1 review Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 001/110] module: limit enabling module.sig_enforce Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 002/110] Revert "drm/amdgpu/gfx9: fix the doorbell missing when in CGPG issue." Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 003/110] Revert "drm/amdgpu/gfx10: enlarge CP_MEC_DOORBELL_RANGE_UPPER to cover full doorbell." Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 004/110] drm: add a locked version of drm_is_current_master Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 15:01 ` Emil Velikov
2021-06-28 15:07 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 005/110] drm/nouveau: wait for moving fence after pinning v2 Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 006/110] drm/radeon: wait for moving fence after pinning Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 007/110] drm/amdgpu: " Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 008/110] ARM: 9081/1: fix gcc-10 thumb2-kernel regression Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 009/110] mmc: meson-gx: use memcpy_to/fromio for dram-access-quirk Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 010/110] psi: Fix psi state corruption when schedule() races with cgroup move Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 011/110] spi: spi-nxp-fspi: move the register operation after the clock enable Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 012/110] Revert "PCI: PM: Do not read power state in pci_enable_device_flags()" Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 013/110] drm/vc4: hdmi: Move the HSM clock enable to runtime_pm Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 014/110] drm/vc4: hdmi: Make sure the controller is powered in detect Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 015/110] x86/entry: Fix noinstr fail in __do_fast_syscall_32() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 016/110] x86/xen: Fix noinstr fail in xen_pv_evtchn_do_upcall() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 017/110] x86/xen: Fix noinstr fail in exc_xen_unknown_trap() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 018/110] locking/lockdep: Improve noinstr vs errors Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 019/110] drm/kmb: Fix error return code in kmb_hw_init() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 16:29 ` Chrisanthus, Anitha
2021-06-28 21:17 ` Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 020/110] perf/x86/lbr: Remove cpuc->lbr_xsave allocation from atomic context Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:16 ` [PATCH 5.12 021/110] perf/x86/intel/lbr: Zero the xstate buffer on allocation Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 022/110] dmaengine: zynqmp_dma: Fix PM reference leak in zynqmp_dma_alloc_chan_resourc() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 023/110] dmaengine: stm32-mdma: fix PM reference leak in stm32_mdma_alloc_chan_resourc() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 024/110] dmaengine: xilinx: dpdma: Add missing dependencies to Kconfig Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 025/110] dmaengine: xilinx: dpdma: Limit descriptor IDs to 16 bits Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 026/110] mac80211: remove warning in ieee80211_get_sband() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 027/110] mac80211_hwsim: drop pending frames on stop Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 028/110] cfg80211: call cfg80211_leave_ocb when switching away from OCB Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 029/110] dmaengine: idxd: Fix missing error code in idxd_cdev_open() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 030/110] dmaengine: rcar-dmac: Fix PM reference leak in rcar_dmac_probe() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 031/110] dmaengine: mediatek: free the proper desc in desc_free handler Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 032/110] dmaengine: mediatek: do not issue a new desc if one is still current Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 033/110] dmaengine: mediatek: use GFP_NOWAIT instead of GFP_ATOMIC in prep_dma Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 034/110] net: ipv4: Remove unneed BUG() function Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 035/110] mac80211: drop multicast fragments Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 036/110] net: ethtool: clear heap allocations for ethtool function Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 037/110] inet: annotate data race in inet_send_prepare() and inet_dgram_connect() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 038/110] ping: Check return value of function 'ping_queue_rcv_skb' Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 039/110] net: annotate data race in sock_error() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 040/110] inet: annotate date races around sk->sk_txhash Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 041/110] net/packet: annotate data race in packet_sendmsg() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 042/110] net: phy: dp83867: perform soft reset and retain established link Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 043/110] riscv32: Use medany C model for modules Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 044/110] net: caif: fix memory leak in ldisc_open Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 045/110] bpf, selftests: Adjust few selftest outcomes wrt unreachable code Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 046/110] qmi_wwan: Do not call netif_rx from rx_fixup Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 047/110] net/packet: annotate accesses to po->bind Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 048/110] net/packet: annotate accesses to po->ifindex Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 049/110] r8152: Avoid memcpy() over-reading of ETH_SS_STATS Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 050/110] sh_eth: " Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 051/110] r8169: " Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 052/110] KVM: selftests: Fix kvm_check_cap() assertion Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 053/110] net: qed: Fix memcpy() overflow of qed_dcbx_params() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 054/110] mac80211: reset profile_periodicity/ema_ap Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 055/110] mac80211: handle various extensible elements correctly Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 056/110] recordmcount: Correct st_shndx handling Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 057/110] PCI: Add AMD RS690 quirk to enable 64-bit DMA Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 058/110] net: ll_temac: Add memory-barriers for TX BD access Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 059/110] net: ll_temac: Avoid ndo_start_xmit returning NETDEV_TX_BUSY Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 060/110] riscv: dts: fu740: fix cache-controller interrupts Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 061/110] perf/x86: Track pmu in per-CPU cpu_hw_events Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 062/110] pinctrl: microchip-sgpio: Put fwnode in error case during ->probe() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 063/110] pinctrl: stm32: fix the reported number of GPIO lines per bank Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 064/110] i2c: i801: Ensure that SMBHSTSTS_INUSE_STS is cleared when leaving i801_access Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 065/110] gpiolib: cdev: zero padding during conversion to gpioline_info_changed Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 066/110] scsi: sd: Call sd_revalidate_disk() for ioctl(BLKRRPART) Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 067/110] software node: Handle software node injection to an existing device properly Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 068/110] nilfs2: fix memory leak in nilfs_sysfs_delete_device_group Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 069/110] s390/topology: clear thread/group maps for offline cpus Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 070/110] s390/stack: fix possible register corruption with stack switch helper Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 071/110] s390: fix system call restart with multiple signals Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 072/110] s390: clear pt_regs::flags on irq entry Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 073/110] KVM: do not allow mapping valid but non-reference-counted pages Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 074/110] i2c: robotfuzz-osif: fix control-request directions Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 075/110] ceph: must hold snap_rwsem when filling inode for async create Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 076/110] xen/events: reset active flag for lateeoi events later Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 077/110] kthread_worker: split code for canceling the delayed work timer Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 078/110] kthread: prevent deadlock when kthread_mod_delayed_work() races with kthread_cancel_delayed_work_sync() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 079/110] x86/fpu: Preserve supervisor states in sanitize_restored_user_xstate() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 080/110] x86/fpu: Make init_fpstate correct with optimized XSAVE Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:17 ` [PATCH 5.12 081/110] mm/memory-failure: use a mutex to avoid memory_failure() races Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 082/110] mm, thp: use head page in __migration_entry_wait() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 083/110] mm/thp: fix __split_huge_pmd_locked() on shmem migration entry Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 084/110] mm/thp: make is_huge_zero_pmd() safe and quicker Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 085/110] mm/thp: try_to_unmap() use TTU_SYNC for safe splitting Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 086/110] mm/thp: fix vma_address() if virtual address below file offset Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 087/110] mm/thp: fix page_address_in_vma() on file THP tails Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 088/110] mm/thp: unmap_mapping_page() to fix THP truncate_cleanup_page() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 089/110] mm: thp: replace DEBUG_VM BUG with VM_WARN when unmap fails for split Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 090/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): use page for pvmw->page Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 091/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): settle PageHuge on entry Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 092/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): use pmde for *pvmw->pmd Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 093/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): prettify PVMW_MIGRATION block Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 094/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): crossing page table boundary Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 095/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): add a level of indentation Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 096/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): use goto instead of while (1) Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 097/110] mm: page_vma_mapped_walk(): get vma_address_end() earlier Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 098/110] mm/thp: fix page_vma_mapped_walk() if THP mapped by ptes Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 099/110] mm/thp: another PVMW_SYNC fix in page_vma_mapped_walk() Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 100/110] mm, futex: fix shared futex pgoff on shmem huge page Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 101/110] KVM: SVM: Call SEV Guest Decommission if ASID binding fails Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 102/110] swiotlb: manipulate orig_addr when tlb_addr has offset Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 103/110] netfs: fix test for whether we can skip read when writing beyond EOF Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 104/110] mm/hwpoison: do not lock page again when me_huge_page() successfully recovers Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 105/110] Revert "drm: add a locked version of drm_is_current_master" Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 106/110] certs: Add EFI_CERT_X509_GUID support for dbx entries Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` Sasha Levin [this message]
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 108/110] certs: Add ability to preload revocation certs Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 109/110] integrity: Load mokx variables into the blacklist keyring Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 14:18 ` [PATCH 5.12 110/110] Linux 5.12.14-rc1 Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 18:21 ` [PATCH 5.12 000/110] 5.12.14-rc1 review Fox Chen
2021-06-30 12:43 ` Sasha Levin
2021-06-28 22:53 ` Justin Forbes
2021-06-30 12:43 ` Sasha Levin
2021-06-29 6:10 ` Naresh Kamboju
2021-06-30 12:45 ` Sasha Levin
2021-06-29 18:21 ` Guenter Roeck
2021-06-30 12:45 ` Sasha Levin
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