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From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
To: linux-fscrypt@vger.kernel.org
Cc: linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net,
	linux-mtd@lists.infradead.org, ceph-devel@vger.kernel.org,
	Jeff Layton <jlayton@kernel.org>,
	Daniel Rosenberg <drosen@google.com>
Subject: [PATCH v3 09/13] fscrypt: stop pretending that key setup is nofs-safe
Date: Wed, 16 Sep 2020 21:11:32 -0700	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20200917041136.178600-10-ebiggers@kernel.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20200917041136.178600-1-ebiggers@kernel.org>

From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt_get_encryption_info() has never actually been safe to call in a
context that needs GFP_NOFS, since it calls crypto_alloc_skcipher().

crypto_alloc_skcipher() isn't GFP_NOFS-safe, even if called under
memalloc_nofs_save().  This is because it may load kernel modules, and
also because it internally takes crypto_alg_sem.  Other tasks can do
GFP_KERNEL allocations while holding crypto_alg_sem for write.

The use of fscrypt_init_mutex isn't GFP_NOFS-safe either.

So, stop pretending that fscrypt_get_encryption_info() is nofs-safe.
I.e., when it allocates memory, just use GFP_KERNEL instead of GFP_NOFS.

Note, another reason to do this is that GFP_NOFS is deprecated in favor
of using memalloc_nofs_save() in the proper places.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
---
 fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c | 7 ++-----
 fs/crypto/keysetup.c     | 2 +-
 fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c  | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c b/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
index faa25541ccb68..89bffa82ed74a 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ int fscrypt_select_encryption_impl(struct fscrypt_info *ci)
 	crypto_cfg.data_unit_size = sb->s_blocksize;
 	crypto_cfg.dun_bytes = fscrypt_get_dun_bytes(ci);
 	num_devs = fscrypt_get_num_devices(sb);
-	devs = kmalloc_array(num_devs, sizeof(*devs), GFP_NOFS);
+	devs = kmalloc_array(num_devs, sizeof(*devs), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!devs)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 	fscrypt_get_devices(sb, num_devs, devs);
@@ -135,9 +135,8 @@ int fscrypt_prepare_inline_crypt_key(struct fscrypt_prepared_key *prep_key,
 	struct fscrypt_blk_crypto_key *blk_key;
 	int err;
 	int i;
-	unsigned int flags;
 
-	blk_key = kzalloc(struct_size(blk_key, devs, num_devs), GFP_NOFS);
+	blk_key = kzalloc(struct_size(blk_key, devs, num_devs), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!blk_key)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -166,10 +165,8 @@ int fscrypt_prepare_inline_crypt_key(struct fscrypt_prepared_key *prep_key,
 		}
 		queue_refs++;
 
-		flags = memalloc_nofs_save();
 		err = blk_crypto_start_using_key(&blk_key->base,
 						 blk_key->devs[i]);
-		memalloc_nofs_restore(flags);
 		if (err) {
 			fscrypt_err(inode,
 				    "error %d starting to use blk-crypto", err);
diff --git a/fs/crypto/keysetup.c b/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
index 6159168972146..47f19061ba10e 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ fscrypt_setup_encryption_info(struct inode *inode,
 	if (res)
 		return res;
 
-	crypt_info = kmem_cache_zalloc(fscrypt_info_cachep, GFP_NOFS);
+	crypt_info = kmem_cache_zalloc(fscrypt_info_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!crypt_info)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
diff --git a/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c b/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
index a3cb52572b05c..2762c53504323 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ static int derive_key_aes(const u8 *master_key,
 		goto out;
 	}
 	crypto_skcipher_set_flags(tfm, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_FORBID_WEAK_KEYS);
-	req = skcipher_request_alloc(tfm, GFP_NOFS);
+	req = skcipher_request_alloc(tfm, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!req) {
 		res = -ENOMEM;
 		goto out;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ find_and_lock_process_key(const char *prefix,
 	const struct user_key_payload *ukp;
 	const struct fscrypt_key *payload;
 
-	description = kasprintf(GFP_NOFS, "%s%*phN", prefix,
+	description = kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "%s%*phN", prefix,
 				FSCRYPT_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE, descriptor);
 	if (!description)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fscrypt_get_direct_key(const struct fscrypt_info *ci, const u8 *raw_key)
 		return dk;
 
 	/* Nope, allocate one. */
-	dk = kzalloc(sizeof(*dk), GFP_NOFS);
+	dk = kzalloc(sizeof(*dk), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!dk)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 	refcount_set(&dk->dk_refcount, 1);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ static int setup_v1_file_key_derived(struct fscrypt_info *ci,
 	 * This cannot be a stack buffer because it will be passed to the
 	 * scatterlist crypto API during derive_key_aes().
 	 */
-	derived_key = kmalloc(ci->ci_mode->keysize, GFP_NOFS);
+	derived_key = kmalloc(ci->ci_mode->keysize, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!derived_key)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-- 
2.28.0


WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
To: linux-fscrypt@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Daniel Rosenberg <drosen@google.com>,
	Jeff Layton <jlayton@kernel.org>,
	linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net,
	linux-mtd@lists.infradead.org, ceph-devel@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [f2fs-dev] [PATCH v3 09/13] fscrypt: stop pretending that key setup is nofs-safe
Date: Wed, 16 Sep 2020 21:11:32 -0700	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20200917041136.178600-10-ebiggers@kernel.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20200917041136.178600-1-ebiggers@kernel.org>

From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt_get_encryption_info() has never actually been safe to call in a
context that needs GFP_NOFS, since it calls crypto_alloc_skcipher().

crypto_alloc_skcipher() isn't GFP_NOFS-safe, even if called under
memalloc_nofs_save().  This is because it may load kernel modules, and
also because it internally takes crypto_alg_sem.  Other tasks can do
GFP_KERNEL allocations while holding crypto_alg_sem for write.

The use of fscrypt_init_mutex isn't GFP_NOFS-safe either.

So, stop pretending that fscrypt_get_encryption_info() is nofs-safe.
I.e., when it allocates memory, just use GFP_KERNEL instead of GFP_NOFS.

Note, another reason to do this is that GFP_NOFS is deprecated in favor
of using memalloc_nofs_save() in the proper places.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
---
 fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c | 7 ++-----
 fs/crypto/keysetup.c     | 2 +-
 fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c  | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c b/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
index faa25541ccb68..89bffa82ed74a 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ int fscrypt_select_encryption_impl(struct fscrypt_info *ci)
 	crypto_cfg.data_unit_size = sb->s_blocksize;
 	crypto_cfg.dun_bytes = fscrypt_get_dun_bytes(ci);
 	num_devs = fscrypt_get_num_devices(sb);
-	devs = kmalloc_array(num_devs, sizeof(*devs), GFP_NOFS);
+	devs = kmalloc_array(num_devs, sizeof(*devs), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!devs)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 	fscrypt_get_devices(sb, num_devs, devs);
@@ -135,9 +135,8 @@ int fscrypt_prepare_inline_crypt_key(struct fscrypt_prepared_key *prep_key,
 	struct fscrypt_blk_crypto_key *blk_key;
 	int err;
 	int i;
-	unsigned int flags;
 
-	blk_key = kzalloc(struct_size(blk_key, devs, num_devs), GFP_NOFS);
+	blk_key = kzalloc(struct_size(blk_key, devs, num_devs), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!blk_key)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -166,10 +165,8 @@ int fscrypt_prepare_inline_crypt_key(struct fscrypt_prepared_key *prep_key,
 		}
 		queue_refs++;
 
-		flags = memalloc_nofs_save();
 		err = blk_crypto_start_using_key(&blk_key->base,
 						 blk_key->devs[i]);
-		memalloc_nofs_restore(flags);
 		if (err) {
 			fscrypt_err(inode,
 				    "error %d starting to use blk-crypto", err);
diff --git a/fs/crypto/keysetup.c b/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
index 6159168972146..47f19061ba10e 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ fscrypt_setup_encryption_info(struct inode *inode,
 	if (res)
 		return res;
 
-	crypt_info = kmem_cache_zalloc(fscrypt_info_cachep, GFP_NOFS);
+	crypt_info = kmem_cache_zalloc(fscrypt_info_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!crypt_info)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
diff --git a/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c b/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
index a3cb52572b05c..2762c53504323 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ static int derive_key_aes(const u8 *master_key,
 		goto out;
 	}
 	crypto_skcipher_set_flags(tfm, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_FORBID_WEAK_KEYS);
-	req = skcipher_request_alloc(tfm, GFP_NOFS);
+	req = skcipher_request_alloc(tfm, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!req) {
 		res = -ENOMEM;
 		goto out;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ find_and_lock_process_key(const char *prefix,
 	const struct user_key_payload *ukp;
 	const struct fscrypt_key *payload;
 
-	description = kasprintf(GFP_NOFS, "%s%*phN", prefix,
+	description = kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "%s%*phN", prefix,
 				FSCRYPT_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE, descriptor);
 	if (!description)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fscrypt_get_direct_key(const struct fscrypt_info *ci, const u8 *raw_key)
 		return dk;
 
 	/* Nope, allocate one. */
-	dk = kzalloc(sizeof(*dk), GFP_NOFS);
+	dk = kzalloc(sizeof(*dk), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!dk)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 	refcount_set(&dk->dk_refcount, 1);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ static int setup_v1_file_key_derived(struct fscrypt_info *ci,
 	 * This cannot be a stack buffer because it will be passed to the
 	 * scatterlist crypto API during derive_key_aes().
 	 */
-	derived_key = kmalloc(ci->ci_mode->keysize, GFP_NOFS);
+	derived_key = kmalloc(ci->ci_mode->keysize, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!derived_key)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-- 
2.28.0



_______________________________________________
Linux-f2fs-devel mailing list
Linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net
https://lists.sourceforge.net/lists/listinfo/linux-f2fs-devel

WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@kernel.org>
To: linux-fscrypt@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Daniel Rosenberg <drosen@google.com>,
	Jeff Layton <jlayton@kernel.org>,
	linux-f2fs-devel@lists.sourceforge.net,
	linux-mtd@lists.infradead.org, ceph-devel@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-ext4@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH v3 09/13] fscrypt: stop pretending that key setup is nofs-safe
Date: Wed, 16 Sep 2020 21:11:32 -0700	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20200917041136.178600-10-ebiggers@kernel.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20200917041136.178600-1-ebiggers@kernel.org>

From: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>

fscrypt_get_encryption_info() has never actually been safe to call in a
context that needs GFP_NOFS, since it calls crypto_alloc_skcipher().

crypto_alloc_skcipher() isn't GFP_NOFS-safe, even if called under
memalloc_nofs_save().  This is because it may load kernel modules, and
also because it internally takes crypto_alg_sem.  Other tasks can do
GFP_KERNEL allocations while holding crypto_alg_sem for write.

The use of fscrypt_init_mutex isn't GFP_NOFS-safe either.

So, stop pretending that fscrypt_get_encryption_info() is nofs-safe.
I.e., when it allocates memory, just use GFP_KERNEL instead of GFP_NOFS.

Note, another reason to do this is that GFP_NOFS is deprecated in favor
of using memalloc_nofs_save() in the proper places.

Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
---
 fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c | 7 ++-----
 fs/crypto/keysetup.c     | 2 +-
 fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c  | 8 ++++----
 3 files changed, 7 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c b/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
index faa25541ccb68..89bffa82ed74a 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/inline_crypt.c
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ int fscrypt_select_encryption_impl(struct fscrypt_info *ci)
 	crypto_cfg.data_unit_size = sb->s_blocksize;
 	crypto_cfg.dun_bytes = fscrypt_get_dun_bytes(ci);
 	num_devs = fscrypt_get_num_devices(sb);
-	devs = kmalloc_array(num_devs, sizeof(*devs), GFP_NOFS);
+	devs = kmalloc_array(num_devs, sizeof(*devs), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!devs)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 	fscrypt_get_devices(sb, num_devs, devs);
@@ -135,9 +135,8 @@ int fscrypt_prepare_inline_crypt_key(struct fscrypt_prepared_key *prep_key,
 	struct fscrypt_blk_crypto_key *blk_key;
 	int err;
 	int i;
-	unsigned int flags;
 
-	blk_key = kzalloc(struct_size(blk_key, devs, num_devs), GFP_NOFS);
+	blk_key = kzalloc(struct_size(blk_key, devs, num_devs), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!blk_key)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
@@ -166,10 +165,8 @@ int fscrypt_prepare_inline_crypt_key(struct fscrypt_prepared_key *prep_key,
 		}
 		queue_refs++;
 
-		flags = memalloc_nofs_save();
 		err = blk_crypto_start_using_key(&blk_key->base,
 						 blk_key->devs[i]);
-		memalloc_nofs_restore(flags);
 		if (err) {
 			fscrypt_err(inode,
 				    "error %d starting to use blk-crypto", err);
diff --git a/fs/crypto/keysetup.c b/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
index 6159168972146..47f19061ba10e 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/keysetup.c
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ fscrypt_setup_encryption_info(struct inode *inode,
 	if (res)
 		return res;
 
-	crypt_info = kmem_cache_zalloc(fscrypt_info_cachep, GFP_NOFS);
+	crypt_info = kmem_cache_zalloc(fscrypt_info_cachep, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!crypt_info)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
diff --git a/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c b/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
index a3cb52572b05c..2762c53504323 100644
--- a/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
+++ b/fs/crypto/keysetup_v1.c
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ static int derive_key_aes(const u8 *master_key,
 		goto out;
 	}
 	crypto_skcipher_set_flags(tfm, CRYPTO_TFM_REQ_FORBID_WEAK_KEYS);
-	req = skcipher_request_alloc(tfm, GFP_NOFS);
+	req = skcipher_request_alloc(tfm, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!req) {
 		res = -ENOMEM;
 		goto out;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ find_and_lock_process_key(const char *prefix,
 	const struct user_key_payload *ukp;
 	const struct fscrypt_key *payload;
 
-	description = kasprintf(GFP_NOFS, "%s%*phN", prefix,
+	description = kasprintf(GFP_KERNEL, "%s%*phN", prefix,
 				FSCRYPT_KEY_DESCRIPTOR_SIZE, descriptor);
 	if (!description)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ fscrypt_get_direct_key(const struct fscrypt_info *ci, const u8 *raw_key)
 		return dk;
 
 	/* Nope, allocate one. */
-	dk = kzalloc(sizeof(*dk), GFP_NOFS);
+	dk = kzalloc(sizeof(*dk), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!dk)
 		return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 	refcount_set(&dk->dk_refcount, 1);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ static int setup_v1_file_key_derived(struct fscrypt_info *ci,
 	 * This cannot be a stack buffer because it will be passed to the
 	 * scatterlist crypto API during derive_key_aes().
 	 */
-	derived_key = kmalloc(ci->ci_mode->keysize, GFP_NOFS);
+	derived_key = kmalloc(ci->ci_mode->keysize, GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (!derived_key)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-- 
2.28.0


______________________________________________________
Linux MTD discussion mailing list
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-mtd/

  parent reply	other threads:[~2020-09-17  4:21 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 60+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2020-09-17  4:11 [PATCH v3 00/13] fscrypt: improve file creation flow Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 01/13] fscrypt: add fscrypt_prepare_new_inode() and fscrypt_set_context() Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 02/13] ext4: factor out ext4_xattr_credits_for_new_inode() Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 03/13] ext4: use fscrypt_prepare_new_inode() and fscrypt_set_context() Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 04/13] f2fs: " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 05/13] ubifs: " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 06/13] fscrypt: adjust logging for in-creation inodes Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 07/13] fscrypt: remove fscrypt_inherit_context() Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 08/13] fscrypt: require that fscrypt_encrypt_symlink() already has key Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` Eric Biggers [this message]
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [PATCH v3 09/13] fscrypt: stop pretending that key setup is nofs-safe Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 10/13] fscrypt: make "#define fscrypt_policy" user-only Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 11/13] fscrypt: move fscrypt_prepare_symlink() out-of-line Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 12/13] fscrypt: handle test_dummy_encryption in more logical way Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11 ` [PATCH v3 13/13] fscrypt: make fscrypt_set_test_dummy_encryption() take a 'const char *' Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17  4:11   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17 12:32   ` Jeff Layton
2020-09-17 12:32     ` Jeff Layton
2020-09-17 12:32     ` [f2fs-dev] " Jeff Layton
2020-09-17 15:29     ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17 15:29       ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-17 15:29       ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-17 16:33       ` Jeff Layton
2020-09-17 16:33         ` Jeff Layton
2020-09-17 16:33         ` [f2fs-dev] " Jeff Layton
2020-09-21 22:35 ` [PATCH v3 00/13] fscrypt: improve file creation flow Eric Biggers
2020-09-21 22:35   ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-21 22:35   ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers
2020-09-22 11:29   ` Jeff Layton
2020-09-22 11:29     ` Jeff Layton
2020-09-22 11:29     ` [f2fs-dev] " Jeff Layton
2020-09-22 13:50     ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-22 13:50       ` Eric Biggers
2020-09-22 13:50       ` [f2fs-dev] " Eric Biggers

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