All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: Boaz Harrosh <boaz@plexistor.com>
To: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>,
	Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>,
	"Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>,
	Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>, Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>,
	Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>,
	linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-nvdimm <linux-nvdimm@ml01.01.org>,
	linux-fsdevel <linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org>,
	Eryu Guan <eguan@redhat.com>
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] dax: Unify ext2/4_{dax,}_file_operations
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2015 15:44:10 +0200	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <5512BBAA.8070508@plexistor.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <5512B961.8070409@plexistor.com>


The original dax patchset split the ext2/4_file_operations
because of the two NULL splice_read/splice_write in the dax
case.

At vfs if splice_read/splice_write are NULL would then call
default_splice_read/write.

What we do here is make generic_file_splice_read aware of
IS_DAX() so the original ext2/4_file_operations can be used
as is.

For write it appears that iter_file_splice_write is just fine.
It uses the regular f_op->write(file,..) or new_sync_write(file, ...).

CC: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
CC: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Boaz Harrosh <boaz@plexistor.com>
---
 fs/ext2/ext2.h  |  1 -
 fs/ext2/file.c  | 18 ------------------
 fs/ext2/inode.c |  5 +----
 fs/ext2/namei.c | 10 ++--------
 fs/ext4/ext4.h  |  1 -
 fs/ext4/file.c  | 20 --------------------
 fs/ext4/inode.c |  5 +----
 fs/ext4/namei.c | 10 ++--------
 fs/splice.c     |  3 +++
 9 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/ext2/ext2.h b/fs/ext2/ext2.h
index 678f9ab..8d15feb 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/ext2.h
+++ b/fs/ext2/ext2.h
@@ -793,7 +793,6 @@ extern int ext2_fsync(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
 		      int datasync);
 extern const struct inode_operations ext2_file_inode_operations;
 extern const struct file_operations ext2_file_operations;
-extern const struct file_operations ext2_dax_file_operations;
 
 /* inode.c */
 extern const struct address_space_operations ext2_aops;
diff --git a/fs/ext2/file.c b/fs/ext2/file.c
index 866a3ce..19cac93 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/file.c
+++ b/fs/ext2/file.c
@@ -109,24 +109,6 @@ const struct file_operations ext2_file_operations = {
 	.splice_write	= iter_file_splice_write,
 };
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_FS_DAX
-const struct file_operations ext2_dax_file_operations = {
-	.llseek		= generic_file_llseek,
-	.read		= new_sync_read,
-	.write		= new_sync_write,
-	.read_iter	= generic_file_read_iter,
-	.write_iter	= generic_file_write_iter,
-	.unlocked_ioctl = ext2_ioctl,
-#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
-	.compat_ioctl	= ext2_compat_ioctl,
-#endif
-	.mmap		= ext2_file_mmap,
-	.open		= dquot_file_open,
-	.release	= ext2_release_file,
-	.fsync		= ext2_fsync,
-};
-#endif
-
 const struct inode_operations ext2_file_inode_operations = {
 #ifdef CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR
 	.setxattr	= generic_setxattr,
diff --git a/fs/ext2/inode.c b/fs/ext2/inode.c
index 6434bc0..6fdbe80 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/inode.c
+++ b/fs/ext2/inode.c
@@ -1388,10 +1388,7 @@ struct inode *ext2_iget (struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino)
 
 	if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext2_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX)) {
-			inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
-			inode->i_fop = &ext2_dax_file_operations;
-		} else if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
+		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
 			inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_nobh_aops;
 			inode->i_fop = &ext2_file_operations;
 		} else {
diff --git a/fs/ext2/namei.c b/fs/ext2/namei.c
index 148f6e3..ce42293 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/namei.c
+++ b/fs/ext2/namei.c
@@ -104,10 +104,7 @@ static int ext2_create (struct inode * dir, struct dentry * dentry, umode_t mode
 		return PTR_ERR(inode);
 
 	inode->i_op = &ext2_file_inode_operations;
-	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX)) {
-		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
-		inode->i_fop = &ext2_dax_file_operations;
-	} else if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
+	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
 		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_nobh_aops;
 		inode->i_fop = &ext2_file_operations;
 	} else {
@@ -125,10 +122,7 @@ static int ext2_tmpfile(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode)
 		return PTR_ERR(inode);
 
 	inode->i_op = &ext2_file_inode_operations;
-	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX)) {
-		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
-		inode->i_fop = &ext2_dax_file_operations;
-	} else if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
+	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
 		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_nobh_aops;
 		inode->i_fop = &ext2_file_operations;
 	} else {
diff --git a/fs/ext4/ext4.h b/fs/ext4/ext4.h
index f63c3d5..8a3981e 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/ext4.h
+++ b/fs/ext4/ext4.h
@@ -2593,7 +2593,6 @@ extern const struct file_operations ext4_dir_operations;
 /* file.c */
 extern const struct inode_operations ext4_file_inode_operations;
 extern const struct file_operations ext4_file_operations;
-extern const struct file_operations ext4_dax_file_operations;
 extern loff_t ext4_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin);
 
 /* inline.c */
diff --git a/fs/ext4/file.c b/fs/ext4/file.c
index b43a7a6..557140a 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/file.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/file.c
@@ -625,26 +625,6 @@ const struct file_operations ext4_file_operations = {
 	.fallocate	= ext4_fallocate,
 };
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_FS_DAX
-const struct file_operations ext4_dax_file_operations = {
-	.llseek		= ext4_llseek,
-	.read		= new_sync_read,
-	.write		= new_sync_write,
-	.read_iter	= generic_file_read_iter,
-	.write_iter	= ext4_file_write_iter,
-	.unlocked_ioctl = ext4_ioctl,
-#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
-	.compat_ioctl	= ext4_compat_ioctl,
-#endif
-	.mmap		= ext4_file_mmap,
-	.open		= ext4_file_open,
-	.release	= ext4_release_file,
-	.fsync		= ext4_sync_file,
-	/* Splice not yet supported with DAX */
-	.fallocate	= ext4_fallocate,
-};
-#endif
-
 const struct inode_operations ext4_file_inode_operations = {
 	.setattr	= ext4_setattr,
 	.getattr	= ext4_getattr,
diff --git a/fs/ext4/inode.c b/fs/ext4/inode.c
index 5cb9a21..ec60deb 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/inode.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/inode.c
@@ -4091,10 +4091,7 @@ struct inode *ext4_iget(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino)
 
 	if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX))
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_dax_file_operations;
-		else
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
+		inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
 		ext4_set_aops(inode);
 	} else if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_dir_inode_operations;
diff --git a/fs/ext4/namei.c b/fs/ext4/namei.c
index 28fe71a..2291923 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/namei.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/namei.c
@@ -2235,10 +2235,7 @@ retry:
 	err = PTR_ERR(inode);
 	if (!IS_ERR(inode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX))
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_dax_file_operations;
-		else
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
+		inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
 		ext4_set_aops(inode);
 		err = ext4_add_nondir(handle, dentry, inode);
 		if (!err && IS_DIRSYNC(dir))
@@ -2302,10 +2299,7 @@ retry:
 	err = PTR_ERR(inode);
 	if (!IS_ERR(inode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX))
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_dax_file_operations;
-		else
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
+		inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
 		ext4_set_aops(inode);
 		d_tmpfile(dentry, inode);
 		err = ext4_orphan_add(handle, inode);
diff --git a/fs/splice.c b/fs/splice.c
index 7968da9..7d2fbb7 100644
--- a/fs/splice.c
+++ b/fs/splice.c
@@ -524,6 +524,9 @@ ssize_t generic_file_splice_read(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
 	loff_t isize, left;
 	int ret;
 
+	if (IS_DAX(in->f_mapping->host))
+		return default_file_splice_read(in, ppos, pipe, len, flags);
+
 	isize = i_size_read(in->f_mapping->host);
 	if (unlikely(*ppos >= isize))
 		return 0;
-- 
1.9.3



WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Boaz Harrosh <boaz@plexistor.com>
To: Dave Chinner <david@fromorbit.com>,
	Matthew Wilcox <matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com>,
	Andrew Morton <akpm@linux-foundation.org>,
	"Kirill A. Shutemov" <kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com>,
	Jan Kara <jack@suse.cz>, Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>,
	Mel Gorman <mgorman@suse.de>,
	linux-mm@kvack.org, linux-nvdimm <linux-nvdimm@ml01.01.org>,
	linux-fsdevel <linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org>,
	Eryu Guan <eguan@redhat.com>
Subject: [PATCH 3/3] dax: Unify ext2/4_{dax,}_file_operations
Date: Wed, 25 Mar 2015 15:44:10 +0200	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <5512BBAA.8070508@plexistor.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <5512B961.8070409@plexistor.com>


The original dax patchset split the ext2/4_file_operations
because of the two NULL splice_read/splice_write in the dax
case.

At vfs if splice_read/splice_write are NULL would then call
default_splice_read/write.

What we do here is make generic_file_splice_read aware of
IS_DAX() so the original ext2/4_file_operations can be used
as is.

For write it appears that iter_file_splice_write is just fine.
It uses the regular f_op->write(file,..) or new_sync_write(file, ...).

CC: Dave Chinner <dchinner@redhat.com>
CC: Matthew Wilcox <willy@linux.intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Boaz Harrosh <boaz@plexistor.com>
---
 fs/ext2/ext2.h  |  1 -
 fs/ext2/file.c  | 18 ------------------
 fs/ext2/inode.c |  5 +----
 fs/ext2/namei.c | 10 ++--------
 fs/ext4/ext4.h  |  1 -
 fs/ext4/file.c  | 20 --------------------
 fs/ext4/inode.c |  5 +----
 fs/ext4/namei.c | 10 ++--------
 fs/splice.c     |  3 +++
 9 files changed, 9 insertions(+), 64 deletions(-)

diff --git a/fs/ext2/ext2.h b/fs/ext2/ext2.h
index 678f9ab..8d15feb 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/ext2.h
+++ b/fs/ext2/ext2.h
@@ -793,7 +793,6 @@ extern int ext2_fsync(struct file *file, loff_t start, loff_t end,
 		      int datasync);
 extern const struct inode_operations ext2_file_inode_operations;
 extern const struct file_operations ext2_file_operations;
-extern const struct file_operations ext2_dax_file_operations;
 
 /* inode.c */
 extern const struct address_space_operations ext2_aops;
diff --git a/fs/ext2/file.c b/fs/ext2/file.c
index 866a3ce..19cac93 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/file.c
+++ b/fs/ext2/file.c
@@ -109,24 +109,6 @@ const struct file_operations ext2_file_operations = {
 	.splice_write	= iter_file_splice_write,
 };
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_FS_DAX
-const struct file_operations ext2_dax_file_operations = {
-	.llseek		= generic_file_llseek,
-	.read		= new_sync_read,
-	.write		= new_sync_write,
-	.read_iter	= generic_file_read_iter,
-	.write_iter	= generic_file_write_iter,
-	.unlocked_ioctl = ext2_ioctl,
-#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
-	.compat_ioctl	= ext2_compat_ioctl,
-#endif
-	.mmap		= ext2_file_mmap,
-	.open		= dquot_file_open,
-	.release	= ext2_release_file,
-	.fsync		= ext2_fsync,
-};
-#endif
-
 const struct inode_operations ext2_file_inode_operations = {
 #ifdef CONFIG_EXT2_FS_XATTR
 	.setxattr	= generic_setxattr,
diff --git a/fs/ext2/inode.c b/fs/ext2/inode.c
index 6434bc0..6fdbe80 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/inode.c
+++ b/fs/ext2/inode.c
@@ -1388,10 +1388,7 @@ struct inode *ext2_iget (struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino)
 
 	if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext2_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX)) {
-			inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
-			inode->i_fop = &ext2_dax_file_operations;
-		} else if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
+		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
 			inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_nobh_aops;
 			inode->i_fop = &ext2_file_operations;
 		} else {
diff --git a/fs/ext2/namei.c b/fs/ext2/namei.c
index 148f6e3..ce42293 100644
--- a/fs/ext2/namei.c
+++ b/fs/ext2/namei.c
@@ -104,10 +104,7 @@ static int ext2_create (struct inode * dir, struct dentry * dentry, umode_t mode
 		return PTR_ERR(inode);
 
 	inode->i_op = &ext2_file_inode_operations;
-	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX)) {
-		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
-		inode->i_fop = &ext2_dax_file_operations;
-	} else if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
+	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
 		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_nobh_aops;
 		inode->i_fop = &ext2_file_operations;
 	} else {
@@ -125,10 +122,7 @@ static int ext2_tmpfile(struct inode *dir, struct dentry *dentry, umode_t mode)
 		return PTR_ERR(inode);
 
 	inode->i_op = &ext2_file_inode_operations;
-	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX)) {
-		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_aops;
-		inode->i_fop = &ext2_dax_file_operations;
-	} else if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
+	if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, NOBH)) {
 		inode->i_mapping->a_ops = &ext2_nobh_aops;
 		inode->i_fop = &ext2_file_operations;
 	} else {
diff --git a/fs/ext4/ext4.h b/fs/ext4/ext4.h
index f63c3d5..8a3981e 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/ext4.h
+++ b/fs/ext4/ext4.h
@@ -2593,7 +2593,6 @@ extern const struct file_operations ext4_dir_operations;
 /* file.c */
 extern const struct inode_operations ext4_file_inode_operations;
 extern const struct file_operations ext4_file_operations;
-extern const struct file_operations ext4_dax_file_operations;
 extern loff_t ext4_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin);
 
 /* inline.c */
diff --git a/fs/ext4/file.c b/fs/ext4/file.c
index b43a7a6..557140a 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/file.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/file.c
@@ -625,26 +625,6 @@ const struct file_operations ext4_file_operations = {
 	.fallocate	= ext4_fallocate,
 };
 
-#ifdef CONFIG_FS_DAX
-const struct file_operations ext4_dax_file_operations = {
-	.llseek		= ext4_llseek,
-	.read		= new_sync_read,
-	.write		= new_sync_write,
-	.read_iter	= generic_file_read_iter,
-	.write_iter	= ext4_file_write_iter,
-	.unlocked_ioctl = ext4_ioctl,
-#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
-	.compat_ioctl	= ext4_compat_ioctl,
-#endif
-	.mmap		= ext4_file_mmap,
-	.open		= ext4_file_open,
-	.release	= ext4_release_file,
-	.fsync		= ext4_sync_file,
-	/* Splice not yet supported with DAX */
-	.fallocate	= ext4_fallocate,
-};
-#endif
-
 const struct inode_operations ext4_file_inode_operations = {
 	.setattr	= ext4_setattr,
 	.getattr	= ext4_getattr,
diff --git a/fs/ext4/inode.c b/fs/ext4/inode.c
index 5cb9a21..ec60deb 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/inode.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/inode.c
@@ -4091,10 +4091,7 @@ struct inode *ext4_iget(struct super_block *sb, unsigned long ino)
 
 	if (S_ISREG(inode->i_mode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX))
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_dax_file_operations;
-		else
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
+		inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
 		ext4_set_aops(inode);
 	} else if (S_ISDIR(inode->i_mode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_dir_inode_operations;
diff --git a/fs/ext4/namei.c b/fs/ext4/namei.c
index 28fe71a..2291923 100644
--- a/fs/ext4/namei.c
+++ b/fs/ext4/namei.c
@@ -2235,10 +2235,7 @@ retry:
 	err = PTR_ERR(inode);
 	if (!IS_ERR(inode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX))
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_dax_file_operations;
-		else
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
+		inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
 		ext4_set_aops(inode);
 		err = ext4_add_nondir(handle, dentry, inode);
 		if (!err && IS_DIRSYNC(dir))
@@ -2302,10 +2299,7 @@ retry:
 	err = PTR_ERR(inode);
 	if (!IS_ERR(inode)) {
 		inode->i_op = &ext4_file_inode_operations;
-		if (test_opt(inode->i_sb, DAX))
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_dax_file_operations;
-		else
-			inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
+		inode->i_fop = &ext4_file_operations;
 		ext4_set_aops(inode);
 		d_tmpfile(dentry, inode);
 		err = ext4_orphan_add(handle, inode);
diff --git a/fs/splice.c b/fs/splice.c
index 7968da9..7d2fbb7 100644
--- a/fs/splice.c
+++ b/fs/splice.c
@@ -524,6 +524,9 @@ ssize_t generic_file_splice_read(struct file *in, loff_t *ppos,
 	loff_t isize, left;
 	int ret;
 
+	if (IS_DAX(in->f_mapping->host))
+		return default_file_splice_read(in, ppos, pipe, len, flags);
+
 	isize = i_size_read(in->f_mapping->host);
 	if (unlikely(*ppos >= isize))
 		return 0;
-- 
1.9.3


--
To unsubscribe, send a message with 'unsubscribe linux-mm' in
the body to majordomo@kvack.org.  For more info on Linux MM,
see: http://www.linux-mm.org/ .
Don't email: <a href=mailto:"dont@kvack.org"> email@kvack.org </a>

  parent reply	other threads:[~2015-03-25 13:44 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 16+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2015-03-25 13:34 [PATCH 0/3 v4] dax: some dax fixes and cleanups Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 13:34 ` Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 13:38 ` [PATCH 1/3] mm: New pfn_mkwrite same as page_mkwrite for VM_PFNMAP Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 14:34   ` Kirill A. Shutemov
2015-03-26  7:49     ` Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 15:08   ` Dave Hansen
2015-03-25 15:13     ` Kirill A. Shutemov
2015-03-25 13:41 ` [PATCH 2/3] dax: pfn_mkwrite update c/mtime + freeze protection Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 13:41   ` Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 13:44 ` Boaz Harrosh [this message]
2015-03-25 13:44   ` [PATCH 3/3] dax: Unify ext2/4_{dax,}_file_operations Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 13:47 ` [FIXME] NOT-GOOD: dax: dax_prepare_freeze Boaz Harrosh
2015-03-25 13:47   ` Boaz Harrosh
2015-04-07  8:33 [PATCH 0/3 v5] dax: some dax fixes and cleanups Boaz Harrosh
2015-04-07  8:45 ` [PATCH 3/3] dax: Unify ext2/4_{dax,}_file_operations Boaz Harrosh
2015-04-07  8:45   ` Boaz Harrosh
2015-04-07 16:26   ` Jan Kara

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=5512BBAA.8070508@plexistor.com \
    --to=boaz@plexistor.com \
    --cc=akpm@linux-foundation.org \
    --cc=david@fromorbit.com \
    --cc=eguan@redhat.com \
    --cc=hughd@google.com \
    --cc=jack@suse.cz \
    --cc=kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com \
    --cc=linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-mm@kvack.org \
    --cc=linux-nvdimm@ml01.01.org \
    --cc=matthew.r.wilcox@intel.com \
    --cc=mgorman@suse.de \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.