Performance drop due to alloc_workqueue() misuse and recent change

Performance drop due to alloc_workqueue() misuse and recent change

[Naohiro Aota]

Recently, commit 636b927eba5b ("workqueue: Make unbound workqueues to use
per-cpu pool_workqueues") changed WQ_UNBOUND workqueue's behavior. It
changed the meaning of alloc_workqueue()'s max_active from an upper limit
imposed per NUMA node to a limit per CPU. As a result, massive number of
workers can be running at the same time, especially if the workqueue user
thinks the max_active is a global limit.

Actually, it is already written it is per-CPU limit in the documentation
before the commit. However, several callers seem to misuse max_active,
maybe thinking it is a global limit. It is an unexpected behavior change
for them.

For example, these callers set max_active = num_online_cpus(), which is a
suspicious limit applying to per-CPU. This config means we can have nr_cpu
* nr_cpu active tasks working at the same time.

fs/f2fs/data.c: sbi->post_read_wq = alloc_workqueue("f2fs_post_read_wq",
fs/f2fs/data.c-                                          WQ_UNBOUND | WQ_HIGHPRI,
fs/f2fs/data.c-                                          num_online_cpus());

fs/crypto/crypto.c:     fscrypt_read_workqueue = alloc_workqueue("fscrypt_read_queue",
fs/crypto/crypto.c-                                              WQ_UNBOUND | WQ_HIGHPRI,
fs/crypto/crypto.c-                                              num_online_cpus());

fs/verity/verify.c:     fsverity_read_workqueue = alloc_workqueue("fsverity_read_queue",
fs/verity/verify.c-                                               WQ_HIGHPRI,
fs/verity/verify.c-                                               num_online_cpus());

drivers/crypto/hisilicon/qm.c:  qm->wq = alloc_workqueue("%s", WQ_HIGHPRI | WQ_MEM_RECLAIM |
drivers/crypto/hisilicon/qm.c-                           WQ_UNBOUND, num_online_cpus(),
drivers/crypto/hisilicon/qm.c-                           pci_name(qm->pdev));

block/blk-crypto-fallback.c:    blk_crypto_wq = alloc_workqueue("blk_crypto_wq",
block/blk-crypto-fallback.c-                                    WQ_UNBOUND | WQ_HIGHPRI |
block/blk-crypto-fallback.c-                                    WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, num_online_cpus());

drivers/md/dm-crypt.c:          cc->crypt_queue = alloc_workqueue("kcryptd/%s",
drivers/md/dm-crypt.c-                                            WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE | WQ_MEM_RECLAIM | WQ_UNBOUND,
drivers/md/dm-crypt.c-                                            num_online_cpus(), devname);

Furthermore, the change affects performance in a certain case.

Btrfs creates several WQ_UNBOUND workqueues with a default max_active =
min(NRCPUS + 2, 8). As my machine has 96 CPUs with NUMA disabled, this
max_active config allows running over 700 active works. Before the commit,
it is limited to 8 if NUMA is disabled or limited to 16 if NUMA nodes is 2.

I reverted the workqueue code back to before the commit, and I ran the
following fio command on RAID0 btrfs on 6 SSDs.

fio --group_reporting --eta=always --eta-interval=30s --eta-newline=30s \
    --rw=write --fallocate=none \
    --direct=1 --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=32 \
    --filesize=100G \
    --blocksize=64k \
    --time_based --runtime=300s \
    --end_fsync=1 \
    --directory=${MNT} \
    --name=writer --numjobs=32

By changing workqueue's max_active, the result varies.

- wq max_active=8   (intended limit by btrfs?)
  WRITE: bw=2495MiB/s (2616MB/s), 2495MiB/s-2495MiB/s (2616MB/s-2616MB/s), io=753GiB (808GB), run=308953-308953msec
- wq max_active=16  (actual limit on 2 NUMA nodes setup)
  WRITE: bw=1736MiB/s (1820MB/s), 1736MiB/s-1736MiB/s (1820MB/s-1820MB/s), io=670GiB (720GB), run=395532-395532msec
- wq max_active=768 (simulating current limit)
  WRITE: bw=1276MiB/s (1338MB/s), 1276MiB/s-1276MiB/s (1338MB/s-1338MB/s), io=375GiB (403GB), run=300984-300984msec

The current performance is slower than the previous limit (max_active=16)
by 27%, or it is 50% slower than the intended limit.  The performance drop
might be due to contention of the btrfs-endio-write works. There are over
700 kworker instances were created and 100 works are on the 'D' state
competing for a lock.

More specifically, I tested the same workload on the commit.

- At commit 636b927eba5b ("workqueue: Make unbound workqueues to use per-cpu pool_workqueues")
  WRITE: bw=1191MiB/s (1249MB/s), 1191MiB/s-1191MiB/s (1249MB/s-1249MB/s), io=350GiB (376GB), run=300714-300714msec
- At the previous commit = 4cbfd3de73 ("workqueue: Call wq_update_unbound_numa() on all CPUs in NUMA node on CPU hotplug")
  WRITE: bw=1747MiB/s (1832MB/s), 1747MiB/s-1747MiB/s (1832MB/s-1832MB/s), io=748GiB (803GB), run=438134-438134msec

So, it is -31.8% performance down with the commit.

In summary, we misuse max_active, considering it is a global limit. And,
the recent commit introduced a huge performance drop in some cases.  We
need to review alloc_workqueue() usage to check if its max_active setting
is proper or not.

Re: Performance drop due to alloc_workqueue() misuse and recent change

[Tejun Heo]

Hello,

On Mon, Dec 04, 2023 at 04:03:47PM +0000, Naohiro Aota wrote:
> Recently, commit 636b927eba5b ("workqueue: Make unbound workqueues to use
> per-cpu pool_workqueues") changed WQ_UNBOUND workqueue's behavior. It
> changed the meaning of alloc_workqueue()'s max_active from an upper limit
> imposed per NUMA node to a limit per CPU. As a result, massive number of
> workers can be running at the same time, especially if the workqueue user
> thinks the max_active is a global limit.
> 
> Actually, it is already written it is per-CPU limit in the documentation
> before the commit. However, several callers seem to misuse max_active,
> maybe thinking it is a global limit. It is an unexpected behavior change
> for them.

Right, and the behavior has been like that for a very long time and there
was no other way to achieve reasonable level of concurrency, so the current
situation is expected.

> For example, these callers set max_active = num_online_cpus(), which is a
> suspicious limit applying to per-CPU. This config means we can have nr_cpu
> * nr_cpu active tasks working at the same time.

Yeah, that sounds like a good indicator.

> fs/f2fs/data.c: sbi->post_read_wq = alloc_workqueue("f2fs_post_read_wq",
> fs/f2fs/data.c-                                          WQ_UNBOUND | WQ_HIGHPRI,
> fs/f2fs/data.c-                                          num_online_cpus());
> 
> fs/crypto/crypto.c:     fscrypt_read_workqueue = alloc_workqueue("fscrypt_read_queue",
> fs/crypto/crypto.c-                                              WQ_UNBOUND | WQ_HIGHPRI,
> fs/crypto/crypto.c-                                              num_online_cpus());
> 
> fs/verity/verify.c:     fsverity_read_workqueue = alloc_workqueue("fsverity_read_queue",
> fs/verity/verify.c-                                               WQ_HIGHPRI,
> fs/verity/verify.c-                                               num_online_cpus());
> 
> drivers/crypto/hisilicon/qm.c:  qm->wq = alloc_workqueue("%s", WQ_HIGHPRI | WQ_MEM_RECLAIM |
> drivers/crypto/hisilicon/qm.c-                           WQ_UNBOUND, num_online_cpus(),
> drivers/crypto/hisilicon/qm.c-                           pci_name(qm->pdev));
> 
> block/blk-crypto-fallback.c:    blk_crypto_wq = alloc_workqueue("blk_crypto_wq",
> block/blk-crypto-fallback.c-                                    WQ_UNBOUND | WQ_HIGHPRI |
> block/blk-crypto-fallback.c-                                    WQ_MEM_RECLAIM, num_online_cpus());
> 
> drivers/md/dm-crypt.c:          cc->crypt_queue = alloc_workqueue("kcryptd/%s",
> drivers/md/dm-crypt.c-                                            WQ_CPU_INTENSIVE | WQ_MEM_RECLAIM | WQ_UNBOUND,
> drivers/md/dm-crypt.c-                                            num_online_cpus(), devname);

Most of these work items are CPU bound but not completley so. e.g.
kcrypt_crypt_write_continue() does wait_for_completion(), so setting
max_active to 1 likely isn't what they want either. They mostly want some
reasonable system-wide concurrency limit w.r.t. the CPU count while keeping
some level of flexibility in terms of task placement.

The previous max_active wasn't great for this because its meaning changed
depending on the number of nodes. Now, the meaning doesn't change but it's
not really useful for the above purpose. It's only useful for avoiding
melting the system completely.

One way to go about it is to declare that concurrency level management for
unbound workqueue is on users but that seems not ideal given many use cases
would want it anyway.

Let me think it over but I think the right way to go about it is going the
other direction - ie. making max_active apply to the whole system regardless
of the number of nodes / ccx's / whatever.

> Furthermore, the change affects performance in a certain case.
> 
> Btrfs creates several WQ_UNBOUND workqueues with a default max_active =
> min(NRCPUS + 2, 8). As my machine has 96 CPUs with NUMA disabled, this
> max_active config allows running over 700 active works. Before the commit,
> it is limited to 8 if NUMA is disabled or limited to 16 if NUMA nodes is 2.
> 
> I reverted the workqueue code back to before the commit, and I ran the
> following fio command on RAID0 btrfs on 6 SSDs.
> 
> fio --group_reporting --eta=always --eta-interval=30s --eta-newline=30s \
>     --rw=write --fallocate=none \
>     --direct=1 --ioengine=libaio --iodepth=32 \
>     --filesize=100G \
>     --blocksize=64k \
>     --time_based --runtime=300s \
>     --end_fsync=1 \
>     --directory=${MNT} \
>     --name=writer --numjobs=32
> 
> By changing workqueue's max_active, the result varies.
> 
> - wq max_active=8   (intended limit by btrfs?)
>   WRITE: bw=2495MiB/s (2616MB/s), 2495MiB/s-2495MiB/s (2616MB/s-2616MB/s), io=753GiB (808GB), run=308953-308953msec
> - wq max_active=16  (actual limit on 2 NUMA nodes setup)
>   WRITE: bw=1736MiB/s (1820MB/s), 1736MiB/s-1736MiB/s (1820MB/s-1820MB/s), io=670GiB (720GB), run=395532-395532msec
> - wq max_active=768 (simulating current limit)
>   WRITE: bw=1276MiB/s (1338MB/s), 1276MiB/s-1276MiB/s (1338MB/s-1338MB/s), io=375GiB (403GB), run=300984-300984msec
> 
> The current performance is slower than the previous limit (max_active=16)
> by 27%, or it is 50% slower than the intended limit.  The performance drop
> might be due to contention of the btrfs-endio-write works. There are over
> 700 kworker instances were created and 100 works are on the 'D' state
> competing for a lock.
> 
> More specifically, I tested the same workload on the commit.
> 
> - At commit 636b927eba5b ("workqueue: Make unbound workqueues to use per-cpu pool_workqueues")
>   WRITE: bw=1191MiB/s (1249MB/s), 1191MiB/s-1191MiB/s (1249MB/s-1249MB/s), io=350GiB (376GB), run=300714-300714msec
> - At the previous commit = 4cbfd3de73 ("workqueue: Call wq_update_unbound_numa() on all CPUs in NUMA node on CPU hotplug")
>   WRITE: bw=1747MiB/s (1832MB/s), 1747MiB/s-1747MiB/s (1832MB/s-1832MB/s), io=748GiB (803GB), run=438134-438134msec
> 
> So, it is -31.8% performance down with the commit.
> 
> In summary, we misuse max_active, considering it is a global limit. And,
> the recent commit introduced a huge performance drop in some cases.  We
> need to review alloc_workqueue() usage to check if its max_active setting
> is proper or not.

Thanks a lot for the report. I think it's a lot more reasonable to assume
that max_active is global for unbound workqueues. The current workqueue
behavior is not very intuitive or useful. I'll try to find something more
reasonable. Thanks for the report and analysis. Much appreciated.

Thanks.

-- 
tejun

Re: Performance drop due to alloc_workqueue() misuse and recent change

[Tejun Heo]

Hello, again.

On Mon, Dec 04, 2023 at 04:03:47PM +0000, Naohiro Aota wrote:
...
> In summary, we misuse max_active, considering it is a global limit. And,
> the recent commit introduced a huge performance drop in some cases.  We
> need to review alloc_workqueue() usage to check if its max_active setting
> is proper or not.

Can you please test the following branch?

 https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tj/wq.git unbound-system-wide-max_active

Thanks.

-- 
tejun