* [patch] readv/writev rework
@ 2002-09-11 8:30 Andrew Morton
2002-09-12 13:00 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Andrew Morton @ 2002-09-11 8:30 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: lkml; +Cc: Janet Morgan
(Ripping out a few things for final review here....)
This is Janet Morgan's patch which converts the readv/writev code
to submit all segments for IO before waiting on them, rather than
submitting each segment separately.
This is a critical performance fix for O_DIRECT reads and writes.
Prior to this change, O_DIRECT vectored IO was forced to wait for
completion against each segment of the iovec rather than submitting all
segments and waiting on the lot. ie: for ten segments, this code will
be ten times faster.
There will also be moderate improvements for buffered IO - smaller code
paths, plus writev() only takes i_sem once.
The patch ended up quite large unfortunately - turned out that the only
sane way to implement this without duplicating significant amounts of
code (the generic_file_write() bounds checking, all the O_DIRECT
handling, etc) was to redo generic_file_read() and generic_file_write()
to take an iovec/nr_segs pair rather than `buf, count'.
New exported functions generic_file_readv() and generic_file_writev()
have been added:
ssize_t generic_file_readv(struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov,
unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *ppos);
ssize_t generic_file_writev(struct file *file, const struct iovec *iov,
unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t * ppos);
If a driver does not use these in their file_operations then they will
continue to use the old readv/writev code, which sits in a loop calling
calls fops->read() or fops->write().
ext2, ext3, JFS and the blockdev driver are currently using this
capability.
Some coding cleanups were made in fs/read_write.c. Mainly:
- pass "READ" or "WRITE" around to indicate the diretion of the
operation, rather than the (confusing, inverted)
VERIFY_READ/VERIFY_WRITE.
- Use the identifier `nr_segs' everywhere to indicate the iovec
length rather than `count', which is often used to indicate the
number of bytes in the syscall. It was confusing the heck out of me.
- Some cleanups to the raw driver.
- Some additional generality in fs/direct_io.c: the core `struct dio'
used to be a "populate-and-go" thing. Janet has broken that up so
you can initialise a struct dio once, then loop around feeding it
more file segments, then wait on completion against everything.
- In a couple of places we needed to handle the situation where we
knew, a-priori, that the user was going to get a short read or write.
File size limit exceeded, read past i_size, etc. We handled that by
shortening the iovec in-place with iov_shorten(). Which is not
particularly pretty, but neither were the alternatives.
The performance benefits are much, much greater than I expected. Here
is Janet's report:
I used a derivative of one of the LTP dio tests and the raw interface
to get the following data points:
IO type: Vector io patch is:
Random writev 8.7 times faster
Sequential writev 6.6 times faster
Random readv not faster, but sys time improves 5x
Sequential readv not faster, but sys time improves 5x
Random mixed I/O 5 times faster
Sequential mixed I/O 6.6 times faster
Each raw readv or writev was for 32K (4k x 8). I used a disk attached to
an aic controller.
Please let me know if you'd like a different set of data or whether I
should repeat using O_DIRECT.
I've attached below the time and vmstat output for each test.
P.S. Test times between say "Random writev" and "Random readv" should
not be compared because I may have varied the number of times through
the main testloop.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random writev
before patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3772016 6564 61128 0 0 0 669 1176 346 0 0 100
real 0m14.254s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.048s
after patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3771980 6568 61128 0 0 0 5920 1195 376 0 0 100
real 0m1.628s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.009s
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sequential writev
before patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3771912 6620 61132 0 0 0 652 1170 330 0 0 100
real 0m14.853s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.060s
after patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3771852 6636 61132 0 0 0 4352 1143 278 0 0 100
real 0m2.238s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.011s
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random readv
before patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3771712 6732 61136 0 0 20012 0 6011 10012 0 4 96
real 0m4.760s
user 0m0.002s
sys 0m0.651s
after patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3769908 7924 61500 0 0 21440 0 1678 1346 0 3 97
real 0m4.510s
user 0m0.002s
sys 0m0.125s
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sequential readv
before patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3769340 7276 62832 0 0 20052 0 6020 10030 0 4 96
real 0m4.797s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.684s
after patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3769320 7244 62832 0 0 21344 0 1674 1338 0 2 98
real 0m4.545s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.119s
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Random mixed I/O
before patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3770012 7884 61500 0 0 592 592 1303 596 0 2 98
real 0m16.237s
user 0m0.000s
sys 0m0.111s
after patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3770044 7840 61500 0 0 3104 3104 1201 392 0 0 100
real 0m3.193s
user 0m0.001s
sys 0m0.017s
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sequential mixed I/O
before patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3769232 7344 62832 0 0 640 648 1329 648 0 0 100
real 0m14.863s
user 0m0.003s
sys 0m0.106s
after patch:
procs memory swap io system cpu
r b w swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id
0 1 0 0 3769192 7384 62832 0 0 4192 4197 1274 540 0 0 100
real 0m2.256s
user 0m0.002s
sys 0m0.023s
drivers/char/raw.c | 54 ++++++++++++++-------
fs/block_dev.c | 52 ++++++++++++--------
fs/direct-io.c | 132 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------
fs/ext2/file.c | 2
fs/ext2/inode.c | 8 +--
fs/ext3/file.c | 22 ++++----
fs/ext3/inode.c | 10 ++-
fs/jfs/file.c | 2
fs/jfs/inode.c | 8 +--
fs/read_write.c | 109 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------
include/linux/fs.h | 19 ++++---
include/linux/uio.h | 15 +++++
kernel/ksyms.c | 4 +
mm/filemap.c | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------
14 files changed, 363 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-)
--- 2.5.34/drivers/char/raw.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/drivers/char/raw.c Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
@@ -201,25 +201,29 @@ out:
}
static ssize_t
-rw_raw_dev(int rw, struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t size, loff_t *offp)
+rw_raw_dev(int rw, struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov, unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *offp)
{
const int minor = minor(filp->f_dentry->d_inode->i_rdev);
struct block_device *bdev = raw_devices[minor].binding;
struct inode *inode = bdev->bd_inode;
+ size_t count = iov_length(iov, nr_segs);
ssize_t ret = 0;
- if (size == 0)
- goto out;
- ret = -EINVAL;
- if (size < 0)
- goto out;
- ret = -ENXIO;
- if (*offp >= inode->i_size)
- goto out;
-
- if (size + *offp > inode->i_size)
- size = inode->i_size - *offp;
- ret = generic_file_direct_IO(rw, inode, buf, *offp, size);
+ if (count == 0)
+ goto out;
+
+ if ((ssize_t)count < 0)
+ return -EINVAL;
+
+ if (*offp >= inode->i_size)
+ return -ENXIO;
+
+ if (count + *offp > inode->i_size) {
+ count = inode->i_size - *offp;
+ nr_segs = iov_shorten((struct iovec *)iov, nr_segs, count);
+ }
+ ret = generic_file_direct_IO(rw, inode, iov, *offp, nr_segs);
+
if (ret > 0)
*offp += ret;
out:
@@ -227,15 +231,31 @@ out:
}
static ssize_t
-raw_read(struct file *filp, char * buf, size_t size, loff_t *offp)
+raw_read(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t size, loff_t *offp)
{
- return rw_raw_dev(READ, filp, buf, size, offp);
+ struct iovec local_iov = { .iov_base = buf, .iov_len = size};
+
+ return rw_raw_dev(READ, filp, &local_iov, 1, offp);
}
static ssize_t
raw_write(struct file *filp, const char *buf, size_t size, loff_t *offp)
{
- return rw_raw_dev(WRITE, filp, (char *)buf, size, offp);
+ struct iovec local_iov = { .iov_base = buf, .iov_len = size};
+
+ return rw_raw_dev(WRITE, filp, &local_iov, 1, offp);
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+raw_readv(struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov, unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *offp)
+{
+ return rw_raw_dev(READ, filp, iov, nr_segs, offp);
+}
+
+static ssize_t
+raw_writev(struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov, unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *offp)
+{
+ return rw_raw_dev(WRITE, filp, iov, nr_segs, offp);
}
static struct file_operations raw_fops = {
@@ -244,6 +264,8 @@ static struct file_operations raw_fops =
.open = raw_open,
.release= raw_release,
.ioctl = raw_ioctl,
+ .readv = raw_readv,
+ .writev = raw_writev,
.owner = THIS_MODULE,
};
--- 2.5.34/fs/block_dev.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/block_dev.c Wed Sep 11 01:05:34 2002
@@ -116,11 +116,11 @@ blkdev_get_blocks(struct inode *inode, s
}
static int
-blkdev_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count)
+blkdev_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, const struct iovec *iov,
+ loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs)
{
- return generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, buf, offset,
- count, blkdev_get_blocks);
+ return generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, iov, offset,
+ nr_segs, blkdev_get_blocks);
}
static int blkdev_writepage(struct page * page)
@@ -787,6 +787,14 @@ static int blkdev_reread_part(struct blo
return res;
}
+static ssize_t blkdev_file_write(struct file *file, const char *buf,
+ size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+ struct iovec local_iov = { .iov_base = (void *)buf, .iov_len = count };
+
+ return generic_file_write_nolock(file, &local_iov, 1, ppos);
+}
+
static int blkdev_ioctl(struct inode *inode, struct file *file, unsigned cmd,
unsigned long arg)
{
@@ -832,26 +840,28 @@ static int blkdev_ioctl(struct inode *in
}
struct address_space_operations def_blk_aops = {
- readpage: blkdev_readpage,
- writepage: blkdev_writepage,
- sync_page: block_sync_page,
- prepare_write: blkdev_prepare_write,
- commit_write: blkdev_commit_write,
- writepages: generic_writepages,
- vm_writeback: generic_vm_writeback,
- direct_IO: blkdev_direct_IO,
+ .readpage = blkdev_readpage,
+ .writepage = blkdev_writepage,
+ .sync_page = block_sync_page,
+ .prepare_write = blkdev_prepare_write,
+ .commit_write = blkdev_commit_write,
+ .writepages = generic_writepages,
+ .vm_writeback = generic_vm_writeback,
+ .direct_IO = blkdev_direct_IO,
};
struct file_operations def_blk_fops = {
- open: blkdev_open,
- release: blkdev_close,
- llseek: block_llseek,
- read: generic_file_read,
- write: generic_file_write_nolock,
- mmap: generic_file_mmap,
- fsync: block_fsync,
- ioctl: blkdev_ioctl,
- sendfile: generic_file_sendfile,
+ .open = blkdev_open,
+ .release = blkdev_close,
+ .llseek = block_llseek,
+ .read = generic_file_read,
+ .write = blkdev_file_write,
+ .mmap = generic_file_mmap,
+ .fsync = block_fsync,
+ .ioctl = blkdev_ioctl,
+ .readv = generic_file_readv,
+ .writev = generic_file_writev,
+ .sendfile = generic_file_sendfile,
};
int ioctl_by_bdev(struct block_device *bdev, unsigned cmd, unsigned long arg)
--- 2.5.34/fs/direct-io.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/direct-io.c Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ struct dio {
*/
static inline unsigned dio_pages_present(struct dio *dio)
{
- return dio->head - dio->tail;
+ return dio->tail - dio->head;
}
/*
@@ -265,6 +265,10 @@ static int dio_bio_complete(struct dio *
static int dio_await_completion(struct dio *dio)
{
int ret = 0;
+
+ if (dio->bio)
+ dio_bio_submit(dio);
+
while (atomic_read(&dio->bio_count)) {
struct bio *bio = dio_await_one(dio);
int ret2;
@@ -523,29 +527,16 @@ out:
return ret;
}
-/*
- * The main direct-IO function. This is a library function for use by
- * filesystem drivers.
- */
int
-generic_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf, loff_t offset,
- size_t count, get_blocks_t get_blocks)
+direct_io_worker(int rw, struct inode *inode, const struct iovec *iov,
+ loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs, get_blocks_t get_blocks)
{
const unsigned blkbits = inode->i_blkbits;
- const unsigned blocksize_mask = (1 << blkbits) - 1;
- const unsigned long user_addr = (unsigned long)buf;
- int ret;
- int ret2;
+ unsigned long user_addr;
+ int seg, ret2, ret = 0;
struct dio dio;
- size_t bytes;
-
- /* Check the memory alignment. Blocks cannot straddle pages */
- if ((user_addr & blocksize_mask) || (count & blocksize_mask)) {
- ret = -EINVAL;
- goto out;
- }
+ size_t bytes, tot_bytes = 0;
- /* BIO submission state */
dio.bio = NULL;
dio.bvec = NULL;
dio.inode = inode;
@@ -553,31 +544,13 @@ generic_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *
dio.blkbits = blkbits;
dio.block_in_file = offset >> blkbits;
dio.blocks_available = 0;
- dio.final_block_in_request = (offset + count) >> blkbits;
- /* Index into the first page of the first block */
- dio.first_block_in_page = (user_addr & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) >> blkbits;
dio.boundary = 0;
dio.reap_counter = 0;
dio.get_blocks = get_blocks;
dio.last_block_in_bio = -1;
dio.next_block_in_bio = -1;
- /* Page fetching state */
- dio.curr_page = 0;
- bytes = count;
- dio.total_pages = 0;
- if (user_addr & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) {
- dio.total_pages++;
- bytes -= PAGE_SIZE - (user_addr & (PAGE_SIZE - 1));
- }
-
- dio.total_pages += (bytes + PAGE_SIZE - 1) / PAGE_SIZE;
- dio.curr_user_address = user_addr;
-
- /* Page queue */
- dio.head = 0;
- dio.tail = 0;
dio.page_errors = 0;
/* BIO completion state */
@@ -586,38 +559,75 @@ generic_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *
dio.bio_list = NULL;
dio.waiter = NULL;
- ret = do_direct_IO(&dio);
+ for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
+ user_addr = (unsigned long)iov[seg].iov_base;
+ bytes = iov[seg].iov_len;
+
+ /* Index into the first page of the first block */
+ dio.first_block_in_page = (user_addr & (PAGE_SIZE - 1)) >> blkbits;
+ dio.final_block_in_request = dio.block_in_file + (bytes >> blkbits);
+ /* Page fetching state */
+ dio.head = 0;
+ dio.tail = 0;
+ dio.curr_page = 0;
+
+ dio.total_pages = 0;
+ if (user_addr & (PAGE_SIZE-1)) {
+ dio.total_pages++;
+ bytes -= PAGE_SIZE - (user_addr & (PAGE_SIZE - 1));
+ }
+ dio.total_pages += (bytes + PAGE_SIZE - 1) / PAGE_SIZE;
+ dio.curr_user_address = user_addr;
+
+ ret = do_direct_IO(&dio);
+
+ if (ret) {
+ dio_cleanup(&dio);
+ break;
+ }
+
+ tot_bytes += iov[seg].iov_len - ((dio.final_block_in_request -
+ dio.block_in_file) << blkbits);
+
+ } /* end iovec loop */
- if (dio.bio)
- dio_bio_submit(&dio);
- if (ret)
- dio_cleanup(&dio);
ret2 = dio_await_completion(&dio);
if (ret == 0)
ret = ret2;
if (ret == 0)
ret = dio.page_errors;
if (ret == 0)
- ret = count - ((dio.final_block_in_request -
- dio.block_in_file) << blkbits);
-out:
+ ret = tot_bytes;
+
return ret;
}
-ssize_t
-generic_file_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count)
+/*
+ * This is a library function for use by filesystem drivers.
+ */
+int
+generic_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, const struct iovec *iov,
+ loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs, get_blocks_t get_blocks)
{
+ int seg;
+ size_t size;
+ unsigned long addr;
struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
- unsigned blocksize_mask;
- ssize_t retval;
+ unsigned blocksize_mask = (1 << inode->i_blkbits) - 1;
+ ssize_t retval = -EINVAL;
- blocksize_mask = (1 << inode->i_blkbits) - 1;
- if ((offset & blocksize_mask) || (count & blocksize_mask)) {
- retval = -EINVAL;
+ if (offset & blocksize_mask) {
goto out;
}
+ /* Check the memory alignment. Blocks cannot straddle pages */
+ for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
+ addr = (unsigned long)iov[seg].iov_base;
+ size = iov[seg].iov_len;
+ if ((addr & blocksize_mask) || (size & blocksize_mask))
+ goto out;
+ }
+
if (mapping->nrpages) {
retval = filemap_fdatawrite(mapping);
if (retval == 0)
@@ -625,9 +635,21 @@ generic_file_direct_IO(int rw, struct in
if (retval)
goto out;
}
- retval = mapping->a_ops->direct_IO(rw, inode, buf, offset, count);
+
+ retval = direct_io_worker(rw, inode, iov, offset, nr_segs, get_blocks);
+out:
+ return retval;
+}
+
+ssize_t
+generic_file_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, const struct iovec *iov,
+ loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs)
+{
+ struct address_space *mapping = inode->i_mapping;
+ ssize_t retval;
+
+ retval = mapping->a_ops->direct_IO(rw, inode, iov, offset, nr_segs);
if (inode->i_mapping->nrpages)
invalidate_inode_pages2(inode->i_mapping);
-out:
return retval;
}
--- 2.5.34/fs/ext2/file.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/ext2/file.c Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
@@ -46,6 +46,8 @@ struct file_operations ext2_file_operati
.open = generic_file_open,
.release = ext2_release_file,
.fsync = ext2_sync_file,
+ .readv = generic_file_readv,
+ .writev = generic_file_writev,
.sendfile = generic_file_sendfile,
};
--- 2.5.34/fs/ext2/inode.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/ext2/inode.c Wed Sep 11 01:05:16 2002
@@ -619,11 +619,11 @@ ext2_get_blocks(struct inode *inode, sec
}
static int
-ext2_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count)
+ext2_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, const struct iovec *iov,
+ loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs)
{
- return generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, buf,
- offset, count, ext2_get_blocks);
+ return generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, iov,
+ offset, nr_segs, ext2_get_blocks);
}
static int
--- 2.5.34/fs/jfs/file.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/jfs/file.c Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
@@ -108,6 +108,8 @@ struct file_operations jfs_file_operatio
.write = generic_file_write,
.read = generic_file_read,
.mmap = generic_file_mmap,
+ .readv = generic_file_readv,
+ .writev = generic_file_writev,
.sendfile = generic_file_sendfile,
.fsync = jfs_fsync,
};
--- 2.5.34/fs/jfs/inode.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/jfs/inode.c Wed Sep 11 01:05:16 2002
@@ -309,11 +309,11 @@ static int jfs_bmap(struct address_space
return generic_block_bmap(mapping, block, jfs_get_block);
}
-static int jfs_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count)
+static int jfs_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, const struct iovec *iov,
+ loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs)
{
- return generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, buf,
- offset, count, jfs_get_blocks);
+ return generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, iov,
+ offset, nr_segs, jfs_get_blocks);
}
struct address_space_operations jfs_aops = {
--- 2.5.34/fs/read_write.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/read_write.c Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
@@ -286,9 +286,29 @@ asmlinkage ssize_t sys_pwrite64(unsigned
return ret;
}
+/*
+ * Reduce an iovec's length in-place. Return the resulting number of segments
+ */
+unsigned long iov_shorten(struct iovec *iov, unsigned long nr_segs, size_t to)
+{
+ unsigned long seg = 0;
+ size_t len = 0;
+
+ while (seg < nr_segs) {
+ seg++;
+ if (len + iov->iov_len >= to) {
+ iov->iov_len = to - len;
+ break;
+ }
+ len += iov->iov_len;
+ iov++;
+ }
+ return seg;
+}
+
static ssize_t do_readv_writev(int type, struct file *file,
const struct iovec * vector,
- unsigned long count)
+ unsigned long nr_segs)
{
typedef ssize_t (*io_fn_t)(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
typedef ssize_t (*iov_fn_t)(struct file *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t *);
@@ -296,73 +316,86 @@ static ssize_t do_readv_writev(int type,
size_t tot_len;
struct iovec iovstack[UIO_FASTIOV];
struct iovec *iov=iovstack;
- ssize_t ret, i;
+ ssize_t ret = -EINVAL;
+ int seg;
io_fn_t fn;
iov_fn_t fnv;
struct inode *inode;
/*
+ * SuS says "The readv() function *may* fail if the iovcnt argument
+ * was less than or equal to 0, or greater than {IOV_MAX}. Linux has
+ * traditionally returned -EINVAL for zero segments, so...
+ */
+ if (nr_segs == 0)
+ goto out;
+
+ /*
* First get the "struct iovec" from user memory and
* verify all the pointers
*/
- ret = 0;
- if (!count)
- goto out_nofree;
- ret = -EINVAL;
- if (count > UIO_MAXIOV)
- goto out_nofree;
+ if ((nr_segs > UIO_MAXIOV) || (nr_segs <= 0))
+ goto out;
if (!file->f_op)
- goto out_nofree;
- if (count > UIO_FASTIOV) {
+ goto out;
+ if (nr_segs > UIO_FASTIOV) {
ret = -ENOMEM;
- iov = kmalloc(count*sizeof(struct iovec), GFP_KERNEL);
+ iov = kmalloc(nr_segs*sizeof(struct iovec), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!iov)
- goto out_nofree;
+ goto out;
}
ret = -EFAULT;
- if (copy_from_user(iov, vector, count*sizeof(*vector)))
+ if (copy_from_user(iov, vector, nr_segs*sizeof(*vector)))
goto out;
/*
* Single unix specification:
- * We should -EINVAL if an element length is not >= 0 and fitting an ssize_t
- * The total length is fitting an ssize_t
+ * We should -EINVAL if an element length is not >= 0 and fitting an
+ * ssize_t. The total length is fitting an ssize_t
*
* Be careful here because iov_len is a size_t not an ssize_t
*/
-
tot_len = 0;
ret = -EINVAL;
- for (i = 0 ; i < count ; i++) {
+ for (seg = 0 ; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
ssize_t tmp = tot_len;
- ssize_t len = (ssize_t)iov[i].iov_len;
+ ssize_t len = (ssize_t)iov[seg].iov_len;
if (len < 0) /* size_t not fitting an ssize_t .. */
goto out;
tot_len += len;
if (tot_len < tmp) /* maths overflow on the ssize_t */
goto out;
}
+ if (tot_len == 0) {
+ ret = 0;
+ goto out;
+ }
inode = file->f_dentry->d_inode;
/* VERIFY_WRITE actually means a read, as we write to user space */
- ret = locks_verify_area((type == VERIFY_WRITE
+ ret = locks_verify_area((type == READ
? FLOCK_VERIFY_READ : FLOCK_VERIFY_WRITE),
inode, file, file->f_pos, tot_len);
- if (ret) goto out;
+ if (ret)
+ goto out;
- fnv = (type == VERIFY_WRITE ? file->f_op->readv : file->f_op->writev);
+ fnv = NULL;
+ if (type == READ) {
+ fn = file->f_op->read;
+ fnv = file->f_op->readv;
+ } else {
+ fn = (io_fn_t)file->f_op->write;
+ fnv = file->f_op->writev;
+ }
if (fnv) {
- ret = fnv(file, iov, count, &file->f_pos);
+ ret = fnv(file, iov, nr_segs, &file->f_pos);
goto out;
}
- /* VERIFY_WRITE actually means a read, as we write to user space */
- fn = (type == VERIFY_WRITE ? file->f_op->read :
- (io_fn_t) file->f_op->write);
-
+ /* Do it by hand, with file-ops */
ret = 0;
vector = iov;
- while (count > 0) {
+ while (nr_segs > 0) {
void * base;
size_t len;
ssize_t nr;
@@ -370,7 +403,7 @@ static ssize_t do_readv_writev(int type,
base = vector->iov_base;
len = vector->iov_len;
vector++;
- count--;
+ nr_segs--;
nr = fn(file, base, len, &file->f_pos);
@@ -382,20 +415,18 @@ static ssize_t do_readv_writev(int type,
if (nr != len)
break;
}
-
out:
if (iov != iovstack)
kfree(iov);
-out_nofree:
- /* VERIFY_WRITE actually means a read, as we write to user space */
- if ((ret + (type == VERIFY_WRITE)) > 0)
+ if ((ret + (type == READ)) > 0)
dnotify_parent(file->f_dentry,
- (type == VERIFY_WRITE) ? DN_MODIFY : DN_ACCESS);
+ (type == READ) ? DN_MODIFY : DN_ACCESS);
return ret;
}
-asmlinkage ssize_t sys_readv(unsigned long fd, const struct iovec * vector,
- unsigned long count)
+
+asmlinkage ssize_t
+sys_readv(unsigned long fd, const struct iovec *vector, unsigned long nr_segs)
{
struct file * file;
ssize_t ret;
@@ -409,7 +440,7 @@ asmlinkage ssize_t sys_readv(unsigned lo
(file->f_op->readv || file->f_op->read)) {
ret = security_ops->file_permission (file, MAY_READ);
if (!ret)
- ret = do_readv_writev(VERIFY_WRITE, file, vector, count);
+ ret = do_readv_writev(READ, file, vector, nr_segs);
}
fput(file);
@@ -417,8 +448,8 @@ bad_file:
return ret;
}
-asmlinkage ssize_t sys_writev(unsigned long fd, const struct iovec * vector,
- unsigned long count)
+asmlinkage ssize_t
+sys_writev(unsigned long fd, const struct iovec * vector, unsigned long nr_segs)
{
struct file * file;
ssize_t ret;
@@ -432,7 +463,7 @@ asmlinkage ssize_t sys_writev(unsigned l
(file->f_op->writev || file->f_op->write)) {
ret = security_ops->file_permission (file, MAY_WRITE);
if (!ret)
- ret = do_readv_writev(VERIFY_READ, file, vector, count);
+ ret = do_readv_writev(WRITE, file, vector, nr_segs);
}
fput(file);
--- 2.5.34/include/linux/fs.h~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/include/linux/fs.h Wed Sep 11 01:05:18 2002
@@ -307,8 +307,7 @@ struct address_space_operations {
int (*bmap)(struct address_space *, long);
int (*invalidatepage) (struct page *, unsigned long);
int (*releasepage) (struct page *, int);
- int (*direct_IO)(int, struct inode *, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count);
+ int (*direct_IO)(int, struct inode *, const struct iovec *iov, loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs);
};
struct backing_dev_info;
@@ -1245,14 +1244,18 @@ extern int generic_file_mmap(struct file
extern int file_read_actor(read_descriptor_t * desc, struct page *page, unsigned long offset, unsigned long size);
extern ssize_t generic_file_read(struct file *, char *, size_t, loff_t *);
extern ssize_t generic_file_write(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
-extern ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *, const char *, size_t, loff_t *);
+ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *file, const struct iovec *iov,
+ unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *ppos);
extern ssize_t generic_file_sendfile(struct file *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t);
extern void do_generic_file_read(struct file *, loff_t *, read_descriptor_t *, read_actor_t);
-ssize_t generic_file_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count);
-int generic_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count, get_blocks_t *get_blocks);
-
+extern ssize_t generic_file_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode,
+ const struct iovec *iov, loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs);
+extern int generic_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, const struct iovec
+ *iov, loff_t offset, unsigned long nr_segs, get_blocks_t *get_blocks);
+extern ssize_t generic_file_readv(struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov,
+ unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *ppos);
+ssize_t generic_file_writev(struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov,
+ unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *ppos);
extern loff_t no_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin);
extern loff_t generic_file_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin);
extern loff_t remote_llseek(struct file *file, loff_t offset, int origin);
--- 2.5.34/kernel/ksyms.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/kernel/ksyms.c Wed Sep 11 01:05:23 2002
@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@
#include <linux/highuid.h>
#include <linux/brlock.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
+#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/tty.h>
#include <linux/in6.h>
#include <linux/completion.h>
@@ -344,6 +345,9 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(register_disk);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(read_dev_sector);
EXPORT_SYMBOL(init_buffer);
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(generic_file_direct_IO);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_readv);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(generic_file_writev);
+EXPORT_SYMBOL(iov_shorten);
/* tty routines */
EXPORT_SYMBOL(tty_hangup);
--- 2.5.34/mm/filemap.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/mm/filemap.c Wed Sep 11 01:05:21 2002
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
+#include <linux/uio.h>
#include <linux/iobuf.h>
#include <linux/hash.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
@@ -1121,14 +1122,18 @@ success:
* This is the "read()" routine for all filesystems
* that can use the page cache directly.
*/
-ssize_t
-generic_file_read(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+static ssize_t
+__generic_file_read(struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov,
+ unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *ppos)
{
ssize_t retval;
+ unsigned long seg;
+ size_t count = iov_length(iov, nr_segs);
if ((ssize_t) count < 0)
return -EINVAL;
+ /* coalesce the iovecs and go direct-to-BIO for O_DIRECT */
if (filp->f_flags & O_DIRECT) {
loff_t pos = *ppos, size;
struct address_space *mapping;
@@ -1141,10 +1146,13 @@ generic_file_read(struct file *filp, cha
goto out; /* skip atime */
size = inode->i_size;
if (pos < size) {
- if (pos + count > size)
+ if (pos + count > size) {
count = size - pos;
- retval = generic_file_direct_IO(READ, inode,
- buf, pos, count);
+ nr_segs = iov_shorten((struct iovec *)iov,
+ nr_segs, count);
+ }
+ retval = generic_file_direct_IO(READ, inode,
+ iov, pos, nr_segs);
if (retval > 0)
*ppos = pos + retval;
}
@@ -1152,27 +1160,42 @@ generic_file_read(struct file *filp, cha
goto out;
}
- retval = -EFAULT;
- if (access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, buf, count)) {
- retval = 0;
+ for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
+ if (!access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE,iov[seg].iov_base,iov[seg].iov_len))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ }
- if (count) {
+ retval = 0;
+ if (count) {
+ for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
read_descriptor_t desc;
desc.written = 0;
- desc.count = count;
- desc.buf = buf;
+ desc.buf = iov[seg].iov_base;
+ desc.count = iov[seg].iov_len;
+ if (desc.count == 0)
+ continue;
desc.error = 0;
do_generic_file_read(filp,ppos,&desc,file_read_actor);
- retval = desc.written;
- if (!retval)
+ retval += desc.written;
+ if (!retval) {
retval = desc.error;
+ break;
+ }
}
}
out:
return retval;
}
+ssize_t
+generic_file_read(struct file *filp, char *buf, size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+ struct iovec local_iov = { .iov_base = buf, .iov_len = count };
+
+ return __generic_file_read(filp, &local_iov, 1, ppos);
+}
+
static int file_send_actor(read_descriptor_t * desc, struct page *page, unsigned long offset, unsigned long size)
{
ssize_t written;
@@ -1926,11 +1949,14 @@ filemap_copy_from_user(struct page *page
* it for writing by marking it dirty.
* okir@monad.swb.de
*/
-ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *file, const char *buf,
- size_t count, loff_t *ppos)
+ssize_t
+generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *file, const struct iovec *iov,
+ unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *ppos)
{
struct address_space * mapping = file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_mapping;
struct address_space_operations *a_ops = mapping->a_ops;
+ const size_t ocount = iov_length(iov, nr_segs);
+ size_t count = ocount;
struct inode *inode = mapping->host;
unsigned long limit = current->rlim[RLIMIT_FSIZE].rlim_cur;
long status = 0;
@@ -1942,12 +1968,19 @@ ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct
unsigned bytes;
time_t time_now;
struct pagevec lru_pvec;
+ struct iovec *cur_iov;
+ unsigned iov_bytes; /* Cumulative count to the end of the
+ current iovec */
+ unsigned long seg;
+ char *buf;
if (unlikely((ssize_t)count < 0))
return -EINVAL;
- if (unlikely(!access_ok(VERIFY_READ, buf, count)))
- return -EFAULT;
+ for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++) {
+ if (!access_ok(VERIFY_READ,iov[seg].iov_base,iov[seg].iov_len))
+ return -EFAULT;
+ }
pos = *ppos;
if (unlikely(pos < 0))
@@ -2045,9 +2078,13 @@ ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct
mark_inode_dirty_sync(inode);
}
+ /* coalesce the iovecs and go direct-to-BIO for O_DIRECT */
if (unlikely(file->f_flags & O_DIRECT)) {
- written = generic_file_direct_IO(WRITE, inode,
- (char *)buf, pos, count);
+ if (count != ocount)
+ nr_segs = iov_shorten((struct iovec *)iov,
+ nr_segs, count);
+ written = generic_file_direct_IO(WRITE, inode,
+ iov, pos, nr_segs);
if (written > 0) {
loff_t end = pos + written;
if (end > inode->i_size && !S_ISBLK(inode->i_mode)) {
@@ -2065,6 +2102,9 @@ ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct
goto out_status;
}
+ cur_iov = (struct iovec *)iov;
+ iov_bytes = cur_iov->iov_len;
+ buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
do {
unsigned long index;
unsigned long offset;
@@ -2075,6 +2115,8 @@ ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct
bytes = PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - offset;
if (bytes > count)
bytes = count;
+ if (bytes + written > iov_bytes)
+ bytes = iov_bytes - written;
/*
* Bring in the user page that we will copy from _first_.
@@ -2084,7 +2126,7 @@ ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct
*/
fault_in_pages_readable(buf, bytes);
- page = __grab_cache_page(mapping, index, &cached_page, &lru_pvec);
+ page = __grab_cache_page(mapping,index,&cached_page,&lru_pvec);
if (!page) {
status = -ENOMEM;
break;
@@ -2115,6 +2157,11 @@ ssize_t generic_file_write_nolock(struct
count -= status;
pos += status;
buf += status;
+ if (written == iov_bytes && count) {
+ cur_iov++;
+ iov_bytes += cur_iov->iov_len;
+ buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
+ }
}
}
if (!PageReferenced(page))
@@ -2151,10 +2198,29 @@ ssize_t generic_file_write(struct file *
{
struct inode *inode = file->f_dentry->d_inode->i_mapping->host;
int err;
+ struct iovec local_iov = { .iov_base = (void *)buf, .iov_len = count };
down(&inode->i_sem);
- err = generic_file_write_nolock(file, buf, count, ppos);
+ err = generic_file_write_nolock(file, &local_iov, 1, ppos);
up(&inode->i_sem);
return err;
}
+
+ssize_t generic_file_readv(struct file *filp, const struct iovec *iov,
+ unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+ return __generic_file_read(filp, iov, nr_segs, ppos);
+}
+
+ssize_t generic_file_writev(struct file *file, const struct iovec *iov,
+ unsigned long nr_segs, loff_t * ppos)
+{
+ struct inode *inode = file->f_dentry->d_inode;
+ ssize_t ret;
+
+ down(&inode->i_sem);
+ ret = generic_file_write_nolock(file, iov, nr_segs, ppos);
+ up(&inode->i_sem);
+ return ret;
+}
--- 2.5.34/fs/ext3/inode.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/ext3/inode.c Wed Sep 11 01:05:31 2002
@@ -1399,13 +1399,15 @@ static int ext3_releasepage(struct page
* If the O_DIRECT write is intantiating holes inside i_size and the machine
* crashes then stale disk data _may_ be exposed inside the file.
*/
-static int ext3_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode, char *buf,
- loff_t offset, size_t count)
+static int ext3_direct_IO(int rw, struct inode *inode,
+ const struct iovec *iov, loff_t offset,
+ unsigned long nr_segs)
{
struct ext3_inode_info *ei = EXT3_I(inode);
handle_t *handle = NULL;
int ret;
int orphan = 0;
+ size_t count = iov_length(iov, nr_segs);
if (rw == WRITE) {
loff_t final_size = offset + count;
@@ -1428,8 +1430,8 @@ static int ext3_direct_IO(int rw, struct
}
}
- ret = generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, buf, offset,
- count, ext3_direct_io_get_blocks);
+ ret = generic_direct_IO(rw, inode, iov, offset,
+ nr_segs, ext3_direct_io_get_blocks);
out_stop:
if (handle) {
--- 2.5.34/include/linux/uio.h~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/include/linux/uio.h Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
@@ -34,4 +34,19 @@ struct iovec
/* Beg pardon: BSD has 1024 --ANK */
#endif
+/*
+ * Total number of bytes covered by an iovec
+ */
+static inline size_t iov_length(const struct iovec *iov, unsigned long nr_segs)
+{
+ unsigned long seg;
+ size_t ret = 0;
+
+ for (seg = 0; seg < nr_segs; seg++)
+ ret += iov[seg].iov_len;
+ return ret;
+}
+
+unsigned long iov_shorten(struct iovec *iov, unsigned long nr_segs, size_t to);
+
#endif
--- 2.5.34/fs/ext3/file.c~readv-writev Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
+++ 2.5.34-akpm/fs/ext3/file.c Tue Sep 10 18:57:53 2002
@@ -76,19 +76,21 @@ ext3_file_write(struct file *file, const
}
struct file_operations ext3_file_operations = {
- .llseek = generic_file_llseek, /* BKL held */
- .read = generic_file_read, /* BKL not held. Don't need */
- .write = ext3_file_write, /* BKL not held. Don't need */
- .ioctl = ext3_ioctl, /* BKL held */
+ .llseek = generic_file_llseek,
+ .read = generic_file_read,
+ .write = ext3_file_write,
+ .readv = generic_file_readv,
+ .writev = generic_file_writev,
+ .ioctl = ext3_ioctl,
.mmap = generic_file_mmap,
- .open = ext3_open_file, /* BKL not held. Don't need */
- .release = ext3_release_file, /* BKL not held. Don't need */
- .fsync = ext3_sync_file, /* BKL held */
- .sendfile = generic_file_sendfile, /* BKL not held. Don't need */
+ .open = ext3_open_file,
+ .release = ext3_release_file,
+ .fsync = ext3_sync_file,
+ .sendfile = generic_file_sendfile,
};
struct inode_operations ext3_file_inode_operations = {
- .truncate = ext3_truncate, /* BKL held */
- .setattr = ext3_setattr, /* BKL held */
+ .truncate = ext3_truncate,
+ .setattr = ext3_setattr,
};
.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-11 8:30 [patch] readv/writev rework Andrew Morton
@ 2002-09-12 13:00 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-12 18:47 ` Andrew Morton
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Hirokazu Takahashi @ 2002-09-12 13:00 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: akpm; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hello,
Your readv/writev patch interested me and I checked it.
I found we also have a chance to improve normal writev.
a_ops->prepare_write() and a_ops->commit_write will have a
penalty when I/O size isn't PAGE_SIZE.
With following patch generic_file_write_nolock() will try to
make each I/O size become PAGE_SIZE.
Could you apply it?
> This is Janet Morgan's patch which converts the readv/writev code
> to submit all segments for IO before waiting on them, rather than
> submitting each segment separately.
>
> This is a critical performance fix for O_DIRECT reads and writes.
> Prior to this change, O_DIRECT vectored IO was forced to wait for
> completion against each segment of the iovec rather than submitting all
> segments and waiting on the lot. ie: for ten segments, this code will
> be ten times faster.
Thank you,
Hirokazu Takahashi.
--- linux-2.5.34/mm/filemap.c.ORG Wed Sep 11 19:48:00 2030
+++ linux-2.5.34/mm/filemap.c Thu Sep 12 21:43:02 2030
@@ -2109,14 +2109,18 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
unsigned long index;
unsigned long offset;
long page_fault;
+ unsigned rest;
+ unsigned copy;
+ unsigned off;
+ struct iovec *work_iov;
+ char *work_buf;
+ unsigned work_iov_bytes;
offset = (pos & (PAGE_CACHE_SIZE -1)); /* Within page */
index = pos >> PAGE_CACHE_SHIFT;
bytes = PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - offset;
if (bytes > count)
bytes = count;
- if (bytes + written > iov_bytes)
- bytes = iov_bytes - written;
/*
* Bring in the user page that we will copy from _first_.
@@ -2144,7 +2148,29 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
vmtruncate(inode, inode->i_size);
break;
}
- page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
+
+ rest = bytes;
+ off = 0;
+ work_iov = cur_iov;
+ work_buf = buf;
+ work_iov_bytes = iov_bytes;
+ while (rest) {
+ copy = rest;
+ if (written + off == work_iov_bytes) {
+ work_iov++;
+ work_iov_bytes += work_iov->iov_len;
+ work_buf = work_iov->iov_base;
+ }
+ if (copy + written + off > work_iov_bytes)
+ copy = work_iov_bytes - written - off;
+
+ page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset+off, work_buf, copy);
+ rest -= copy;
+ off += copy;
+ work_buf += copy;
+ if (unlikely(page_fault))
+ break;
+ }
status = a_ops->commit_write(file, page, offset, offset+bytes);
if (unlikely(page_fault)) {
status = -EFAULT;
@@ -2153,14 +2179,21 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
status = bytes;
if (status >= 0) {
- written += status;
count -= status;
pos += status;
- buf += status;
- if (written == iov_bytes && count) {
- cur_iov++;
- iov_bytes += cur_iov->iov_len;
- buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
+ rest = status;
+ while (rest) {
+ copy = rest;
+ if (written == iov_bytes) {
+ cur_iov++;
+ iov_bytes += cur_iov->iov_len;
+ buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
+ }
+ if (copy + written > iov_bytes)
+ copy = iov_bytes - written;
+ rest -= copy;
+ written += copy;
+ buf += copy;
}
}
}
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-12 13:00 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
@ 2002-09-12 18:47 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-13 1:18 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 7:22 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
0 siblings, 2 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Andrew Morton @ 2002-09-12 18:47 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Hirokazu Takahashi; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
>
> Hello,
>
> Your readv/writev patch interested me and I checked it.
> I found we also have a chance to improve normal writev.
>
> a_ops->prepare_write() and a_ops->commit_write will have a
> penalty when I/O size isn't PAGE_SIZE.
> With following patch generic_file_write_nolock() will try to
> make each I/O size become PAGE_SIZE.
>
Certainly makes a lot of sense. If an application has a large
number of small objects which are to be appended to a file, and
they are not contiguous in user memory then this patch makes
writev() a very attractive way of doing that. Tons faster.
However I'd be a little concerned over the increased work which a boring
old write() has to do. Perhaps we could add a special code path
for it:
struct iovstate {
unsigned rest;
unsigned copy;
unsigned off;
struct iovec *work_iov;
char *work_buf;
unsigned work_iov_bytes;
} iovstate;
if (nr_segs != 1) {
initialise iovstate;
}
...
if (nr_segs == 1)
page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
else
page_fault = iov_copy_from_user(&arg1, &arg2, &bytes, &iovstate);
status = a_ops->commit_write(file, page, offset, offset+bytes);
then we can do all that fancy stuff in iov_copy_from_user(). That
function should be inlined so we don't really pass all those arguments
around. That's just a cleanliness thing, and branching around the complex
code in the simple case. We should be able to get the impact on the
common case down to a single taken branch per page.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-12 18:47 ` Andrew Morton
@ 2002-09-13 1:18 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 3:31 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-13 7:22 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
1 sibling, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Hirokazu Takahashi @ 2002-09-13 1:18 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: akpm; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hello,
> > Your readv/writev patch interested me and I checked it.
> > I found we also have a chance to improve normal writev.
> >
> > a_ops->prepare_write() and a_ops->commit_write will have a
> > penalty when I/O size isn't PAGE_SIZE.
> > With following patch generic_file_write_nolock() will try to
> > make each I/O size become PAGE_SIZE.
> >
>
> Certainly makes a lot of sense. If an application has a large
> number of small objects which are to be appended to a file, and
> they are not contiguous in user memory then this patch makes
> writev() a very attractive way of doing that. Tons faster.
Yeah, I realized syslogd is using writev against logfiles which are
opened with O_SYNC flag! I think heavy loaded mail-servers or
web-servers may get good performance with the new writev
as they are logging too much.
And I'd also like to make knfsd use it as a recevied nfs request may
be splited into some IP fragments.
> However I'd be a little concerned over the increased work which a boring
> old write() has to do. Perhaps we could add a special code path
> for it:
It sounds nice.
I'll rewrite it soon.
> struct iovstate {
> unsigned rest;
> unsigned copy;
> unsigned off;
> struct iovec *work_iov;
> char *work_buf;
> unsigned work_iov_bytes;
> } iovstate;
>
> if (nr_segs != 1) {
> initialise iovstate;
> }
>
> ...
>
> if (nr_segs == 1)
> page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
> else
> page_fault = iov_copy_from_user(&arg1, &arg2, &bytes, &iovstate);
> status = a_ops->commit_write(file, page, offset, offset+bytes);
>
>
> then we can do all that fancy stuff in iov_copy_from_user(). That
> function should be inlined so we don't really pass all those arguments
> around. That's just a cleanliness thing, and branching around the complex
> code in the simple case. We should be able to get the impact on the
> common case down to a single taken branch per page.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-13 1:18 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
@ 2002-09-13 3:31 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-14 4:54 ` Andrew Morton
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Andrew Morton @ 2002-09-13 3:31 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Hirokazu Takahashi; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
>
> Hello,
>
> > > Your readv/writev patch interested me and I checked it.
> > > I found we also have a chance to improve normal writev.
> > >
> > > a_ops->prepare_write() and a_ops->commit_write will have a
> > > penalty when I/O size isn't PAGE_SIZE.
> > > With following patch generic_file_write_nolock() will try to
> > > make each I/O size become PAGE_SIZE.
> > >
> >
> > Certainly makes a lot of sense. If an application has a large
> > number of small objects which are to be appended to a file, and
> > they are not contiguous in user memory then this patch makes
> > writev() a very attractive way of doing that. Tons faster.
I wrote a little app which simulates a text editor writing out
its buffer. Just:
struct line {
char *data;
int length;
struct line *next;
};
walk this linked list, writing the lines out. The input was
`cat linux/kernel/*.c > inputfile' and the output was written
1000 times (300 megs). Benched four different ways of writing the
output:
2.5.34 2.5.34-mm2 2.5.34-mm2-taka
write 54s 54s 55s
fwrite 12.8s 12.8s 12.7s
fwrite_unlocked 11.6s 11.6s 11.5s
writev 39s 33.4s 15.8s
So Janet's patch made a 15% improvement with this test. Yours
dropped it 50% again.
> Yeah, I realized syslogd is using writev against logfiles which are
> opened with O_SYNC flag! I think heavy loaded mail-servers or
> web-servers may get good performance with the new writev
> as they are logging too much.
O_SYNC writev? Ooh, oww, that hurts...
With 2.5.34, writing the 300k file once (1000x less data than above)
with 1024-vector writev's, opened O_SYNC: 68 seconds.
With 2.5.34-mm2-taka the same write takes 0.23 seconds. (I had to write
100x as much data just to get a measurement).
A 300x speedup is nice, but based on these numbers syslogd should be
using fwrite_unlocked() and fflush().
O_SYNC should be eradicated. It's basically always the wrong thing
to do. Applications should write as much stuff as they can and then
run fsync.
>
> It sounds nice.
> I'll rewrite it soon.
>
Great. The test app is at http://www.zip.com.au/~akpm/writev-speed.c
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-12 18:47 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-13 1:18 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
@ 2002-09-13 7:22 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 8:29 ` Andrew Morton
1 sibling, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Hirokazu Takahashi @ 2002-09-13 7:22 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: akpm; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hello,
I updated the writev patch which may be easy to understand.
How about it?
But I have one question, Could let me know if you have any idea,
why does filemap_copy_from_user() try to call kamp()+__copy_from_user()
again after the first trial get fault.
Is there any meanings?
> > a_ops->prepare_write() and a_ops->commit_write will have a
> > penalty when I/O size isn't PAGE_SIZE.
> > With following patch generic_file_write_nolock() will try to
> > make each I/O size become PAGE_SIZE.
> >
>
> Certainly makes a lot of sense. If an application has a large
> number of small objects which are to be appended to a file, and
> they are not contiguous in user memory then this patch makes
> writev() a very attractive way of doing that. Tons faster.
>
> However I'd be a little concerned over the increased work which a boring
> old write() has to do. Perhaps we could add a special code path
> for it:
Thank you,
Hirokazu Takahashi.
--- linux/mm/filemap.c.ORG Wed Sep 11 19:48:00 2030
+++ linux/mm/filemap.c Fri Sep 13 16:08:51 2030
@@ -1940,6 +1940,48 @@ filemap_copy_from_user(struct page *page
return left;
}
+static inline int
+filemap_copy_from_user_iovec(struct page *page, unsigned long offset,
+ const struct iovec *iov, size_t base, unsigned bytes)
+{
+ char *kaddr;
+ int left = 0;
+
+ kaddr = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
+ while (bytes) {
+ char *buf = iov->iov_base + base;
+ int copy = min(bytes, iov->iov_len - base);
+ base = 0;
+ if ((left = __copy_from_user(kaddr + offset, buf, copy)))
+ break;
+ bytes -= copy;
+ offset += copy;
+ iov++;
+ }
+ kunmap_atomic(kaddr, KM_USER0);
+ return left;
+}
+
+static inline void
+filemap_set_next_iovec(const struct iovec **iovp, size_t *basep, unsigned bytes)
+{
+ const struct iovec *iov = *iovp;
+ size_t base = *basep;
+
+ while (bytes) {
+ int copy = min(bytes, iov->iov_len - base);
+ bytes -= copy;
+ base += copy;
+ if (iov->iov_len == base) {
+ iov++;
+ base = 0;
+ }
+ }
+ *iovp = iov;
+ *basep = base;
+}
+
+
/*
* Write to a file through the page cache.
*
@@ -1968,9 +2010,8 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
unsigned bytes;
time_t time_now;
struct pagevec lru_pvec;
- struct iovec *cur_iov;
- unsigned iov_bytes; /* Cumulative count to the end of the
- current iovec */
+ const struct iovec *cur_iov = iov; /* current iovec */
+ unsigned iov_base = 0; /* offset in the current iovec */
unsigned long seg;
char *buf;
@@ -2102,9 +2143,7 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
goto out_status;
}
- cur_iov = (struct iovec *)iov;
- iov_bytes = cur_iov->iov_len;
- buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
+ buf = iov->iov_base;
do {
unsigned long index;
unsigned long offset;
@@ -2115,8 +2154,6 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
bytes = PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - offset;
if (bytes > count)
bytes = count;
- if (bytes + written > iov_bytes)
- bytes = iov_bytes - written;
/*
* Bring in the user page that we will copy from _first_.
@@ -2144,7 +2181,12 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
vmtruncate(inode, inode->i_size);
break;
}
- page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
+
+ if (nr_segs == 1) {
+ page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
+ } else {
+ page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user_iovec(page, offset, cur_iov, iov_base, bytes);
+ }
status = a_ops->commit_write(file, page, offset, offset+bytes);
if (unlikely(page_fault)) {
status = -EFAULT;
@@ -2157,11 +2199,8 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
count -= status;
pos += status;
buf += status;
- if (written == iov_bytes && count) {
- cur_iov++;
- iov_bytes += cur_iov->iov_len;
- buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
- }
+ if (nr_segs > 1)
+ filemap_set_next_iovec(&cur_iov, &iov_base, status);
}
}
if (!PageReferenced(page))
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-13 8:29 ` Andrew Morton
@ 2002-09-13 8:26 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 9:23 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
1 sibling, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Hirokazu Takahashi @ 2002-09-13 8:26 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: akpm; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hello,
I appreciate for your kind answer.
I understand clearly.
Ok, this means new filemap_copy_from_user_iovec() also have to
use regular kmap when page fault has happened.
I'll fix it soon.
> > I updated the writev patch which may be easy to understand.
> > How about it?
>
> Looks nice. And yes, you hung onto the atomic kmap across multiple
> iov segments ;) That will save a tlb invalidate per segment.
Yes.
> > But I have one question, Could let me know if you have any idea,
> > why does filemap_copy_from_user() try to call kamp()+__copy_from_user()
> > again after the first trial get fault.
> >
> > Is there any meanings?
>
> We're not allowed to schedule away inside atomic_kmap - must remain
> in the same task, on the same CPU etc. So the pagefault handler
> will return immediately if we take a pagefault while copying to/from
> userspace while holding an atomic kmap.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-13 7:22 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
@ 2002-09-13 8:29 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-13 8:26 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 9:23 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
0 siblings, 2 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Andrew Morton @ 2002-09-13 8:29 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Hirokazu Takahashi; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
>
> Hello,
>
> I updated the writev patch which may be easy to understand.
> How about it?
Looks nice. And yes, you hung onto the atomic kmap across multiple
iov segments ;) That will save a tlb invalidate per segment.
> But I have one question, Could let me know if you have any idea,
> why does filemap_copy_from_user() try to call kamp()+__copy_from_user()
> again after the first trial get fault.
>
> Is there any meanings?
We're not allowed to schedule away inside atomic_kmap - must remain
in the same task, on the same CPU etc. So the pagefault handler
will return immediately if we take a pagefault while copying to/from
userspace while holding an atomic kmap.
So the code first touches the userspace page (via __get_user) to
fault it in. Now, there is a 99.999999% chance that the copy_*_user()
will not fault - it will remain wholly atomic.
But there is the 0.0000001% chance that the VM will evict (or at least
unmap) the page between the __get_user() and the completion of the
copy_*_user(). In this case, copy_*_user() will fail and will return
a short copy.
Now, we could just touch the page with another __get_user() and retry
the atomic kmap approach. But I flipped a coin and decided to fall back
to a regular sleeping kmap instead. With a sleeping kmap, in a
non-atomic region the kernel will actually take the fault, fix it up
and the copy_*_user() will work OK.
> ...
> --- linux/mm/filemap.c.ORG Wed Sep 11 19:48:00 2030
> +++ linux/mm/filemap.c Fri Sep 13 16:08:51 2030
I shall retest...
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-13 8:29 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-13 8:26 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
@ 2002-09-13 9:23 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 17:43 ` Andrew Morton
1 sibling, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Hirokazu Takahashi @ 2002-09-13 9:23 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: akpm; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hello,
I fixed the patch.
But I have one more question.
Please consider...
while a process sleep in copy_*_user() another one may call kmap_atomic
and kunmap_atomic. And the process will restart and might access the
wrong page as kunmap_atomic do nothing without CONFIG_DEBUG_HIGHMEM flag.
I mean it wouldn't any faults as another page is still kmapped.
In my guess it would cause a woeful result.
Is it my misunderstanding ?
> We're not allowed to schedule away inside atomic_kmap - must remain
> in the same task, on the same CPU etc. So the pagefault handler
> will return immediately if we take a pagefault while copying to/from
> userspace while holding an atomic kmap.
>
> So the code first touches the userspace page (via __get_user) to
> fault it in. Now, there is a 99.999999% chance that the copy_*_user()
> will not fault - it will remain wholly atomic.
>
> But there is the 0.0000001% chance that the VM will evict (or at least
> unmap) the page between the __get_user() and the completion of the
> copy_*_user(). In this case, copy_*_user() will fail and will return
> a short copy.
>
> Now, we could just touch the page with another __get_user() and retry
> the atomic kmap approach. But I flipped a coin and decided to fall back
> to a regular sleeping kmap instead. With a sleeping kmap, in a
> non-atomic region the kernel will actually take the fault, fix it up
> and the copy_*_user() will work OK.
Thank you,
Hirokazu Takahashi.
--- linux/mm/filemap.c.ORG Wed Sep 11 19:48:00 2030
+++ linux/mm/filemap.c Fri Sep 13 17:57:34 2030
@@ -1940,6 +1940,63 @@ filemap_copy_from_user(struct page *page
return left;
}
+static inline int
+__filemap_copy_from_user_iovec(char *vaddr,
+ const struct iovec *iov, size_t base, unsigned bytes)
+{
+ int left = 0;
+
+ while (bytes) {
+ char *buf = iov->iov_base + base;
+ int copy = min(bytes, iov->iov_len - base);
+ base = 0;
+ if ((left = __copy_from_user(vaddr, buf, copy)))
+ break;
+ bytes -= copy;
+ vaddr += copy;
+ iov++;
+ }
+ return left;
+}
+
+static inline int
+filemap_copy_from_user_iovec(struct page *page, unsigned long offset,
+ const struct iovec *iov, size_t base, unsigned bytes)
+{
+ char *kaddr;
+ int left;
+
+ kaddr = kmap_atomic(page, KM_USER0);
+ left = __filemap_copy_from_user_iovec(kaddr + offset, iov, base, bytes);
+ kunmap_atomic(kaddr, KM_USER0);
+ if (left != 0) {
+ kaddr = kmap(page);
+ left = __filemap_copy_from_user_iovec(kaddr + offset, iov, base, bytes);
+ kunmap(page);
+ }
+ return left;
+}
+
+static inline void
+filemap_set_next_iovec(const struct iovec **iovp, size_t *basep, unsigned bytes)
+{
+ const struct iovec *iov = *iovp;
+ size_t base = *basep;
+
+ while (bytes) {
+ int copy = min(bytes, iov->iov_len - base);
+ bytes -= copy;
+ base += copy;
+ if (iov->iov_len == base) {
+ iov++;
+ base = 0;
+ }
+ }
+ *iovp = iov;
+ *basep = base;
+}
+
+
/*
* Write to a file through the page cache.
*
@@ -1968,9 +2025,8 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
unsigned bytes;
time_t time_now;
struct pagevec lru_pvec;
- struct iovec *cur_iov;
- unsigned iov_bytes; /* Cumulative count to the end of the
- current iovec */
+ const struct iovec *cur_iov = iov; /* current iovec */
+ unsigned iov_base = 0; /* offset in the current iovec */
unsigned long seg;
char *buf;
@@ -2102,9 +2158,7 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
goto out_status;
}
- cur_iov = (struct iovec *)iov;
- iov_bytes = cur_iov->iov_len;
- buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
+ buf = iov->iov_base;
do {
unsigned long index;
unsigned long offset;
@@ -2115,8 +2169,6 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
bytes = PAGE_CACHE_SIZE - offset;
if (bytes > count)
bytes = count;
- if (bytes + written > iov_bytes)
- bytes = iov_bytes - written;
/*
* Bring in the user page that we will copy from _first_.
@@ -2144,7 +2196,12 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
vmtruncate(inode, inode->i_size);
break;
}
- page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
+
+ if (nr_segs == 1) {
+ page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user(page, offset, buf, bytes);
+ } else {
+ page_fault = filemap_copy_from_user_iovec(page, offset, cur_iov, iov_base, bytes);
+ }
status = a_ops->commit_write(file, page, offset, offset+bytes);
if (unlikely(page_fault)) {
status = -EFAULT;
@@ -2157,11 +2214,8 @@ generic_file_write_nolock(struct file *f
count -= status;
pos += status;
buf += status;
- if (written == iov_bytes && count) {
- cur_iov++;
- iov_bytes += cur_iov->iov_len;
- buf = cur_iov->iov_base;
- }
+ if (nr_segs > 1)
+ filemap_set_next_iovec(&cur_iov, &iov_base, status);
}
}
if (!PageReferenced(page))
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-13 9:23 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
@ 2002-09-13 17:43 ` Andrew Morton
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Andrew Morton @ 2002-09-13 17:43 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Hirokazu Takahashi; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hirokazu Takahashi wrote:
>
> Hello,
>
> I fixed the patch.
Thanks again.
> But I have one more question.
>
> Please consider...
> while a process sleep in copy_*_user() another one may call kmap_atomic
> and kunmap_atomic. And the process will restart and might access the
> wrong page as kunmap_atomic do nothing without CONFIG_DEBUG_HIGHMEM flag.
> I mean it wouldn't any faults as another page is still kmapped.
Yes; this is why it is illegal to sleep, or to switch CPUs by any means
while holding an atomic kmap:
kmap_atomic(...);
__copy_*_user(...);
kunmap_atomic(...);
the kmap_atomic() will increment the preempt count (even on CONFIG_PREEMPT=n).
- The incremented preempt count pins this code path onto this CPU
while the kmap is held. (This is only relevant to CONFIG_PREEMPT=y)
- The incremented preempt count tells do_page_fault() that we cannot
handle a pagefault; if a fault is encountered during the copy_*_user(),
do_page_fault() will arrange for the __copy_*_user() to return a short
copy.
So. The code path is atomic, and is pinned to a single CPU. The atomic
kmap pool uses a different batch of virtual addresses for each CPU (it's
a per-CPU pool of addresses).
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-13 3:31 ` Andrew Morton
@ 2002-09-14 4:54 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-14 7:39 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
0 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Andrew Morton @ 2002-09-14 4:54 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Hirokazu Takahashi, linux-kernel, janetmor
Andrew Morton wrote:
>
> ...
> walk this linked list, writing the lines out. The input was
> `cat linux/kernel/*.c > inputfile' and the output was written
> 1000 times (300 megs). Benched four different ways of writing the
> output:
>
> 2.5.34 2.5.34-mm2 2.5.34-mm2-taka
>
> write 54s 54s 55s
> fwrite 12.8s 12.8s 12.7s
> fwrite_unlocked 11.6s 11.6s 11.5s
> writev 39s 33.4s 15.8s
>
> So Janet's patch made a 15% improvement with this test. Yours
> dropped it 50% again.
>
I've retested with your latest patch.
2.5.34-mm4-taka2
write 55.543
fwrite 12.625
fwrite_unlocked 11.389
writev 9.219
So that's another 70% speedup on top of yesterday's 100%, and kernel
beats glibc ;)
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [patch] readv/writev rework
2002-09-14 4:54 ` Andrew Morton
@ 2002-09-14 7:39 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Hirokazu Takahashi @ 2002-09-14 7:39 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: akpm; +Cc: linux-kernel, janetmor
Hello
Brilliant!
It's great than I expected.
> > So Janet's patch made a 15% improvement with this test. Yours
> > dropped it 50% again.
> >
>
> I've retested with your latest patch.
>
> 2.5.34-mm4-taka2
> write 55.543
> fwrite 12.625
> fwrite_unlocked 11.389
> writev 9.219
>
> So that's another 70% speedup on top of yesterday's 100%, and kernel
> beats glibc ;)
Thanks for your testing my patch and your detailed explanation.
Hirokazu Takahashi.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2002-09-14 7:42 UTC | newest]
Thread overview: 12+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed)
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2002-09-11 8:30 [patch] readv/writev rework Andrew Morton
2002-09-12 13:00 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-12 18:47 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-13 1:18 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 3:31 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-14 4:54 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-14 7:39 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 7:22 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 8:29 ` Andrew Morton
2002-09-13 8:26 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 9:23 ` Hirokazu Takahashi
2002-09-13 17:43 ` Andrew Morton
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