PC speaker

PC speaker

[Ralf Baechle]

Everybody's favorite sound experience - some old games just aren't right
with 24-bit sound from 100W speakers ;)

This patch allows the PC speaker support to be selected again on RM200,
Jazz family machines and the MIPS Malta - but it's quite some time, I'm
not even sure which of the MIPS platforms actually support a PC speaker.

Signed-off-by: Ralf Baechle <ralf@linux-mips.org>

 arch/mips/Kconfig |    3 +++
 1 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/mips/Kconfig b/arch/mips/Kconfig
index a4b2973..a7e383a 100644
--- a/arch/mips/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/mips/Kconfig
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ config MACH_JAZZ
 	select IRQ_CPU
 	select I8259
 	select ISA
+	select PCSPKR_PLATFORM
 	select SYS_HAS_CPU_R4X00
 	select SYS_SUPPORTS_32BIT_KERNEL
 	select SYS_SUPPORTS_64BIT_KERNEL if EXPERIMENTAL
@@ -279,6 +280,7 @@ config MIPS_MALTA
 	select MIPS_BONITO64
 	select MIPS_CPU_SCACHE
 	select PCI_GT64XXX_PCI0
+	select PCSPKR_PLATFORM
 	select MIPS_MSC
 	select SWAP_IO_SPACE
 	select SYS_HAS_CPU_MIPS32_R1
@@ -654,6 +656,7 @@ config SNI_RM
 	select IRQ_CPU
 	select I8259
 	select ISA
+	select PCSPKR_PLATFORM
 	select SWAP_IO_SPACE if CPU_BIG_ENDIAN
 	select SYS_HAS_CPU_R4X00
 	select SYS_HAS_CPU_R5000

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Oleksandr Natalenko]

On úterý 15. června 2021 5:32:32 CEST R.F. Burns wrote:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?

Yes. Wanna help with that?

-- 
Oleksandr Natalenko (post-factum)

Re: PC speaker

[Oleksandr Natalenko]

On čtvrtek 24. června 2021 16:21:17 CEST Oleksandr Natalenko wrote:
> On úterý 15. června 2021 5:32:32 CEST R.F. Burns wrote:
> > Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> > the PC speaker?
> 
> Yes. Wanna help with that?

Also, this should be yours:

https://metrics.torproject.org/rs.html#details/
0E833719031D4E0BE04786F7907B9F4A70BE1C4F

So probably you are a real person after all.

-- 
Oleksandr Natalenko (post-factum)

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Randy Dunlap]

On 6/18/20 10:49 AM, R.F. Burns wrote:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?
> 

Are you still having problems with those school students?


https://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=118167999520788&w=2

-- 
~Randy

Re: PC speaker

[Oleksandr Natalenko]

Hello.

On Thu, Jun 18, 2020 at 01:49:37PM -0400, R.F. Burns wrote:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?

1) where have you been starting from 2011 till 2015?
2) why does the posting date of this letter varies a little bit?
3) why June (but July in 2008)?
4) are you a robot?
5) if you are a robot, what's your setup?
6) if you are not a robot, blink.

I'm eagerly waiting for this email each year, but it's a shame you
neither reveal any details nor respond to questions. We are intrigued!

Please uncover this great LKML mystery. We'd like to know you closer.

Thanks.

-- 
  Best regards,
    Oleksandr Natalenko (post-factum)
    Principal Software Maintenance Engineer

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Theodore Ts'o]

On Thu, Jun 13, 2019 at 12:16:37PM -0400, R.F. Burns wrote:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?

Yes; in fact, it's already been done.  See sound/drivers/pcsp/ in the
Linux kernel sources.

						- Ted

Re: PC speaker

[Randy Dunlap]

On 6/13/19 12:57 PM, Theodore Ts'o wrote:
> On Thu, Jun 13, 2019 at 12:16:37PM -0400, R.F. Burns wrote:
>> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
>> the PC speaker?
> 
> Yes; in fact, it's already been done.  See sound/drivers/pcsp/ in the
> Linux kernel sources.
> 
> 						- Ted
> 

Must be some kind of ritual by R.F. Burns:

Lots of repeated postings from them on June 12 of multiple years.

See https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CABG1boNJirPD1bh5PyETz8jVSV6PyMwPYfhhVQWyztp8W-XjRg@mail.gmail.com/


-- 
~Randy

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Randy Dunlap]

On 06/12/17 12:13, R.F. Burns wrote:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?
> 

deja vu all over again.  Same author.

http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=118165248822375&w=2

are you a bot?

-- 
~Randy

Re: PC speaker

[Dmitry Torokhov]

On Mon, Jun 12, 2017 at 2:25 PM, Randy Dunlap <rdunlap@infradead.org> wrote:
> On 06/12/17 12:13, R.F. Burns wrote:
>> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
>> the PC speaker?
>>
>
> deja vu all over again.  Same author.
>
> http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel&m=118165248822375&w=2

10 years to the day ;)

-- 
Dmitry

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Daniel Hazelton]

On Saturday, June 12, 2010 05:32:09 pm R.F. Burns wrote:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?
> --
> To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in
> the body of a message to majordomo@vger.kernel.org
> More majordomo info at  http://vger.kernel.org/majordomo-info.html
> Please read the FAQ at  http://www.tux.org/lkml/

This question was covered a very long time ago and the answer is "it might be 
possible, but in the attempt you could very well fry the PC" - see 
http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org/msg169244.html for 
the full answer.

DRH

Re: PC speaker

[Alan Cox]

On Sat, 12 Jun 2010 17:32:09 -0400
"R.F. Burns" <burnsrf@gmail.com> wrote:

> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?

Not really. You can do damage to some PCs by attacking other bits of the
hardware (erasing the bios etc) but they are actually a lot better
protected nowdays then some years back.

If you don't have the root password and expertise I imagine throwing it
out of the window or feeding it iron filings will work just as well. That
is physical system access tends to imply you can break it.

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Valdis.Kletnieks]

[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 525 bytes --]

On Fri, 12 Jun 2009 17:28:40 EDT, "R.F. Burns" said:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
> the PC speaker?

Highly unlikely, as the circuitry *driving* the speaker is probably hard-wired
to not output more than the speaker coils can handle.

You *might* be able to find a way to generate a nasty square wave that will
over time stress the speaker cone - but a "*pow* it's dead"? Probably not.

If your speaker just fried, it's more likely a short or other hardware or
mechanical defect.



[-- Attachment #2: Type: application/pgp-signature, Size: 226 bytes --]

Re: PC speaker

[John Sheu]

2009/6/12 <Valdis.Kletnieks@vt.edu>
> You *might* be able to find a way to generate a nasty square wave that will
> over time stress the speaker cone - but a "*pow* it's dead"? Probably not.

It's my impression that they're usually piezos these days anyways.

-John Sheu

PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
the PC speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Tuesday 2008-07-08 19:08, R.F. Burns wrote:

>Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
>the PC speaker?

Hardware is resistant.

Re: [Alsa-user] Pc Speaker

[Rene Herman]

On 13-05-08 12:44, Armin ranjbar wrote:

>> Device Drivers ->
>>   Input device support ->
>>     Miscelaneous devices
>>
>> With current mainline, it's:
>>
>> General setup ->
>>   Configure standard kernel features (for small systems)
>>      Enable PC-Speaker support
> 
> Thank you very much for your reply , 
> 
> but i have to say that i have this options activated , still no pc
> speaker .

Rechecked. Yes, you need this option, you need the ALSA one disabled (not
modular, disabled) and then the PC speaker driver option appears in its
input menu where you want to enable it. Paths as given in last reply.

Yes, that would seem to be amazingly clumsily done. Perhaps there was a
reason (adding alsa-devel).

Rene.

Re: Pc Speaker

[Arthur Marsh]

Rene Herman wrote, on 2008-05-13 20:44:
> On 13-05-08 12:44, Armin ranjbar wrote:
> 
>>> Device Drivers ->
>>>   Input device support ->
>>>     Miscelaneous devices
>>>
>>> With current mainline, it's:
>>>
>>> General setup ->
>>>   Configure standard kernel features (for small systems)
>>>      Enable PC-Speaker support
>> Thank you very much for your reply , 
>>
>> but i have to say that i have this options activated , still no pc
>> speaker .
> 
> Rechecked. Yes, you need this option, you need the ALSA one disabled (not
> modular, disabled) and then the PC speaker driver option appears in its
> input menu where you want to enable it. Paths as given in last reply.
> 
> Yes, that would seem to be amazingly clumsily done. Perhaps there was a
> reason (adding alsa-devel).
> 
> Rene.

Thanks for the clues. I attempted to compile a recent snapshot of 
alsa-driver from 
ftp://ftp.suse.com/pub/projects/alsa/snapshot/driver/alsa-driver-hg20080516.tar.bz2

under Debian unstable, by overwriting the unpacked Debian source tarball.

The catch is that the Debian build information set up by

dpkg-reconfigure alsa-source
(which is stored in /etc/alsa/alsa-source.conf)

is out of sync with the Mercurial snapshot and by compiling "all" ALSA 
drivers, I get the ALSA pcspkr driver installed, which causes some problems.

I'd probably need to hack /etc/alsa/alsa-source.conf based on the 
drivers supported by the Mercurial snapshot *minus* pcspkr to build an 
alsa-driver .deb based on the Mercurial snapshot.

Arthur.


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PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow the PC
speaker?

Re: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Jun 12 2007 08:45, R.F. Burns wrote:
>
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow the PC
> speaker?

Define blow.
(As in "damage"?)

	Jan
-- 

Re: PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

On 6/12/07, Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@computergmbh.de> wrote:
>
> On Jun 12 2007 08:45, R.F. Burns wrote:
> >
> > Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow the PC
> > speaker?
>
> Define blow.
> (As in "damage"?)

Yes.  As in, blow it out/damage it so that it is no longer usable.

Re: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Jun 12 2007 09:54, R.F. Burns wrote:
> On 6/12/07, Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@computergmbh.de> wrote:
>> On Jun 12 2007 08:45, R.F. Burns wrote:

>> > Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow the
>> > PC
>> > speaker?
>>
>> Define blow.
>> (As in "damage"?)
>
> Yes.  As in, blow it out/damage it so that it is no longer usable.

I'd say impossible. Just disconnect it from the motherboard.


	Jan
-- 

Re: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Jun 12 2007 15:57, Jan Engelhardt wrote:
>On Jun 12 2007 09:54, R.F. Burns wrote:
>> On 6/12/07, Jan Engelhardt <jengelh@computergmbh.de> wrote:
>>> On Jun 12 2007 08:45, R.F. Burns wrote:
>
>>> > Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow the
>>> > PC
>>> > speaker?
>>>
>>> Define blow.
>>> (As in "damage"?)
>>
>> Yes.  As in, blow it out/damage it so that it is no longer usable.
>
>I'd say impossible. Just disconnect it from the motherboard.

The days when hardware *relied* on software (hence, where software
could damage hardware) are over.



	Jan
-- 

Re: PC speaker

[Alan Cox]

> >I'd say impossible. Just disconnect it from the motherboard.
> 
> The days when hardware *relied* on software (hence, where software
> could damage hardware) are over.

Nice theory but you can destroy or render useless a fair amount of PC
hardware via software, usually because the thing is *DESIGNED* that way
for convenience. (Flash update interfaces without jumpers, locking
interfaces for drives etc)

Re: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Jun 12 2007 16:19, Alan Cox wrote:
>
>> >I'd say impossible. Just disconnect it from the motherboard.
>> 
>> The days when hardware *relied* on software (hence, where software
>> could damage hardware) are over.
>
>Nice theory but you can destroy or render useless a fair amount of PC
>hardware via software, usually because the thing is *DESIGNED* that way
>for convenience. (Flash update interfaces without jumpers, locking
>interfaces for drives etc)

Let's just say the PC speaker was not designed to be proactively be destroyed.



	Jan
-- 

RE: PC speaker

[David Schwartz]

> > >I'd say impossible. Just disconnect it from the motherboard.
> >
> > The days when hardware *relied* on software (hence, where software
> > could damage hardware) are over.

> Nice theory but you can destroy or render useless a fair amount of PC
> hardware via software, usually because the thing is *DESIGNED* that way
> for convenience. (Flash update interfaces without jumpers, locking
> interfaces for drives etc)

Other great examples are hardware that allows you to control voltages, fan
speeds, and operating frequencies. Sometimes you can overvoltage it directly
and blow it immediately. Other times, you can increase the voltage and
operating frequency and decrease the fan speed to the point where it stops
spinning. This is possible on many modern graphics cards and CPUs.

As far as burning out a speaker goes, if you can drop the frequency to zero
(DC) and get continuous current through the speaker, that could burn it out.
This makes several assumptions, many of which may not be true on modern PCs:

1) It assumes the speaker is a conventional coil speaker, not a piezo
element. (This is certainly true on some PCs, although it's increasingly
false on newer PCs.)

2) It assumes the speaker is DC driven. (I'm pretty sure this was true on
the original IBM PC. Not sure about newer computers.)

3) It assumes you can configure the circuitry that drives the speaker such
that it will stay on. (No idea.)

4) It assumes the current will be sufficient to burn out the speaker. (I
know it will get very hot on older machines, whether it will burn out --
might even depend on the exact speaker model.)

On at least some older computers, you could burn out the hardware that drove
the speaker this way. I think it was either the Pet or the Apple ][ (didn't
work on all machines, depended on how much current the speaker drew and
other odd factors). I witnessed an Apple ][e blow out an I/O chip when it
crashed with an output (that was supposed to be pulsed) left in the on
position.

DS

RE: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Jun 12 2007 13:08, David Schwartz wrote:
>
>As far as burning out a speaker goes, if you can drop the frequency to zero
>(DC) and get continuous current through the speaker, that could burn it out.
>This makes several assumptions, many of which may not be true on modern PCs:
>
>1) It assumes the speaker is a conventional coil speaker, not a piezo
>element. (This is certainly true on some PCs, although it's increasingly
>false on newer PCs.)
>
>2) It assumes the speaker is DC driven. (I'm pretty sure this was true on
>the original IBM PC. Not sure about newer computers.)

Most likely. AC is hardly any good inside a computer :)

>3) It assumes you can configure the circuitry that drives the speaker such
>that it will stay on. (No idea.)

A crystal will drive the frequency, which can be set with outb(0x42).
Whether the crystal's oscillating signal is connected to the speaker
can be controlled with outb(0x61) IIRC [or just see
drivers/input/misc/pcspkr.c].

>4) It assumes the current will be sufficient to burn out the speaker. (I
>know it will get very hot on older machines, whether it will burn out --
>might even depend on the exact speaker model.)

Since you can set the x86's crystals frequency from 1193182 to 18 Hz
(PIT_TICK_RATE / 1 to PIT_TICK_RATE / 65535) [*], you can never really
bust it. But even then, what would a speaker do it was constanly given
+5V? (I _suppose_ the other level is 0V, not -5V -- makes for easy 
design.) That's IMO just like a sound file with volume(x) = 1, nothing 
spectacular if you ask me.

[*] The line "if (value > 20 && value < 32767) in pcspkr.c looks a bit bogus.


>On at least some older computers, you could burn out the hardware that
>drove the speaker this way. I think it was either the Pet or the Apple
>][ (didn't work on all machines, depended on how much current the
>speaker drew and other odd factors). I witnessed an Apple ][e blow out
>an I/O chip when it crashed with an output (that was supposed to be
>pulsed) left in the on position.


	Jan
-- 

Re: PC speaker

[Helge Hafting]

Jan Engelhardt wrote:
> Since you can set the x86's crystals frequency from 1193182 to 18 Hz
> (PIT_TICK_RATE / 1 to PIT_TICK_RATE / 65535) [*], you can never really
> bust it. But even then, what would a speaker do it was constanly given
> +5V? (I _suppose_ the other level is 0V, not -5V -- makes for easy 
> design.) That's IMO just like a sound file with volume(x) = 1, nothing 
> spectacular if you ask me.
>   

I guess a motherboard don't provide enough current to
burn out that speaker.

But generally, speakers that handle some maximum
alternating current *will* burn out if you give them
the same amount DC.  This becasue speakers
are designed to handle AC - some of the energy is dissipated
as sound waves, some as an alternating magnetic field,
some has heat. And the speaker moves, so moving
air helps cooling it.

A speaker getting DC converts all that current into heat only,
and it stands still so no extra cooling.  So it burns out.

Helge Hafting

RE: PC speaker

[Maciej W. Rozycki]

On Tue, 12 Jun 2007, Jan Engelhardt wrote:

> >4) It assumes the current will be sufficient to burn out the speaker. (I
> >know it will get very hot on older machines, whether it will burn out --
> >might even depend on the exact speaker model.)
> 
> Since you can set the x86's crystals frequency from 1193182 to 18 Hz
> (PIT_TICK_RATE / 1 to PIT_TICK_RATE / 65535) [*], you can never really
> bust it. But even then, what would a speaker do it was constanly given

 I am fairly sure you have a choice between a steady low and a steady high 
level on the speaker output available if you switch the 8254 to the right 
single-shot mode.  In case you have not been into such details -- the 8254 
offers six modes of operation, selected for each channel separately, of 
which only two are periodic.

  Maciej

Re: PC speaker

[Paulo Marques]

Maciej W. Rozycki wrote:
> On Tue, 12 Jun 2007, Jan Engelhardt wrote:
> 
>>> 4) It assumes the current will be sufficient to burn out the speaker. (I
>>> know it will get very hot on older machines, whether it will burn out --
>>> might even depend on the exact speaker model.)
>> Since you can set the x86's crystals frequency from 1193182 to 18 Hz
>> (PIT_TICK_RATE / 1 to PIT_TICK_RATE / 65535) [*], you can never really
>> bust it. But even then, what would a speaker do it was constanly given
> 
>  I am fairly sure you have a choice between a steady low and a steady high 
> level on the speaker output available if you switch the 8254 to the right 
> single-shot mode.  In case you have not been into such details -- the 8254 
> offers six modes of operation, selected for each channel separately, of 
> which only two are periodic.

Can we please stop this non-sense thread? Anyone designing the speaker 
circuit would certainly place a small capacitor in series with the 
speaker to kill the DC component of the signal.

Since the speaker itself wouldn't be able to play very low frequencies 
anyway, the capacitor wouldn't have to be that big.

So I'm pretty sure that on any half-way decent piece of hardware, you 
won't be able to kill the speaker with software...

-- 
Paulo Marques - www.grupopie.com

"Don't hit a man when he's down -- kick him; it's easier."

Re: PC speaker

[Pavel Machek]

Hi!

> > > >I'd say impossible. Just disconnect it from the motherboard.
> > >
> > > The days when hardware *relied* on software (hence, where software
> > > could damage hardware) are over.
> 
> > Nice theory but you can destroy or render useless a fair amount of PC
> > hardware via software, usually because the thing is *DESIGNED* that way
> > for convenience. (Flash update interfaces without jumpers, locking
> > interfaces for drives etc)
> 
> Other great examples are hardware that allows you to control voltages, fan
> speeds, and operating frequencies. Sometimes you can overvoltage it directly
> and blow it immediately. Other times, you can increase the voltage and
> operating frequency and decrease the fan speed to the point where it stops
> spinning. This is possible on many modern graphics cards and CPUs.

Not true for cpus; try it before spreading FUD. Thermal protection
will kill the machine when cpu goes over 95C or so.

							Pavel
-- 
(english) http://www.livejournal.com/~pavelmachek
(cesky, pictures) http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~pavel/picture/horses/blog.html

Re: PC speaker

[Kyle Moffett]

On Jun 13, 2007, at 15:53:30, Pavel Machek wrote:
>> Other great examples are hardware that allows you to control  
>> voltages, fan speeds, and operating frequencies. Sometimes you can  
>> overvoltage it directly and blow it immediately. Other times, you  
>> can increase the voltage and operating frequency and decrease the  
>> fan speed to the point where it stops spinning. This is possible  
>> on many modern graphics cards and CPUs.
>
> Not true for cpus; try it before spreading FUD. Thermal protection  
> will kill the machine when cpu goes over 95C or so.

Well, sorta.  Things tend to die early heat deaths if you repeatedly  
spike the temperature (different rates of thermal expansion and all  
that jazz).  If you alternated repeatedly between max-CPU/no-fan and  
no-CPU/max-fan, staying just within the thermal kill limits and  
spending 3/4 of the time at near max temp, you'd probably have a 30%  
chance to kill an average CPU within a couple weeks.

I know when designing the G5 CPU, IBM had to be _really_ careful  
about the variably high operating temperature.  Their first few  
designs ended up having BGA breakdown well before the desired  
lifetime due to thermal creep (long-duration at high temp) and  
fatigue shear failure (alternation between high and low temp).   
There's a paper somewhere on the web about the whole deal.

Cheers,
Kyle Moffett

Re: PC speaker

[Lee Revell]

On 6/12/07, R.F. Burns <burnsrf@gmail.com> wrote:
> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow the PC
> speaker?

LOL.  May I ask what your use case is?

Lee

Re: PC speaker

[jimmy bahuleyan]

Lee Revell wrote:
> On 6/12/07, R.F. Burns <burnsrf@gmail.com> wrote:
>> Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow
>> the PC
>> speaker?
> 
> LOL.  May I ask what your use case is?
> 
or isn't it mis-use case :)

> Lee

-jb
-- 
Tact is the art of making a point without making an enemy.

Re: PC speaker

[R.F. Burns]

On 6/12/07, Lee Revell <rlrevell@joe-job.com> wrote:
> On 6/12/07, R.F. Burns <burnsrf@gmail.com> wrote:
> > Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will blow the PC
> > speaker?
>
> LOL.  May I ask what your use case is?

I am helping a small school system with a number of Linux
workstations.  Previously, the students (middle and high schools)
abused the sound cards in the systems.  This was remedied by changing
the permissions on sound devices so that non-root users would be
denied access (something easily done remotely, and on an automated
basis.)

At that point, the students started finding creative ways to abuse the
PC speaker, which became rather distracting.  We unloaded and disabled
the PC speaker kernel module, which remedied the situation for a
while.

However, over the past several weeks, the students have found more
creative ways to abuse the PC speaker (outside of the OS.)  The Powers
that Be are asking that the PC speakers be disabled completely.  With
the small number of techs we have, it would be very impractical to go
around to all systems and remove the PC speaker from each and every
computer case.

So, the idea was raised about seeing if there was a way to blow the PC
speaker by loading a kernel module.  If so, a mass-deployment of a
kernel module overnight would take care of the PC speaker problem once
and for all.

Re: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Jun 12 2007 16:25, R.F. Burns wrote:
>
> However, over the past several weeks, the students have found more
> creative ways to abuse the PC speaker (outside of the OS.)  The Powers
> that Be are asking that the PC speakers be disabled completely.  With
> the small number of techs we have, it would be very impractical to go
> around to all systems and remove the PC speaker from each and every
> computer case.

But you only have to do it once anyway.

> So, the idea was raised about seeing if there was a way to blow the PC
> speaker by loading a kernel module.  If so, a mass-deployment of a
> kernel module overnight would take care of the PC speaker problem once
> and for all.

And once you need a speaker (BIOS beep codes come to mind), you don't have any.



	Jan
-- 

Re: PC speaker

[Clemens Koller]

R.F. Burns schrieb:
> On 6/12/07, Lee Revell <rlrevell@joe-job.com> wrote:
>> On 6/12/07, R.F. Burns <burnsrf@gmail.com> wrote:
>> > Is it possible to write a kernel module which, when loaded, will 
>> blow the PC
>> > speaker?
>>
>> LOL.  May I ask what your use case is?
> 
> I am helping a small school system with a number of Linux
> workstations.  Previously, the students (middle and high schools)
> abused the sound cards in the systems.  This was remedied by changing
> the permissions on sound devices so that non-root users would be
> denied access (something easily done remotely, and on an automated
> basis.)
 > [...]

*smile*
What about denying students permissions to change all unwanted
<foo> on the system? They propably don't need to be root.

> At that point, the students started finding creative ways to abuse the
> PC speaker, which became rather distracting.  We unloaded and disabled
> the PC speaker kernel module, which remedied the situation for a
> while.

Disable kernel modules at all. Compile in what you need, and kick
out all unwanted stuff. Disable booting from anything else than
harddisk or network...

[OT on]

> So, the idea was raised about seeing if there was a way to blow the PC
> speaker by loading a kernel module.  If so, a mass-deployment of a
> kernel module overnight would take care of the PC speaker problem once
> and for all.

A speaker is basically an inductor. Together with the driving circuit,
it may form a resonant circuit. If you drive it exactly with the resonant
frequency[1], you might be able to overheat it. But take care, not to
burn your CPU too, when you reach microwave frequencies and get electromagnetic
waves reflected in the computer's case. Cross-check with Maxwell's
equations! ;-)

OTOH the students propably learn more in hacking a linux system than in any
other lesson. Tell them that the first one gets an A who can get real speech
output working on the PC speaker.

[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonant_frequency

[OT off]

Good luck,
-- 
Clemens Koller
__________________________________
R&D Imaging Devices
Anagramm GmbH
Rupert-Mayer-Straße 45/1
Linhof Werksgelände
D-81379 München
Tel.089-741518-50
Fax 089-741518-19
http://www.anagramm-technology.com

Re: PC speaker

[David Schwartz]

> So, the idea was raised about seeing if there was a way to blow the PC
> speaker by loading a kernel module.  If so, a mass-deployment of a
> kernel module overnight would take care of the PC speaker problem once
> and for all.

No way. None of the conceivable ways of burning out hardware are 
sufficiently safe to intentionally mass employ them like this. If you could 
overload the coil, the only imaginable way to burn out a speaker, it could 
start a fire. This risk is at least significant enough that it's easier to 
open the case than take it.

DS

Re: PC speaker

[Chris Smith]

> So, the idea was raised about seeing if there was a way to blow the PC
> speaker by loading a kernel module.  If so, a mass-deployment of a
> kernel module overnight would take care of the PC speaker problem once
> and for all.

Sounds as though the problem has more to do with the students than the
hardware.  The Powers That Be are chasing symptoms, as opposed to the
disease.
The real questions center around how to point the creativity on
display away from abusing speakers and towards something useful.
-- 
Christopher Smith
Pursuer of knowledge

Re: PC speaker

[Phillip Susi]

R.F. Burns wrote:
> However, over the past several weeks, the students have found more
> creative ways to abuse the PC speaker (outside of the OS.)  The Powers
> that Be are asking that the PC speakers be disabled completely.  With
> the small number of techs we have, it would be very impractical to go
> around to all systems and remove the PC speaker from each and every
> computer case.

Now I am curious; how are they getting the pc speaker to make any sound 
with the kernel module disabled?

Also there is a very simple solution to your problem.  When a student 
abuses the computer, take a yardstick ( there should be one in any 
classroom ), approach said student from behind, and break said yardstick 
over their ass.  Or you could just ban them from using the computers 
again.

Re: PC speaker

[Jan Engelhardt]

On Jun 15 2007 13:07, Phillip Susi wrote:
> R.F. Burns wrote:
>> However, over the past several weeks, the students have found more
>> creative ways to abuse the PC speaker (outside of the OS.)  The Powers
>> that Be are asking that the PC speakers be disabled completely.  With
>> the small number of techs we have, it would be very impractical to go
>> around to all systems and remove the PC speaker from each and every
>> computer case.
>
> Now I am curious; how are they getting the pc speaker to make any sound with
> the kernel module disabled?

ioperm(), inb(), and outb() from userspace. Needs root, though. Or 
/dev/port, with write. Which comes to the question how they gained root. 
Perhaps live cd? In which case, the OP should, as recommended in this 
thread already, deactivate choosing boot devices, if that's possible.

(Unfortunately, newer BIOSes with 'integrated bootmenu' with F8 or so, 
but I have not seen a way to deactivate _that_ menu.)



	Jan
-- 

Re: PC speaker

[Phillip Susi]

Jan Engelhardt wrote:
> On Jun 15 2007 13:07, Phillip Susi wrote:
>> R.F. Burns wrote:
>>> However, over the past several weeks, the students have found more
>>> creative ways to abuse the PC speaker (outside of the OS.)  The Powers
>>> that Be are asking that the PC speakers be disabled completely.  With
>>> the small number of techs we have, it would be very impractical to go
>>> around to all systems and remove the PC speaker from each and every
>>> computer case.
>> Now I am curious; how are they getting the pc speaker to make any sound with
>> the kernel module disabled?
> 
> ioperm(), inb(), and outb() from userspace. Needs root, though. Or 
> /dev/port, with write. Which comes to the question how they gained root. 
> Perhaps live cd? In which case, the OP should, as recommended in this 
> thread already, deactivate choosing boot devices, if that's possible.
> 
> (Unfortunately, newer BIOSes with 'integrated bootmenu' with F8 or so, 
> but I have not seen a way to deactivate _that_ menu.)

He already said they don't have root access and that allowed him to stop 
them from accessing the sound card by setting appropriate permissions.

Re: PC speaker

[Kyle Moffett]

On Jun 15, 2007, at 15:34:52, Jan Engelhardt wrote:
> Perhaps live cd? In which case, the OP should, as recommended in  
> this thread already, deactivate choosing boot devices, if that's  
> possible.
>
> (Unfortunately, newer BIOSes with 'integrated bootmenu' with F8 or  
> so, but I have not seen a way to deactivate _that_ menu.)

Heh, with virtually every PC BIOS I've seen, the procedure is  
something like this:

1)  Reboot into BIOS
2)  Set a BIOS "Supervisor Password" (as opposed to "User" or "Boot"  
password)
3)  Go to the "Boot Devices" list and uncheck everything except "Hard  
Disk"
4)  Go to the "USB Stick Hard Disk Emulation" feature and turn that off
5)  Save settings to BIOS and reboot (Usually "F10" or "ESC-Y" )

The "Integrated BootMenu (F8)" stuff only lists boot devices that are  
enabled in the BIOS.  If everything but the hard disk is disabled  
then pressing (F8) is _really_useful_ :-)
   1) Boot from Hard Disk
   2) Enter BIOS Setup

Of course, choosing option 2 is also quite an entertaining thing for  
the student:
,--------------------------.
| Enter Password: ******** |
`--------------------------'

And since they don't actually know the password, it's followed by the  
inevitable:
,--------------------------.
|     Invalid Password     |
`--------------------------'

Admittedly there are more things to turn off than with older BIOSen,  
but there are also more features too.  Of course, with OpenFirmware- 
based systems (like the PowerPC macs) it's scriptable and doesn't  
require rebooting.
   1)  Install the "nvsetenv" utility via your distro

   2)  Encode your password by xoring each character's ascii value  
with 0xAA and printing the result in hex.  This perl oneliner will do  
it easily (Change 'my-password' to your plain-text password).
     perl -ne 'map { printf "%%%02x", 0xaa ^ ord($_) } split //, $1;  
print "\n"' my-password

   For example, the password "linux" is encoded as "%c6%c3%c4%df%d2"

   3)  Run "nvsetenv security-password %c6%c3%c4%df%d2", where the  
hex stuff is your encoded password

   4)  Run "nvsetenv security-mode command"

Then it auto-locks all possible ways of modifying the open-firmware  
boot device or specifying alternative boot options.  The only way to  
get around it on most systems is with the firmware-reset button on  
the inside of the case or moving RAM around and rebooting with some  
magic key combo held down (Cmd-Opt-P-R on mac systems).  Typically if  
your students can do that there's exactly nothing you can do to  
prevent them from doing whatever they want.  They could always just  
stick in a different hard-drive, after all.

Cheers,
Kyle Moffett

PC Speaker

[Jon Masters]

Hi,
	Is the PC Speaker driver still being developed? I've found the
following link that appears to be quite old from the sound howto:

ftp://ftp.informatik.hu-berlin.de/pub/Linux/hu-sound/

I actually have two sb sound cards installed, but I was wanting to play
with the PC speaker stuff. Suggestions?

Jonathan.

--
Jonathan C. Masters                   PGP&GeekCode available on request
jonathan@easypenguin.co.uk

Re: PC Speaker

[Dave Phillips]

Jon Masters wrote:

> Is the PC Speaker driver still being developed? I've found the
> following link that appears to be quite old from the sound howto:
> 
> ftp://ftp.informatik.hu-berlin.de/pub/Linux/hu-sound/

I just posted two more URLs dealing with the PC speaker, I've added them
to the Linux Soundapps site. Since you're in England, perhaps you should
check here:

	http://www.linuxsound.at/drivers.html

Best regards,

= Dave Phillips

	http://www.bright.net/~dlphilp/index.html
	http://www.bright.net/~dlphilp/linuxsound/