Re: [PATCH RFC v3 05/36] kmsan: add ReST documentation

[Alexander Potapenko <glider@google.com>]

On Wed, Nov 27, 2019 at 3:23 PM Marco Elver <elver@google.com> wrote:
>
> General comments:
> * it's -> it is
> * don't -> do not
>
> On Fri, 22 Nov 2019 at 12:26, <glider@google.com> wrote:
> [...]
> > diff --git a/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst b/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst
> > index b0522a4dd107..bc5e3fd87efa 100644
> > --- a/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst
> > +++ b/Documentation/dev-tools/index.rst
> > @@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ whole; patches welcome!
> >     kcov
> >     gcov
> >     kasan
> > +   kmsan
> >     ubsan
> >     kmemleak
> >     gdb-kernel-debugging
> > diff --git a/Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst b/Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst
> > new file mode 100644
> > index 000000000000..51f9c207cc2c
> > --- /dev/null
> > +++ b/Documentation/dev-tools/kmsan.rst
> > @@ -0,0 +1,418 @@
> > +=============================
> > +KernelMemorySanitizer (KMSAN)
> > +=============================
> > +
> > +KMSAN is a dynamic memory error detector aimed at finding uses of uninitialized
> > +memory.
> > +It is based on compiler instrumentation, and is quite similar to the userspace
> > +MemorySanitizer tool (http://clang.llvm.org/docs/MemorySanitizer.html).
>
> These should be real links:  `Memory sanitizer tool <...url...>`_.
Changed these links to link targets.

> > +KMSAN and Clang
> > +===============
> > +
> > +In order for KMSAN to work the kernel must be
> > +built with Clang, which is so far the only compiler that has KMSAN support.
>
> "is so far" -> "so far is"
Ack.
> > +The kernel instrumentation pass is based on the userspace MemorySanitizer tool
> > +(http://clang.llvm.org/docs/MemorySanitizer.html). Because of the
>
> Should also be real link: `MemorySanitizer tool <..url..>`_
Ack.
> > +instrumentation complexity it's unlikely that any other compiler will support
> > +KMSAN soon.
> > +
> > +Right now the instrumentation pass supports x86_64 only.
> > +
> > +How to build
> > +============
> > +
> > +In order to build a kernel with KMSAN you'll need a fresh Clang (10.0.0+, trunk
> > +version r365008 or greater). Please refer to
> > +https://llvm.org/docs/GettingStarted.html for the instructions on how to build
> > +Clang::
> > +
> > +  export KMSAN_CLANG_PATH=/path/to/clang
> >
> > +  # Now configure and build the kernel with CONFIG_KMSAN enabled.
> > +  make CC=$KMSAN_CLANG_PATH -j64
>
> I don't think '-j64' is necessary to build.  Also the 'export' is
> technically not required AFAIK, but I don't think it bothers anyone.
Ack.
> > +How KMSAN works
> > +===============
> > +
> > +KMSAN shadow memory
> > +-------------------
> > +
> > +KMSAN associates a so-called shadow byte with every byte of kernel memory.
>
> 'shadow' memory may not be a well-defined term. More intuitive would
> be saying that it's metadata associated with every byte of kernel
> memory. From then on you can say it's shadow memory.
Changed this to be:
"KMSAN associates a metadata byte (also called shadow byte) with every byte of
kernel memory.
A bit in the shadow byte is set..."

> > +A bit in the shadow byte is set iff the corresponding bit of the kernel memory
> > +byte is uninitialized.
> > +Marking the memory uninitialized (i.e. setting its shadow bytes to 0xff) is
> > +called poisoning, marking it initialized (setting the shadow bytes to 0x00) is
> > +called unpoisoning.
> > +
> > +When a new variable is allocated on the stack, it's poisoned by default by
> > +instrumentation code inserted by the compiler (unless it's a stack variable that
> > +is immediately initialized). Any new heap allocation done without ``__GFP_ZERO``
> > +is also poisoned.
> > +
> > +Compiler instrumentation also tracks the shadow values with the help from the
> > +runtime library in ``mm/kmsan/``.
> > +
> > +The shadow value of a basic or compound type is an array of bytes of the same
> > +length.
> > +When a constant value is written into memory, that memory is unpoisoned.
> > +When a value is read from memory, its shadow memory is also obtained and
> > +propagated into all the operations which use that value. For every instruction
> > +that takes one or more values the compiler generates code that calculates the
> > +shadow of the result depending on those values and their shadows.
> > +
> > +Example::
> > +
> > +  int a = 0xff;
> > +  int b;
> > +  int c = a | b;
> > +
> > +In this case the shadow of ``a`` is ``0``, shadow of ``b`` is ``0xffffffff``,
> > +shadow of ``c`` is ``0xffffff00``. This means that the upper three bytes of
> > +``c`` are uninitialized, while the lower byte is initialized.
> > +
> > +
> > +Origin tracking
> > +---------------
> > +
> > +Every four bytes of kernel memory also have a so-called origin assigned to
> > +them.
> > +This origin describes the point in program execution at which the uninitialized
> > +value was created. Every origin is associated with a creation stack, which lets
> > +the user figure out what's going on.
> > +
> > +When an uninitialized variable is allocated on stack or heap, a new origin
> > +value is created, and that variable's origin is filled with that value.
> > +When a value is read from memory, its origin is also read and kept together
> > +with the shadow. For every instruction that takes one or more values the origin
> > +of the result is one of the origins corresponding to any of the uninitialized
> > +inputs.
> > +If a poisoned value is written into memory, its origin is written to the
> > +corresponding storage as well.
> > +
> > +Example 1::
> > +
> > +  int a = 0;
> > +  int b;
> > +  int c = a + b;
> > +
> > +In this case the origin of ``b`` is generated upon function entry, and is
> > +stored to the origin of ``c`` right before the addition result is written into
> > +memory.
> > +
> > +Several variables may share the same origin address, if they are stored in the
> > +same four-byte chunk.
> > +In this case every write to either variable updates the origin for all of them.
> > +
> > +Example 2::
> > +
> > +  int combine(short a, short b) {
> > +    union ret_t {
> > +      int i;
> > +      short s[2];
> > +    } ret;
> > +    ret.s[0] = a;
> > +    ret.s[1] = b;
> > +    return ret.i;
> > +  }
> > +
> > +If ``a`` is initialized and ``b`` is not, the shadow of the result would be
> > +0xffff0000, and the origin of the result would be the origin of ``b``.
> > +``ret.s[0]`` would have the same origin, but it will be never used, because
> > +that variable is initialized.
> > +
> > +If both function arguments are uninitialized, only the origin of the second
> > +argument is preserved.
> > +
> > +Origin chaining
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +To ease the debugging, KMSAN creates a new origin for every memory store.
>
> "the debugging" -> "debugging"
Ack
> > +The new origin references both its creation stack and the previous origin the
> > +memory location had.
> > +This may cause increased memory consumption, so we limit the length of origin
> > +chains in the runtime.
> > +
> > +Clang instrumentation API
> > +-------------------------
> > +
> > +Clang instrumentation pass inserts calls to functions defined in
> > +``mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c`` into the kernel code.
>
> > +Shadow manipulation
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +For every memory access the compiler emits a call to a function that returns a
> > +pair of pointers to the shadow and origin addresses of the given memory::
> > +
> > +  typedef struct {
> > +    void *s, *o;
> > +  } shadow_origin_ptr_t
> > +
> > +  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_load_{1,2,4,8}(void *addr)
> > +  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_store_{1,2,4,8}(void *addr)
> > +  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_load_n(void *addr, u64 size)
> > +  shadow_origin_ptr_t __msan_metadata_ptr_for_store_n(void *addr, u64 size)
> > +
> > +The function name depends on the memory access size.
> > +Each such function also checks if the shadow of the memory in the range
> > +[``addr``, ``addr + n``) is contiguous and reports an error otherwise.
> > +
> > +The compiler makes sure that for every loaded value its shadow and origin
> > +values are read from memory.
> > +When a value is stored to memory, its shadow and origin are also stored using
> > +the metadata pointers.
> > +
> > +Origin tracking
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +A special function is used to create a new origin value for a local variable
> > +and set the origin of that variable to that value::
> > +
> > +  void __msan_poison_alloca(u64 address, u64 size, char *descr)
> > +
> > +Access to per-task data
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +
> > +At the beginning of every instrumented function KMSAN inserts a call to
> > +``__msan_get_context_state()``::
> > +
> > +  kmsan_context_state *__msan_get_context_state(void)
> > +
> > +``kmsan_context_state`` is declared in ``include/linux/kmsan.h``::
> > +
> > +  struct kmsan_context_s {
> > +    char param_tls[KMSAN_PARAM_SIZE];
> > +    char retval_tls[RETVAL_SIZE];
> > +    char va_arg_tls[KMSAN_PARAM_SIZE];
> > +    char va_arg_origin_tls[KMSAN_PARAM_SIZE];
> > +    u64 va_arg_overflow_size_tls;
> > +    depot_stack_handle_t param_origin_tls[PARAM_ARRAY_SIZE];
> > +    depot_stack_handle_t retval_origin_tls;
> > +    depot_stack_handle_t origin_tls;
> > +  };
> > +
> > +This structure is used by KMSAN to pass parameter shadows and origins between
> > +instrumented functions.
> > +
> > +String functions
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +
> > +The compiler replaces calls to ``memcpy()``/``memmove()``/``memset()`` with the
> > +following functions. These functions are also called when data structures are
> > +initialized or copied, making sure shadow and origin values are copied alongside
> > +with the data::
> > +
> > +  void *__msan_memcpy(void *dst, void *src, u64 n)
> > +  void *__msan_memmove(void *dst, void *src, u64 n)
> > +  void *__msan_memset(void *dst, int c, size_t n)
> > +
> > +Error reporting
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +
> > +For each pointer dereference and each condition the compiler emits a shadow
> > +check that calls ``__msan_warning()`` in the case a poisoned value is being
> > +used::
> > +
> > +  void __msan_warning(u32 origin)
> > +
> > +``__msan_warning()`` causes KMSAN runtime to print an error report.
> > +
> > +Inline assembly instrumentation
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +
> > +KMSAN instruments every inline assembly output with a call to::
> > +
> > +  void __msan_instrument_asm_store(u64 addr, u64 size)
> > +
> > +, which unpoisons the memory region.
> > +
> > +This approach may mask certain errors, but it also helps to avoid a lot of
> > +false positives in bitwise operations, atomics etc.
> > +
> > +Sometimes the pointers passed into inline assembly don't point to valid memory.
> > +In such cases they are ignored at runtime.
> > +
> > +Disabling the instrumentation
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +A function can be marked with ``__no_sanitize_memory``.
> > +Doing so doesn't remove KMSAN instrumentation from it, however it makes the
> > +compiler ignore the uninitialized values coming from the function's inputs,
> > +and initialize the function's outputs.
> > +The compiler won't inline functions marked with this attribute into functions
> > +not marked with it, and vice versa.
> > +
> > +It's also possible to disable KMSAN for a single file (e.g. main.o)::
> > +
> > +  KMSAN_SANITIZE_main.o := n
> > +
> > +or for the whole directory::
> > +
> > +  KMSAN_SANITIZE := n
> > +
> > +in the Makefile. This comes at a cost however: stack allocations from such files
> > +and parameters of instrumented functions called from them will have incorrect
> > +shadow/origin values. As a rule of thumb, avoid using KMSAN_SANITIZE.
> > +
> > +Runtime library
> > +---------------
> > +The code is located in ``mm/kmsan/``.
> > +
> > +Per-task KMSAN state
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +
> > +Every task_struct has an associated KMSAN task state that holds the KMSAN
> > +context (see above) and a per-task flag disallowing KMSAN reports::
> > +
> > +  struct kmsan_task_state {
> > +    ...
> > +    bool allow_reporting;
> > +    struct kmsan_context_state cstate;
> > +    ...
> > +  }
> > +
> > +  struct task_struct {
> > +    ...
> > +    struct kmsan_task_state kmsan;
> > +    ...
> > +  }
> > +
> > +
> > +KMSAN contexts
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +
> > +When running in a kernel task context, KMSAN uses ``current->kmsan.cstate`` to
> > +hold the metadata for function parameters and return values.
> > +
> > +But in the case the kernel is running in the interrupt, softirq or NMI context,
> > +where ``current`` is unavailable, KMSAN switches to per-cpu interrupt state::
> > +
> > +  DEFINE_PER_CPU(kmsan_context_state[KMSAN_NESTED_CONTEXT_MAX],
> > +                 kmsan_percpu_cstate);
> > +
> > +Metadata allocation
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
> > +There are several places in the kernel for which the metadata is stored.
> > +
> > +1. Each ``struct page`` instance contains two pointers to its shadow and
> > +origin pages::
> > +
> > +  struct page {
> > +    ...
> > +    struct page *shadow, *origin;
> > +    ...
> > +  };
> > +
> > +Every time a ``struct page`` is allocated, the runtime library allocates two
> > +additional pages to hold its shadow and origins. This is done by adding hooks
> > +to ``alloc_pages()``/``free_pages()`` in ``mm/page_alloc.c``.
> > +To avoid allocating the metadata for non-interesting pages (right now only the
> > +shadow/origin page themselves and stackdepot storage) the
> > +``__GFP_NO_KMSAN_SHADOW`` flag is used.
> > +
> > +There is a problem related to this allocation algorithm: when two contiguous
> > +memory blocks are allocated with two different ``alloc_pages()`` calls, their
> > +shadow pages may not be contiguous. So, if a memory access crosses the boundary
> > +of a memory block, accesses to shadow/origin memory may potentially corrupt
> > +other pages or read incorrect values from them.
> > +
> > +As a workaround, we check the access size in
> > +``__msan_metadata_ptr_for_XXX_YYY()`` and return a pointer to a fake shadow
> > +region in the case of an error::
> > +
> > +  char dummy_load_page[PAGE_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(PAGE_SIZE)));
> > +  char dummy_store_page[PAGE_SIZE] __attribute__((aligned(PAGE_SIZE)));
> > +
> > +``dummy_load_page`` is zero-initialized, so reads from it always yield zeroes.
> > +All stores to ``dummy_store_page`` are ignored.
> > +
> > +Unfortunately at boot time we need to allocate shadow and origin pages for the
> > +kernel data (``.data``, ``.bss`` etc.) and percpu memory regions, the size of
> > +which is not a power of 2. As a result, we have to allocate the metadata page by
> > +page, so that it is also non-contiguous, although it may be perfectly valid to
> > +access the corresponding kernel memory across page boundaries.
> > +This can be probably fixed by allocating 1<<N pages at once, splitting them and
> > +deallocating the rest.
> > +
> > +LSB of the ``shadow`` pointer in a ``struct page`` may be set to 1. In this case
> > +shadow and origin pages are allocated, but KMSAN ignores accesses to them by
> > +falling back to dummy pages. Allocating the metadata pages is still needed to
> > +support ``vmap()/vunmap()`` operations on this struct page.
> > +
> > +2. For vmalloc memory and modules, there's a direct mapping between the memory
> > +range, its shadow and origin. KMSAN lessens the vmalloc area by 3/4, making only
> > +the first quarter available to ``vmalloc()``. The second quarter of the vmalloc
> > +area contains shadow memory for the first quarter, the third one holds the
> > +origins. A small part of the fourth quarter contains shadow and origins for the
> > +kernel modules. Please refer to ``arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable_64_types.h`` for
> > +more details.
> > +
> > +When an array of pages is mapped into a contiguous virtual memory space, their
> > +shadow and origin pages are similarly mapped into contiguous regions.
> > +
> > +3. For CPU entry area there're separate per-CPU arrays that hold its metadata::
> > +
> > +  DEFINE_PER_CPU(char[CPU_ENTRY_AREA_SIZE], cpu_entry_area_shadow);
> > +  DEFINE_PER_CPU(char[CPU_ENTRY_AREA_SIZE], cpu_entry_area_origin);
>
> For some reason rst2html complains here that this is not a literal block.
Maybe that's because the preceding paragraph only contained a single
line. Adding a line break fixed the problem.

> > +When calculating shadow and origin addresses for a given memory address, the
> > +runtime checks whether the address belongs to the physical page range, the
> > +virtual page range or CPU entry area.
> > +
> > +Handling ``pt_regs``
> > +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
>
> This is missing a '~' (I ran it through rst2html to find).
Ack.
> > +Many functions receive a ``struct pt_regs`` holding the register state at a
> > +certain point. Registers don't have (easily calculatable) shadow or origin
> > +associated with them.
> > +We can assume that the registers are always initialized.
> > +
> > +Example report
> > +--------------
> > +Here's an example of a real KMSAN report in ``packet_bind_spkt()``::
>
> Shouldn't this section be somewhere at the top in a section such as
> "usage". A user of KMSAN doesn't really care how KMSAN works.
Good idea, thanks!
Moved this section to the very beginning.
> > +  ==================================================================
> > +  BUG: KMSAN: uninit-value in strlen
> > +  CPU: 0 PID: 1074 Comm: packet Not tainted 4.8.0-rc6+ #1891
> > +  Hardware name: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS Bochs 01/01/2011
> > +   0000000000000000 ffff88006b6dfc08 ffffffff82559ae8 ffff88006b6dfb48
> > +   ffffffff818a7c91 ffffffff85b9c870 0000000000000092 ffffffff85b9c550
> > +   0000000000000000 0000000000000092 00000000ec400911 0000000000000002
> > +  Call Trace:
> > +   [<     inline     >] __dump_stack lib/dump_stack.c:15
> > +   [<ffffffff82559ae8>] dump_stack+0x238/0x290 lib/dump_stack.c:51
> > +   [<ffffffff818a6626>] kmsan_report+0x276/0x2e0 mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:1003
> > +   [<ffffffff818a783b>] __msan_warning+0x5b/0xb0 mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c:424
> > +   [<     inline     >] strlen lib/string.c:484
> > +   [<ffffffff8259b58d>] strlcpy+0x9d/0x200 lib/string.c:144
> > +   [<ffffffff84b2eca4>] packet_bind_spkt+0x144/0x230 net/packet/af_packet.c:3132
> > +   [<ffffffff84242e4d>] SYSC_bind+0x40d/0x5f0 net/socket.c:1370
> > +   [<ffffffff84242a22>] SyS_bind+0x82/0xa0 net/socket.c:1356
> > +   [<ffffffff8515991b>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x13/0x8f arch/x86/entry/entry_64.o:?
> > +  chained origin:
> > +   [<ffffffff810bb787>] save_stack_trace+0x27/0x50 arch/x86/kernel/stacktrace.c:67
> > +   [<     inline     >] kmsan_save_stack_with_flags mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:322
> > +   [<     inline     >] kmsan_save_stack mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:334
> > +   [<ffffffff818a59f8>] kmsan_internal_chain_origin+0x118/0x1e0 mm/kmsan/kmsan.c:527
> > +   [<ffffffff818a7773>] __msan_set_alloca_origin4+0xc3/0x130 mm/kmsan/kmsan_instr.c:380
> > +   [<ffffffff84242b69>] SYSC_bind+0x129/0x5f0 net/socket.c:1356
> > +   [<ffffffff84242a22>] SyS_bind+0x82/0xa0 net/socket.c:1356
> > +   [<ffffffff8515991b>] entry_SYSCALL_64_fastpath+0x13/0x8f arch/x86/entry/entry_64.o:?
> > +  origin description: ----address@SYSC_bind (origin=00000000eb400911)
> > +  ==================================================================
> > +
> > +The report tells that the local variable ``address`` was created uninitialized
> > +in ``SYSC_bind()`` (the ``bind`` system call implementation). The lower stack
> > +trace corresponds to the place where this variable was created.
> > +
> > +The upper stack shows where the uninit value was used - in ``strlen()``.
> > +It turned out that the contents of ``address`` were partially copied from the
> > +userspace, but the buffer wasn't zero-terminated and contained some trailing
> > +uninitialized bytes.
> > +``packet_bind_spkt()`` didn't check the length of the buffer, but called
> > +``strlcpy()`` on it, which called ``strlen()``, which started reading the
> > +buffer byte by byte till it hit the uninitialized memory.
> > +
> > +
> > +References
> > +==========
> > +
> > +E. Stepanov, K. Serebryany. MemorySanitizer: fast detector of uninitialized
> > +memory use in C++.
> > +In Proceedings of CGO 2015.
>
> This should be turned into a link.



-- 
Alexander Potapenko
Software Engineer

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