All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
To: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>, James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>,
	Alexandru Elisei <alexandru.elisei@arm.com>,
	Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>,
	Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
	Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>,
	Quentin Perret <qperret@google.com>,
	Ricardo Koller <ricarkol@google.com>,
	Reiji Watanabe <reijiw@google.com>,
	David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com>,
	Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com>,
	Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>,
	Gavin Shan <gshan@redhat.com>, Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>,
	Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>,
	Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org,
	kvmarm@lists.cs.columbia.edu, kvm@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] KVM: arm64: Split init and set for table PTE
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 19:41:23 +0000	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20220830194132.962932-6-oliver.upton@linux.dev> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20220830194132.962932-1-oliver.upton@linux.dev>

Create a helper to initialize a stage-2 table and directly call
smp_store_release() to install it.

A subsequent change to KVM will tweak the way we traverse the page
tables, requiring that the visitor callbacks steer the walker down a
newly installed table. Furthermore, when stage-2 faults are serviced
in parallel the PTE must be considered volatile, so walkers will need
to stash a pointer to the new table.

Signed-off-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
---
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
index 430753fbb727..331f6e3b2c20 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
@@ -142,16 +142,13 @@ static void kvm_clear_pte(kvm_pte_t *ptep)
 	WRITE_ONCE(*ptep, 0);
 }
 
-static void kvm_set_table_pte(kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte_t *childp,
-			      struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops)
+static kvm_pte_t kvm_init_table_pte(kvm_pte_t *childp, struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops)
 {
-	kvm_pte_t old = *ptep, pte = kvm_phys_to_pte(mm_ops->virt_to_phys(childp));
+	kvm_pte_t pte = kvm_phys_to_pte(mm_ops->virt_to_phys(childp));
 
 	pte |= FIELD_PREP(KVM_PTE_TYPE, KVM_PTE_TYPE_TABLE);
 	pte |= KVM_PTE_VALID;
-
-	WARN_ON(kvm_pte_valid(old));
-	smp_store_release(ptep, pte);
+	return pte;
 }
 
 static kvm_pte_t kvm_init_valid_leaf_pte(u64 pa, kvm_pte_t attr, u32 level)
@@ -413,7 +410,7 @@ static bool hyp_map_walker_try_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *pte
 static int hyp_map_walker(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte_t *old,
 			  enum kvm_pgtable_walk_flags flag, void * const arg)
 {
-	kvm_pte_t *childp;
+	kvm_pte_t *childp, new;
 	struct hyp_map_data *data = arg;
 	struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops = data->mm_ops;
 
@@ -427,8 +424,10 @@ static int hyp_map_walker(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte
 	if (!childp)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-	kvm_set_table_pte(ptep, childp, mm_ops);
+	new = kvm_init_table_pte(childp, mm_ops);
 	mm_ops->get_page(ptep);
+	smp_store_release(ptep, new);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -804,7 +803,7 @@ static int stage2_map_walk_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep,
 				kvm_pte_t *old, struct stage2_map_data *data)
 {
 	struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops = data->mm_ops;
-	kvm_pte_t *childp, pte = *old;
+	kvm_pte_t *childp, pte = *old, new;
 	int ret;
 
 	ret = stage2_map_walker_try_leaf(addr, end, level, ptep, pte, data);
@@ -830,8 +829,9 @@ static int stage2_map_walk_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep,
 	if (stage2_pte_is_counted(pte))
 		stage2_put_pte(ptep, data->mmu, addr, level, mm_ops);
 
-	kvm_set_table_pte(ptep, childp, mm_ops);
+	new = kvm_init_table_pte(childp, mm_ops);
 	mm_ops->get_page(ptep);
+	smp_store_release(ptep, new);
 
 	return 0;
 }
-- 
2.37.2.672.g94769d06f0-goog


WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
To: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>, James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>,
	Alexandru Elisei <alexandru.elisei@arm.com>,
	Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>,
	Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
	Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>,
	Quentin Perret <qperret@google.com>,
	Ricardo Koller <ricarkol@google.com>,
	Reiji Watanabe <reijiw@google.com>,
	David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com>,
	Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com>,
	Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>,
	Gavin Shan <gshan@redhat.com>, Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>,
	Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>,
	Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, kvmarm@lists.cs.columbia.edu,
	linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org, kvm@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] KVM: arm64: Split init and set for table PTE
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 19:41:23 +0000	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20220830194132.962932-6-oliver.upton@linux.dev> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20220830194132.962932-1-oliver.upton@linux.dev>

Create a helper to initialize a stage-2 table and directly call
smp_store_release() to install it.

A subsequent change to KVM will tweak the way we traverse the page
tables, requiring that the visitor callbacks steer the walker down a
newly installed table. Furthermore, when stage-2 faults are serviced
in parallel the PTE must be considered volatile, so walkers will need
to stash a pointer to the new table.

Signed-off-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
---
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
index 430753fbb727..331f6e3b2c20 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
@@ -142,16 +142,13 @@ static void kvm_clear_pte(kvm_pte_t *ptep)
 	WRITE_ONCE(*ptep, 0);
 }
 
-static void kvm_set_table_pte(kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte_t *childp,
-			      struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops)
+static kvm_pte_t kvm_init_table_pte(kvm_pte_t *childp, struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops)
 {
-	kvm_pte_t old = *ptep, pte = kvm_phys_to_pte(mm_ops->virt_to_phys(childp));
+	kvm_pte_t pte = kvm_phys_to_pte(mm_ops->virt_to_phys(childp));
 
 	pte |= FIELD_PREP(KVM_PTE_TYPE, KVM_PTE_TYPE_TABLE);
 	pte |= KVM_PTE_VALID;
-
-	WARN_ON(kvm_pte_valid(old));
-	smp_store_release(ptep, pte);
+	return pte;
 }
 
 static kvm_pte_t kvm_init_valid_leaf_pte(u64 pa, kvm_pte_t attr, u32 level)
@@ -413,7 +410,7 @@ static bool hyp_map_walker_try_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *pte
 static int hyp_map_walker(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte_t *old,
 			  enum kvm_pgtable_walk_flags flag, void * const arg)
 {
-	kvm_pte_t *childp;
+	kvm_pte_t *childp, new;
 	struct hyp_map_data *data = arg;
 	struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops = data->mm_ops;
 
@@ -427,8 +424,10 @@ static int hyp_map_walker(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte
 	if (!childp)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-	kvm_set_table_pte(ptep, childp, mm_ops);
+	new = kvm_init_table_pte(childp, mm_ops);
 	mm_ops->get_page(ptep);
+	smp_store_release(ptep, new);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -804,7 +803,7 @@ static int stage2_map_walk_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep,
 				kvm_pte_t *old, struct stage2_map_data *data)
 {
 	struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops = data->mm_ops;
-	kvm_pte_t *childp, pte = *old;
+	kvm_pte_t *childp, pte = *old, new;
 	int ret;
 
 	ret = stage2_map_walker_try_leaf(addr, end, level, ptep, pte, data);
@@ -830,8 +829,9 @@ static int stage2_map_walk_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep,
 	if (stage2_pte_is_counted(pte))
 		stage2_put_pte(ptep, data->mmu, addr, level, mm_ops);
 
-	kvm_set_table_pte(ptep, childp, mm_ops);
+	new = kvm_init_table_pte(childp, mm_ops);
 	mm_ops->get_page(ptep);
+	smp_store_release(ptep, new);
 
 	return 0;
 }
-- 
2.37.2.672.g94769d06f0-goog

_______________________________________________
kvmarm mailing list
kvmarm@lists.cs.columbia.edu
https://lists.cs.columbia.edu/mailman/listinfo/kvmarm

WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
To: Marc Zyngier <maz@kernel.org>, James Morse <james.morse@arm.com>,
	Alexandru Elisei <alexandru.elisei@arm.com>,
	Suzuki K Poulose <suzuki.poulose@arm.com>,
	Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
	Will Deacon <will@kernel.org>,
	Quentin Perret <qperret@google.com>,
	Ricardo Koller <ricarkol@google.com>,
	Reiji Watanabe <reijiw@google.com>,
	David Matlack <dmatlack@google.com>,
	Ben Gardon <bgardon@google.com>,
	Paolo Bonzini <pbonzini@redhat.com>,
	Gavin Shan <gshan@redhat.com>, Peter Xu <peterx@redhat.com>,
	Sean Christopherson <seanjc@google.com>,
	Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
Cc: linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org,
	kvmarm@lists.cs.columbia.edu, kvm@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] KVM: arm64: Split init and set for table PTE
Date: Tue, 30 Aug 2022 19:41:23 +0000	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20220830194132.962932-6-oliver.upton@linux.dev> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20220830194132.962932-1-oliver.upton@linux.dev>

Create a helper to initialize a stage-2 table and directly call
smp_store_release() to install it.

A subsequent change to KVM will tweak the way we traverse the page
tables, requiring that the visitor callbacks steer the walker down a
newly installed table. Furthermore, when stage-2 faults are serviced
in parallel the PTE must be considered volatile, so walkers will need
to stash a pointer to the new table.

Signed-off-by: Oliver Upton <oliver.upton@linux.dev>
---
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c | 20 ++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
index 430753fbb727..331f6e3b2c20 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/pgtable.c
@@ -142,16 +142,13 @@ static void kvm_clear_pte(kvm_pte_t *ptep)
 	WRITE_ONCE(*ptep, 0);
 }
 
-static void kvm_set_table_pte(kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte_t *childp,
-			      struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops)
+static kvm_pte_t kvm_init_table_pte(kvm_pte_t *childp, struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops)
 {
-	kvm_pte_t old = *ptep, pte = kvm_phys_to_pte(mm_ops->virt_to_phys(childp));
+	kvm_pte_t pte = kvm_phys_to_pte(mm_ops->virt_to_phys(childp));
 
 	pte |= FIELD_PREP(KVM_PTE_TYPE, KVM_PTE_TYPE_TABLE);
 	pte |= KVM_PTE_VALID;
-
-	WARN_ON(kvm_pte_valid(old));
-	smp_store_release(ptep, pte);
+	return pte;
 }
 
 static kvm_pte_t kvm_init_valid_leaf_pte(u64 pa, kvm_pte_t attr, u32 level)
@@ -413,7 +410,7 @@ static bool hyp_map_walker_try_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *pte
 static int hyp_map_walker(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte_t *old,
 			  enum kvm_pgtable_walk_flags flag, void * const arg)
 {
-	kvm_pte_t *childp;
+	kvm_pte_t *childp, new;
 	struct hyp_map_data *data = arg;
 	struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops = data->mm_ops;
 
@@ -427,8 +424,10 @@ static int hyp_map_walker(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep, kvm_pte
 	if (!childp)
 		return -ENOMEM;
 
-	kvm_set_table_pte(ptep, childp, mm_ops);
+	new = kvm_init_table_pte(childp, mm_ops);
 	mm_ops->get_page(ptep);
+	smp_store_release(ptep, new);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -804,7 +803,7 @@ static int stage2_map_walk_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep,
 				kvm_pte_t *old, struct stage2_map_data *data)
 {
 	struct kvm_pgtable_mm_ops *mm_ops = data->mm_ops;
-	kvm_pte_t *childp, pte = *old;
+	kvm_pte_t *childp, pte = *old, new;
 	int ret;
 
 	ret = stage2_map_walker_try_leaf(addr, end, level, ptep, pte, data);
@@ -830,8 +829,9 @@ static int stage2_map_walk_leaf(u64 addr, u64 end, u32 level, kvm_pte_t *ptep,
 	if (stage2_pte_is_counted(pte))
 		stage2_put_pte(ptep, data->mmu, addr, level, mm_ops);
 
-	kvm_set_table_pte(ptep, childp, mm_ops);
+	new = kvm_init_table_pte(childp, mm_ops);
 	mm_ops->get_page(ptep);
+	smp_store_release(ptep, new);
 
 	return 0;
 }
-- 
2.37.2.672.g94769d06f0-goog


_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

  parent reply	other threads:[~2022-08-30 19:42 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 96+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2022-08-30 19:41 [PATCH 00/14] KVM: arm64: Parallel stage-2 fault handling Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 01/14] KVM: arm64: Add a helper to tear down unlinked stage-2 subtrees Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 02/14] KVM: arm64: Tear down unlinked stage-2 subtree after break-before-make Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-06 14:35   ` Quentin Perret
2022-09-06 14:35     ` Quentin Perret
2022-09-06 14:35     ` Quentin Perret
2022-09-09 10:04     ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09 10:04       ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09 10:04       ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-07 20:57   ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 20:57     ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 20:57     ` David Matlack
2022-09-09 10:07     ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09 10:07       ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09 10:07       ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-14  0:20   ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:20     ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:20     ` Ricardo Koller
2022-10-10  3:58     ` Oliver Upton
2022-10-10  3:58       ` Oliver Upton
2022-10-10  3:58       ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 03/14] KVM: arm64: Directly read owner id field in stage2_pte_is_counted() Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 04/14] KVM: arm64: Read the PTE once per visit Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` Oliver Upton [this message]
2022-08-30 19:41   ` [PATCH 05/14] KVM: arm64: Split init and set for table PTE Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 06/14] KVM: arm64: Return next table from map callbacks Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-07 21:32   ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 21:32     ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 21:32     ` David Matlack
2022-09-09  9:38     ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09  9:38       ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09  9:38       ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 07/14] KVM: arm64: Document behavior of pgtable visitor callback Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 08/14] KVM: arm64: Protect page table traversal with RCU Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-07 21:47   ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 21:47     ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 21:47     ` David Matlack
2022-09-09  9:55     ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09  9:55       ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09  9:55       ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41 ` [PATCH 09/14] KVM: arm64: Free removed stage-2 tables in RCU callback Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:41   ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-07 22:00   ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 22:00     ` David Matlack
2022-09-07 22:00     ` David Matlack
2022-09-08 16:40     ` David Matlack
2022-09-08 16:40       ` David Matlack
2022-09-08 16:40       ` David Matlack
2022-09-14  0:49   ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:49     ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:49     ` Ricardo Koller
2022-08-30 19:50 ` [PATCH 10/14] KVM: arm64: Atomically update stage 2 leaf attributes in parallel walks Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:50   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:50   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51 ` [PATCH 11/14] KVM: arm64: Make changes block->table to leaf PTEs parallel-aware Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51   ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-14  0:51   ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:51     ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:51     ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:53     ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:53       ` Ricardo Koller
2022-09-14  0:53       ` Ricardo Koller
2022-08-30 19:51 ` [PATCH 12/14] KVM: arm64: Make leaf->leaf PTE changes parallel-aware Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51 ` [PATCH 13/14] KVM: arm64: Make table->block " Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:51   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:52 ` [PATCH 14/14] KVM: arm64: Handle stage-2 faults in parallel Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:52   ` Oliver Upton
2022-08-30 19:52   ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-06 10:00 ` [PATCH 00/14] KVM: arm64: Parallel stage-2 fault handling Marc Zyngier
2022-09-06 10:00   ` Marc Zyngier
2022-09-06 10:00   ` Marc Zyngier
2022-09-09 10:01   ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09 10:01     ` Oliver Upton
2022-09-09 10:01     ` Oliver Upton

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=20220830194132.962932-6-oliver.upton@linux.dev \
    --to=oliver.upton@linux.dev \
    --cc=alexandru.elisei@arm.com \
    --cc=bgardon@google.com \
    --cc=catalin.marinas@arm.com \
    --cc=dmatlack@google.com \
    --cc=gshan@redhat.com \
    --cc=james.morse@arm.com \
    --cc=kvm@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=kvmarm@lists.cs.columbia.edu \
    --cc=linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org \
    --cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=maz@kernel.org \
    --cc=pbonzini@redhat.com \
    --cc=peterx@redhat.com \
    --cc=qperret@google.com \
    --cc=reijiw@google.com \
    --cc=ricarkol@google.com \
    --cc=seanjc@google.com \
    --cc=suzuki.poulose@arm.com \
    --cc=will@kernel.org \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.