[PATCH 0/2] turbostat, support CPU0 hotplug [v2]

[PATCH 0/2] turbostat, support CPU0 hotplug [v2]

[Prarit Bhargava]

turbostat does not function properly on systems that support CPU0 hotplug.
When running turbostat on these systems the following error is seen.

[root@intel-chiefriver-04 ~]# turbostat ls
turbostat: no /dev/cpu/0/msr
Try "# modprobe msr": No such file or directory

This happens because base_cpu is set to 0 in the turbostat code and calls
to check_dev_msr() will fail if CPU0 has been removed.

This patchset adds functionality to set the default cpu value to the
current running cpu.  This patch moves setup_all_buffers() to the
beginning of the turbostat_init() so that set_base_cpu() can take advantage
of topo.max_cpu_num which is set in setup_all_buffers().

After this change, on a system that has CPU0 removed,

[root@prarit ~]# ./turbostat -d -d ls
turbostat version 4.5 2 Apr, 2015 - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
num_cpus 7 max_cpu_num 7
cpu0 NOT PRESENT
cpu 1 pkg 0 core 0
cpu 2 pkg 0 core 1
cpu 3 pkg 0 core 1
cpu 4 pkg 0 core 2
cpu 5 pkg 0 core 2
cpu 6 pkg 0 core 3
cpu 7 pkg 0 core 3
<snip>
anaconda-ks.cfg  README  turbostat
    Core     CPU Avg_MHz   %Busy Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz     SMI  CPU%c1  CPU%c3  CPU%c6  CPU%c7 CoreTmp  PkgTmp Pkg%pc2 Pkg%pc3 Pkg%pc6 Pkg%pc7 PkgWatt CorWatt GFXWatt
       -       -     492   14.20    3462    2634       0   18.90    0.00    0.00   68.63      27      27    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   17.65   12.69    0.00
       0       1     353    9.95    3552    2645       0    9.68    0.00    0.00   80.37      27      27    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   17.65   12.69    0.00
       1       2     217    7.70    2814    2614       0   64.63    0.00    0.00   27.68      26
       1       3    2006   57.20    3507    2660       0   15.61
       2       4     120    3.37    3570    2649       0   10.95    0.00    0.00   85.69      25
       2       5     155    4.22    3679    2631       0    9.48
       3       6     296    8.38    3530    2620       0   11.07    0.00    0.00   80.55      17
       3       7     296    8.15    3630    2617       0   11.22
0.001160 sec

I have additionally tested various other hotplug configurations to make sure
that turbostat behaves correctly in those situations as well.

[v2]: use sched_getcpu() to get current cpu

Signed-off-by: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>

Prarit Bhargava (2):
  turbostat, add base_cpu
  turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

 tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c |   44 ++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

-- 
1.7.9.3

[PATCH 1/2] turbostat, add base_cpu

[Prarit Bhargava]

turbostat does not function properly on systems that support CPU0 hotplug.
When running turbostat on these systems the following error is seen.

[root@intel-chiefriver-04 ~]# turbostat ls
turbostat: no /dev/cpu/0/msr
Try "# modprobe msr": No such file or directory

This happens because /dev/cpu/0 is hardcoded in several locations in the
turbostat code.

This patch adds base_cpu, which will be used to track the lowest cpu number
on the system.  This patch does not add any functionality differences and
sets base_cpu to 0.

Signed-off-by: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
---
 tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c |   31 ++++++++++++++++++-------------
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
index bac98ca..8c2e761 100644
--- a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
 unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
 unsigned int crystal_hz;
 unsigned long long tsc_hz;
+int base_cpu = 0;
 
 #define RAPL_PKG		(1 << 0)
 					/* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
@@ -1150,7 +1151,7 @@ dump_nhm_platform_info(void)
 	unsigned long long msr;
 	unsigned int ratio;
 
-	get_msr(0, MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO, &msr);
 
 	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_NHM_PLATFORM_INFO: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
 
@@ -1162,7 +1163,7 @@ dump_nhm_platform_info(void)
 	fprintf(stderr, "%d * %.0f = %.0f MHz base frequency\n",
 		ratio, bclk, ratio * bclk);
 
-	get_msr(0, MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL, &msr);
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL, &msr);
 	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_IA32_POWER_CTL: 0x%08llx (C1E auto-promotion: %sabled)\n",
 		msr, msr & 0x2 ? "EN" : "DIS");
 
@@ -1175,7 +1176,7 @@ dump_hsw_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
 	unsigned long long msr;
 	unsigned int ratio;
 
-	get_msr(0, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2, &msr);
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2, &msr);
 
 	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT2: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
 
@@ -1197,7 +1198,7 @@ dump_ivt_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
 	unsigned long long msr;
 	unsigned int ratio;
 
-	get_msr(0, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &msr);
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1, &msr);
 
 	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT1: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
 
@@ -1249,7 +1250,7 @@ dump_nhm_turbo_ratio_limits(void)
 	unsigned long long msr;
 	unsigned int ratio;
 
-	get_msr(0, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT, &msr);
 
 	fprintf(stderr, "cpu0: MSR_TURBO_RATIO_LIMIT: 0x%08llx\n", msr);
 
@@ -1300,7 +1301,7 @@ dump_nhm_cst_cfg(void)
 {
 	unsigned long long msr;
 
-	get_msr(0, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
 
 #define SNB_C1_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 27)
 #define SNB_C3_AUTO_UNDEMOTE              (1UL << 28)
@@ -1594,8 +1595,10 @@ restart:
 void check_dev_msr()
 {
 	struct stat sb;
+	char pathname[32];
 
-	if (stat("/dev/cpu/0/msr", &sb))
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
+	if (stat(pathname, &sb))
  		if (system("/sbin/modprobe msr > /dev/null 2>&1"))
 			err(-5, "no /dev/cpu/0/msr, Try \"# modprobe msr\" ");
 }
@@ -1608,6 +1611,7 @@ void check_permissions()
 	cap_user_data_t cap_data = &cap_data_data;
 	extern int capget(cap_user_header_t hdrp, cap_user_data_t datap);
 	int do_exit = 0;
+	char pathname[32];
 
 	/* check for CAP_SYS_RAWIO */
 	cap_header->pid = getpid();
@@ -1622,7 +1626,8 @@ void check_permissions()
 	}
 
 	/* test file permissions */
-	if (euidaccess("/dev/cpu/0/msr", R_OK)) {
+	sprintf(pathname, "/dev/cpu/%d/msr", base_cpu);
+	if (euidaccess(pathname, R_OK)) {
 		do_exit++;
 		warn("/dev/cpu/0/msr open failed, try chown or chmod +r /dev/cpu/*/msr");
 	}
@@ -1704,7 +1709,7 @@ int probe_nhm_msrs(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
 	default:
 		return 0;
 	}
-	get_msr(0, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
+	get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_NHM_SNB_PKG_CST_CFG_CTL, &msr);
 
 	pkg_cstate_limit = pkg_cstate_limits[msr & 0xF];
 
@@ -1925,7 +1930,7 @@ double get_tdp(model)
 	unsigned long long msr;
 
 	if (do_rapl & RAPL_PKG_POWER_INFO)
-		if (!get_msr(0, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
+		if (!get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_PKG_POWER_INFO, &msr))
 			return ((msr >> 0) & RAPL_POWER_GRANULARITY) * rapl_power_units;
 
 	switch (model) {
@@ -2006,7 +2011,7 @@ void rapl_probe(unsigned int family, unsigned int model)
 	}
 
 	/* units on package 0, verify later other packages match */
-	if (get_msr(0, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_RAPL_POWER_UNIT, &msr))
 		return;
 
 	rapl_power_units = 1.0 / (1 << (msr & 0xF));
@@ -2340,7 +2345,7 @@ double slm_bclk(void)
 	unsigned int i;
 	double freq;
 
-	if (get_msr(0, MSR_FSB_FREQ, &msr))
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_FSB_FREQ, &msr))
 		fprintf(stderr, "SLM BCLK: unknown\n");
 
 	i = msr & 0xf;
@@ -2408,7 +2413,7 @@ int set_temperature_target(struct thread_data *t, struct core_data *c, struct pk
 	if (!do_nhm_platform_info)
 		goto guess;
 
-	if (get_msr(0, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET, &msr))
+	if (get_msr(base_cpu, MSR_IA32_TEMPERATURE_TARGET, &msr))
 		goto guess;
 
 	target_c_local = (msr >> 16) & 0xFF;
-- 
1.7.9.3

[PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

[Prarit Bhargava]

turbostat does not function properly on systems that support CPU0 hotplug.
When running turbostat on these systems the following error is seen.

[root@intel-chiefriver-04 ~]# turbostat ls
turbostat: no /dev/cpu/0/msr
Try "# modprobe msr": No such file or directory

This happens because base_cpu is set to 0 in the turbostat code and calls
to check_dev_msr() will fail if CPU0 has been removed.

This patchset adds functionality to set the value of base_cpu to the lowest
found cpu on the system.  This patch moves setup_all_buffers() to the
beginning of the turbostat_init() so that set_base_cpu() can take advantage
of topo.max_cpu_num which is set in setup_all_buffers().

After this change, on a system that has CPU0 removed,

[root@prarit ~]# ./turbostat -d -d ls
turbostat version 4.5 2 Apr, 2015 - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
num_cpus 7 max_cpu_num 7
cpu0 NOT PRESENT
cpu 1 pkg 0 core 0
cpu 2 pkg 0 core 1
cpu 3 pkg 0 core 1
cpu 4 pkg 0 core 2
cpu 5 pkg 0 core 2
cpu 6 pkg 0 core 3
cpu 7 pkg 0 core 3
<snip>
anaconda-ks.cfg  README  turbostat
    Core     CPU Avg_MHz   %Busy Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz     SMI  CPU%c1  CPU%c3  CPU%c6  CPU%c7 CoreTmp  PkgTmp Pkg%pc2 Pkg%pc3 Pkg%pc6 Pkg%pc7 PkgWatt CorWatt GFXWatt
       -       -     492   14.20    3462    2634       0   18.90    0.00    0.00   68.63      27      27    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   17.65   12.69    0.00
       0       1     353    9.95    3552    2645       0    9.68    0.00    0.00   80.37      27      27    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   17.65   12.69    0.00
       1       2     217    7.70    2814    2614       0   64.63    0.00    0.00   27.68      26
       1       3    2006   57.20    3507    2660       0   15.61
       2       4     120    3.37    3570    2649       0   10.95    0.00    0.00   85.69      25
       2       5     155    4.22    3679    2631       0    9.48
       3       6     296    8.38    3530    2620       0   11.07    0.00    0.00   80.55      17
       3       7     296    8.15    3630    2617       0   11.22
0.001160 sec

I have additionally tested various other hotplug configurations to make sure
that turbostat behaves correctly in those situations as well.

[v2]: use sched_getcpu() to get current cpu

Signed-off-by: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
---
 tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c |   15 +++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
index 8c2e761..8e4ce9f 100644
--- a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
 unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
 unsigned int crystal_hz;
 unsigned long long tsc_hz;
-int base_cpu = 0;
+int base_cpu = -1;
 
 #define RAPL_PKG		(1 << 0)
 					/* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
@@ -2790,13 +2790,24 @@ void setup_all_buffers(void)
 	for_all_proc_cpus(initialize_counters);
 }
 
+void set_base_cpu(void)
+{
+	base_cpu = sched_getcpu();
+	if (base_cpu < 0)
+		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
+
+	if (debug > 1)
+		fprintf(stderr, "base_cpu = %d\n", base_cpu);
+}
+
 void turbostat_init()
 {
+	setup_all_buffers();
+	set_base_cpu();
 	check_dev_msr();
 	check_permissions();
 	process_cpuid();
 
-	setup_all_buffers();
 
 	if (debug)
 		for_all_cpus(print_epb, ODD_COUNTERS);
-- 
1.7.9.3

Re: [PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

[Len Brown]

> +       base_cpu = sched_getcpu();

looks good.
I combined this w/ the previous patch.
I'll send this with some other patches to linux-pm shortly.
If no problems, I'll offer the bundle of fixes to Linus for -rc5,
else we'll get to it in the next merge window.

thanks,
Len Brown, Intel Open Source Technology Center

RE: [PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

[Brown, Len]

> -----Original Message-----
> From: Prarit Bhargava [mailto:prarit@redhat.com]
> Sent: Friday, May 22, 2015 6:30 PM
> To: Brown, Len
> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org; linux-pm@vger.kernel.org; Semin, Andrey
> Subject: Re: [PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()
> 
> 
> 
> On 05/22/2015 11:55 AM, Brown, Len wrote:
> >> +void set_base_cpu(void)
> >> +{
> >> +	int cpu;
> >> +
> >> +	for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu) {
> >> +		if (cpu_is_not_present(cpu))
> >> +			continue;
> >> +		base_cpu = cpu;
> >> +		break;
> >> +	}
> >> +
> >> +	if (base_cpu == -1)
> >> +		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
> >> +}
> >
> >
> > cpu0 hard-coding is indeed arbitrary.
> > However, so is this proposed replacement, base_cpu.
> > Either may not match where turbostat is currently running,
> > and thus could provoke unnecessary cross-calls to get there.
> >
> > I think it would be better to ask getcpu(2) where we are already
> running,
> > and simply use that one.  I think we can call it once and cache it,
> > as you proposed, rather than multiple system calls.
> 
> Any objection to sched_getcpu()?  That way the code is simply
> 
> 	base_cpu = sched_getcpu();
> 
> 	if (base_cpu == -1)
> 		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");

Agreed, that is better than invoking the syscall directly,
as we already are using the sched.h interface in this code.

thanks,
-Len

Re: [PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

[Prarit Bhargava]

On 05/22/2015 11:55 AM, Brown, Len wrote:
>> +void set_base_cpu(void)
>> +{
>> +	int cpu;
>> +
>> +	for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu) {
>> +		if (cpu_is_not_present(cpu))
>> +			continue;
>> +		base_cpu = cpu;
>> +		break;
>> +	}
>> +
>> +	if (base_cpu == -1)
>> +		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
>> +}
> 
> 
> cpu0 hard-coding is indeed arbitrary.
> However, so is this proposed replacement, base_cpu.
> Either may not match where turbostat is currently running,
> and thus could provoke unnecessary cross-calls to get there.
> 
> I think it would be better to ask getcpu(2) where we are already running,
> and simply use that one.  I think we can call it once and cache it,
> as you proposed, rather than multiple system calls.

Any objection to sched_getcpu()?  That way the code is simply

	base_cpu = sched_getcpu();

	if (base_cpu == -1)
		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");

P.

> 
> thanks,
> -Len
> 
> ps. patches to turbostat should go to linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
> 
> 

Re: [PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

[Prarit Bhargava]

On 05/22/2015 11:55 AM, Brown, Len wrote:
>> +void set_base_cpu(void)
>> +{
>> +	int cpu;
>> +
>> +	for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu) {
>> +		if (cpu_is_not_present(cpu))
>> +			continue;
>> +		base_cpu = cpu;
>> +		break;
>> +	}
>> +
>> +	if (base_cpu == -1)
>> +		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
>> +}
> 
> 
> cpu0 hard-coding is indeed arbitrary.
> However, so is this proposed replacement, base_cpu.
> Either may not match where turbostat is currently running,
> and thus could provoke unnecessary cross-calls to get there.
> 
> I think it would be better to ask getcpu(2) where we are already running,
> and simply use that one.  I think we can call it once and cache it,
> as you proposed, rather than multiple system calls.
> 

Okay, will do that in a v2.

P.

> thanks,
> -Len
> 
> ps. patches to turbostat should go to linux-pm@vger.kernel.org

Oh -- I ran get_maintainer.pl on this patchset and linux-pm didn't show up.
I'll send a patch to fix that...

P.

> 
> 

RE: [PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

[Brown, Len]

> +void set_base_cpu(void)
> +{
> +	int cpu;
> +
> +	for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu) {
> +		if (cpu_is_not_present(cpu))
> +			continue;
> +		base_cpu = cpu;
> +		break;
> +	}
> +
> +	if (base_cpu == -1)
> +		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
> +}


cpu0 hard-coding is indeed arbitrary.
However, so is this proposed replacement, base_cpu.
Either may not match where turbostat is currently running,
and thus could provoke unnecessary cross-calls to get there.

I think it would be better to ask getcpu(2) where we are already running,
and simply use that one.  I think we can call it once and cache it,
as you proposed, rather than multiple system calls.

thanks,
-Len

ps. patches to turbostat should go to linux-pm@vger.kernel.org

[PATCH 2/2] turbostat, add set_base_cpu()

[Prarit Bhargava]

turbostat does not function properly on systems that support CPU0 hotplug.
When running turbostat on these systems the following error is seen.

[root@intel-chiefriver-04 ~]# turbostat ls
turbostat: no /dev/cpu/0/msr
Try "# modprobe msr": No such file or directory

This happens because base_cpu is set to 0 in the turbostat code and calls
to check_dev_msr() will fail if CPU0 has been removed.

This patchset adds functionality to set the value of base_cpu to the lowest
found cpu on the system.  This patch moves setup_all_buffers() to the
beginning of the turbostat_init() so that set_base_cpu() can take advantage
of topo.max_cpu_num which is set in setup_all_buffers().

After this change, on a system that has CPU0 removed,

[root@prarit ~]# ./turbostat -d -d ls
turbostat version 4.5 2 Apr, 2015 - Len Brown <lenb@kernel.org>
num_cpus 7 max_cpu_num 7
cpu0 NOT PRESENT
cpu 1 pkg 0 core 0
cpu 2 pkg 0 core 1
cpu 3 pkg 0 core 1
cpu 4 pkg 0 core 2
cpu 5 pkg 0 core 2
cpu 6 pkg 0 core 3
cpu 7 pkg 0 core 3
<snip>
anaconda-ks.cfg  README  turbostat
    Core     CPU Avg_MHz   %Busy Bzy_MHz TSC_MHz     SMI  CPU%c1  CPU%c3  CPU%c6  CPU%c7 CoreTmp  PkgTmp Pkg%pc2 Pkg%pc3 Pkg%pc6 Pkg%pc7 PkgWatt CorWatt GFXWatt
       -       -     492   14.20    3462    2634       0   18.90    0.00    0.00   68.63      27      27    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   17.65   12.69    0.00
       0       1     353    9.95    3552    2645       0    9.68    0.00    0.00   80.37      27      27    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   17.65   12.69    0.00
       1       2     217    7.70    2814    2614       0   64.63    0.00    0.00   27.68      26
       1       3    2006   57.20    3507    2660       0   15.61
       2       4     120    3.37    3570    2649       0   10.95    0.00    0.00   85.69      25
       2       5     155    4.22    3679    2631       0    9.48
       3       6     296    8.38    3530    2620       0   11.07    0.00    0.00   80.55      17
       3       7     296    8.15    3630    2617       0   11.22
0.001160 sec

I have additionally tested various other hotplug configurations to make sure
that turbostat behaves correctly in those situations as well.

Signed-off-by: Prarit Bhargava <prarit@redhat.com>
---
 tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c | 20 ++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
index 8c2e761..5cd94a7 100644
--- a/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
+++ b/tools/power/x86/turbostat/turbostat.c
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ unsigned int do_gfx_perf_limit_reasons;
 unsigned int do_ring_perf_limit_reasons;
 unsigned int crystal_hz;
 unsigned long long tsc_hz;
-int base_cpu = 0;
+int base_cpu = -1;
 
 #define RAPL_PKG		(1 << 0)
 					/* 0x610 MSR_PKG_POWER_LIMIT */
@@ -2790,13 +2790,29 @@ void setup_all_buffers(void)
 	for_all_proc_cpus(initialize_counters);
 }
 
+void set_base_cpu(void)
+{
+	int cpu;
+
+	for (cpu = 0; cpu <= topo.max_cpu_num; ++cpu) {
+		if (cpu_is_not_present(cpu))
+			continue;
+		base_cpu = cpu;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (base_cpu == -1)
+		err(-ENODEV, "No valid cpus found");
+}
+
 void turbostat_init()
 {
+	setup_all_buffers();
+	set_base_cpu();
 	check_dev_msr();
 	check_permissions();
 	process_cpuid();
 
-	setup_all_buffers();
 
 	if (debug)
 		for_all_cpus(print_epb, ODD_COUNTERS);
-- 
1.8.3.1