All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
To: "Maarten Lankhorst" <maarten.lankhorst@linux.intel.com>,
	"Maxime Ripard" <mripard@kernel.org>,
	"Thomas Zimmermann" <tzimmermann@suse.de>,
	"David Airlie" <airlied@linux.ie>,
	"Daniel Vetter" <daniel@ffwll.ch>,
	"Noralf Trønnes" <noralf@tronnes.org>,
	"Gerd Hoffmann" <kraxel@redhat.com>
Cc: dri-devel@lists.freedesktop.org, linux-fbdev@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-m68k@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org,
	Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] drm/format-helper: Fix endianness in drm_fb_*_to_*() conversion helpers
Date: Fri,  8 Jul 2022 20:21:08 +0200	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <33f390d3bae2c5a45c0050097dc95f2e17644f2f.1657300532.git.geert@linux-m68k.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <cover.1657300532.git.geert@linux-m68k.org>

DRM formats are defined to be little-endian, unless the
DRM_FORMAT_BIG_ENDIAN flag is set.  Hence when converting from one
format to another, multi-byte pixel values loaded from memory must be
converted from little-endian to host-endian.  Conversely, multi-byte
pixel values written to memory must be converted from host-endian to
little-endian.  Currently only drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb332_line() includes
endianness handling.

Fix this by adding endianness handling to all conversion functions that
process multi-byte pixel values.

Note that the conversion to RGB565 is special, as there are two
versions: with and without byteswapping of the RGB565 pixel data.

Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
---
Tested with WIP atari_drm, which supports native big-endian RGB565.

Notes:
  - Most of these are used only by GUD or simpledrm (the latter through
    drm_fb_blit_toio()).
    Interestingly, drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb332() was introduced for GUD,
    and always had correct endiannes handling...
  - drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_gray8() is also used by st7586.c.
---
 drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c | 80 +++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c
index a3ccd8bc966fd816..c6182b5de78b0bd8 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c
@@ -279,14 +279,16 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb332);
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb565_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u16 *dbuf16 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 	u16 val16;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		val16 = ((sbuf32[x] & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		val16 = ((pix & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
+			((pix & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
+			((pix & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
 		dbuf16[x] = val16;
 	}
 }
@@ -295,14 +297,16 @@ static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb565_swab_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf,
 						unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u16 *dbuf16 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 	u16 val16;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		val16 = ((sbuf32[x] & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		val16 = ((pix & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
+			((pix & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
+			((pix & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
 		dbuf16[x] = swab16(val16);
 	}
 }
@@ -360,13 +364,15 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb565_toio);
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u8 *dbuf8 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		*dbuf8++ = (sbuf32[x] & 0x000000FF) >>  0;
-		*dbuf8++ = (sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FF00) >>  8;
-		*dbuf8++ = (sbuf32[x] & 0x00FF0000) >> 16;
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		*dbuf8++ = (pix & 0x000000FF) >>  0;
+		*dbuf8++ = (pix & 0x0000FF00) >>  8;
+		*dbuf8++ = (pix & 0x00FF0000) >> 16;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -410,17 +416,19 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb888_toio);
 
 static void drm_fb_rgb565_to_xrgb8888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
-	u32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
-	const u16 *sbuf16 = sbuf;
+	__le32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
+	const __le16 *sbuf16 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 
-	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++, ++sbuf16, ++dbuf32) {
-		u32 val32 = ((*sbuf16 & 0xf800) << 8) |
-			    ((*sbuf16 & 0x07e0) << 5) |
-			    ((*sbuf16 & 0x001f) << 3);
-		*dbuf32 = 0xff000000 | val32 |
-			  ((val32 >> 3) & 0x00070007) |
-			  ((val32 >> 2) & 0x00000300);
+	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
+		u16 val16 = le16_to_cpu(sbuf16[x]);
+		u32 val32 = ((val16 & 0xf800) << 8) |
+			    ((val16 & 0x07e0) << 5) |
+			    ((val16 & 0x001f) << 3);
+		val32 = 0xff000000 | val32 |
+			((val32 >> 3) & 0x00070007) |
+			((val32 >> 2) & 0x00000300);
+		dbuf32[x] = cpu_to_le32(val32);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -434,7 +442,7 @@ static void drm_fb_rgb565_to_xrgb8888_toio(void __iomem *dst, unsigned int dst_p
 
 static void drm_fb_rgb888_to_xrgb8888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
-	u32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
+	__le32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
 	const u8 *sbuf8 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 
@@ -442,7 +450,8 @@ static void drm_fb_rgb888_to_xrgb8888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigne
 		u8 r = *sbuf8++;
 		u8 g = *sbuf8++;
 		u8 b = *sbuf8++;
-		*dbuf32++ = 0xff000000 | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b;
+		u32 pix = 0xff000000 | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b;
+		dbuf32[x] = cpu_to_le32(pix);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -456,16 +465,19 @@ static void drm_fb_rgb888_to_xrgb8888_toio(void __iomem *dst, unsigned int dst_p
 
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_xrgb2101010_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
-	u32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	__le32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 	u32 val32;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		val32 = ((sbuf32[x] & 0x000000FF) << 2) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FF00) << 4) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x00FF0000) << 6);
-		*dbuf32++ = val32 | ((val32 >> 8) & 0x00300C03);
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		val32 = ((pix & 0x000000FF) << 2) |
+			((pix & 0x0000FF00) << 4) |
+			((pix & 0x00FF0000) << 6);
+		pix = val32 | ((val32 >> 8) & 0x00300C03);
+		*dbuf32++ = cpu_to_le32(pix);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -494,17 +506,17 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_xrgb2101010_toio);
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_gray8_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u8 *dbuf8 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		u8 r = (*sbuf32 & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
-		u8 g = (*sbuf32 & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
-		u8 b =  *sbuf32 & 0x000000ff;
+		u32 pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		u8 r = (pix & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
+		u8 g = (pix & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
+		u8 b =  pix & 0x000000ff;
 
 		/* ITU BT.601: Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B */
 		*dbuf8++ = (3 * r + 6 * g + b) / 10;
-		sbuf32++;
 	}
 }
 
-- 
2.25.1


WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
To: "Maarten Lankhorst" <maarten.lankhorst@linux.intel.com>,
	"Maxime Ripard" <mripard@kernel.org>,
	"Thomas Zimmermann" <tzimmermann@suse.de>,
	"David Airlie" <airlied@linux.ie>,
	"Daniel Vetter" <daniel@ffwll.ch>,
	"Noralf Trønnes" <noralf@tronnes.org>,
	"Gerd Hoffmann" <kraxel@redhat.com>
Cc: linux-fbdev@vger.kernel.org,
	Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>,
	linux-m68k@vger.kernel.org, dri-devel@lists.freedesktop.org,
	linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH 2/3] drm/format-helper: Fix endianness in drm_fb_*_to_*() conversion helpers
Date: Fri,  8 Jul 2022 20:21:08 +0200	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <33f390d3bae2c5a45c0050097dc95f2e17644f2f.1657300532.git.geert@linux-m68k.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <cover.1657300532.git.geert@linux-m68k.org>

DRM formats are defined to be little-endian, unless the
DRM_FORMAT_BIG_ENDIAN flag is set.  Hence when converting from one
format to another, multi-byte pixel values loaded from memory must be
converted from little-endian to host-endian.  Conversely, multi-byte
pixel values written to memory must be converted from host-endian to
little-endian.  Currently only drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb332_line() includes
endianness handling.

Fix this by adding endianness handling to all conversion functions that
process multi-byte pixel values.

Note that the conversion to RGB565 is special, as there are two
versions: with and without byteswapping of the RGB565 pixel data.

Signed-off-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
---
Tested with WIP atari_drm, which supports native big-endian RGB565.

Notes:
  - Most of these are used only by GUD or simpledrm (the latter through
    drm_fb_blit_toio()).
    Interestingly, drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb332() was introduced for GUD,
    and always had correct endiannes handling...
  - drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_gray8() is also used by st7586.c.
---
 drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c | 80 +++++++++++++++++------------
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c
index a3ccd8bc966fd816..c6182b5de78b0bd8 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/drm_format_helper.c
@@ -279,14 +279,16 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb332);
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb565_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u16 *dbuf16 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 	u16 val16;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		val16 = ((sbuf32[x] & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		val16 = ((pix & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
+			((pix & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
+			((pix & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
 		dbuf16[x] = val16;
 	}
 }
@@ -295,14 +297,16 @@ static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb565_swab_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf,
 						unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u16 *dbuf16 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 	u16 val16;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		val16 = ((sbuf32[x] & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		val16 = ((pix & 0x00F80000) >> 8) |
+			((pix & 0x0000FC00) >> 5) |
+			((pix & 0x000000F8) >> 3);
 		dbuf16[x] = swab16(val16);
 	}
 }
@@ -360,13 +364,15 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb565_toio);
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u8 *dbuf8 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		*dbuf8++ = (sbuf32[x] & 0x000000FF) >>  0;
-		*dbuf8++ = (sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FF00) >>  8;
-		*dbuf8++ = (sbuf32[x] & 0x00FF0000) >> 16;
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		*dbuf8++ = (pix & 0x000000FF) >>  0;
+		*dbuf8++ = (pix & 0x0000FF00) >>  8;
+		*dbuf8++ = (pix & 0x00FF0000) >> 16;
 	}
 }
 
@@ -410,17 +416,19 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_rgb888_toio);
 
 static void drm_fb_rgb565_to_xrgb8888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
-	u32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
-	const u16 *sbuf16 = sbuf;
+	__le32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
+	const __le16 *sbuf16 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 
-	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++, ++sbuf16, ++dbuf32) {
-		u32 val32 = ((*sbuf16 & 0xf800) << 8) |
-			    ((*sbuf16 & 0x07e0) << 5) |
-			    ((*sbuf16 & 0x001f) << 3);
-		*dbuf32 = 0xff000000 | val32 |
-			  ((val32 >> 3) & 0x00070007) |
-			  ((val32 >> 2) & 0x00000300);
+	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
+		u16 val16 = le16_to_cpu(sbuf16[x]);
+		u32 val32 = ((val16 & 0xf800) << 8) |
+			    ((val16 & 0x07e0) << 5) |
+			    ((val16 & 0x001f) << 3);
+		val32 = 0xff000000 | val32 |
+			((val32 >> 3) & 0x00070007) |
+			((val32 >> 2) & 0x00000300);
+		dbuf32[x] = cpu_to_le32(val32);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -434,7 +442,7 @@ static void drm_fb_rgb565_to_xrgb8888_toio(void __iomem *dst, unsigned int dst_p
 
 static void drm_fb_rgb888_to_xrgb8888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
-	u32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
+	__le32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
 	const u8 *sbuf8 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 
@@ -442,7 +450,8 @@ static void drm_fb_rgb888_to_xrgb8888_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigne
 		u8 r = *sbuf8++;
 		u8 g = *sbuf8++;
 		u8 b = *sbuf8++;
-		*dbuf32++ = 0xff000000 | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b;
+		u32 pix = 0xff000000 | (r << 16) | (g << 8) | b;
+		dbuf32[x] = cpu_to_le32(pix);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -456,16 +465,19 @@ static void drm_fb_rgb888_to_xrgb8888_toio(void __iomem *dst, unsigned int dst_p
 
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_xrgb2101010_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
-	u32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	__le32 *dbuf32 = dbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 	u32 val32;
+	u32 pix;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		val32 = ((sbuf32[x] & 0x000000FF) << 2) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x0000FF00) << 4) |
-			((sbuf32[x] & 0x00FF0000) << 6);
-		*dbuf32++ = val32 | ((val32 >> 8) & 0x00300C03);
+		pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		val32 = ((pix & 0x000000FF) << 2) |
+			((pix & 0x0000FF00) << 4) |
+			((pix & 0x00FF0000) << 6);
+		pix = val32 | ((val32 >> 8) & 0x00300C03);
+		*dbuf32++ = cpu_to_le32(pix);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -494,17 +506,17 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_xrgb2101010_toio);
 static void drm_fb_xrgb8888_to_gray8_line(void *dbuf, const void *sbuf, unsigned int pixels)
 {
 	u8 *dbuf8 = dbuf;
-	const u32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
+	const __le32 *sbuf32 = sbuf;
 	unsigned int x;
 
 	for (x = 0; x < pixels; x++) {
-		u8 r = (*sbuf32 & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
-		u8 g = (*sbuf32 & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
-		u8 b =  *sbuf32 & 0x000000ff;
+		u32 pix = le32_to_cpu(sbuf32[x]);
+		u8 r = (pix & 0x00ff0000) >> 16;
+		u8 g = (pix & 0x0000ff00) >> 8;
+		u8 b =  pix & 0x000000ff;
 
 		/* ITU BT.601: Y = 0.299 R + 0.587 G + 0.114 B */
 		*dbuf8++ = (3 * r + 6 * g + b) / 10;
-		sbuf32++;
 	}
 }
 
-- 
2.25.1


  parent reply	other threads:[~2022-07-08 18:22 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 31+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2022-07-08 18:21 [PATCH 0/3] drm: Endianness fixes Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-08 18:21 ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-08 18:21 ` [PATCH 1/3] drm/fourcc: Add missing big-endian XRGB1555 and RGB565 formats Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-08 18:21   ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-11 15:22   ` Michel Dänzer
2022-07-11 15:30     ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-11 15:30       ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-11 16:28       ` Michel Dänzer
2022-07-11 16:28         ` Michel Dänzer
2022-07-12  7:47       ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-12  7:47         ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-12  8:01         ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-12  8:01           ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-12  8:39           ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-12  8:39             ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-12  8:43             ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-12  8:43               ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-12  9:03               ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-12  9:03                 ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-12  9:09                 ` Michel Dänzer
2022-07-12  9:09                   ` Michel Dänzer
2022-07-12  9:10                   ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-12  9:10                     ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-12  8:31         ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-12  8:31           ` Gerd Hoffmann
2022-07-08 18:21 ` Geert Uytterhoeven [this message]
2022-07-08 18:21   ` [PATCH 2/3] drm/format-helper: Fix endianness in drm_fb_*_to_*() conversion helpers Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-08 18:21 ` [PATCH 3/3] drm/gud: Fix endianness in gud_xrgb8888_to_color() helper Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-08 18:21   ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2022-07-19 14:39   ` Noralf Trønnes
2022-07-19 14:39     ` Noralf Trønnes

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=33f390d3bae2c5a45c0050097dc95f2e17644f2f.1657300532.git.geert@linux-m68k.org \
    --to=geert@linux-m68k.org \
    --cc=airlied@linux.ie \
    --cc=daniel@ffwll.ch \
    --cc=dri-devel@lists.freedesktop.org \
    --cc=kraxel@redhat.com \
    --cc=linux-fbdev@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-m68k@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=maarten.lankhorst@linux.intel.com \
    --cc=mripard@kernel.org \
    --cc=noralf@tronnes.org \
    --cc=tzimmermann@suse.de \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.