[PATCH v3 0/1] initialize pages on demand during boot

[PATCH v3 0/1] initialize pages on demand during boot

[Pavel Tatashin]

Change log:
	v2 - v3
	Andrew Morton's comments:
	- Moved read of pgdat->first_deferred_pfn into
	  deferred_zone_grow_lock, thus got rid of READ_ONCE()/WRITE_ONCE()
	- Replaced spin_lock() with spin_lock_irqsave() in
	  deferred_grow_zone
	- Updated comments for deferred_zone_grow_lock
	- Updated comment before deferred_grow_zone() explaining return
	  value, and also noinline specifier.
	- Fixed comment before _deferred_grow_zone().

	v1 - v2
	Added Tested-by: Masayoshi Mizuma

This change helps for three reasons:

1. Insufficient amount of reserved memory due to arguments provided by
user. User may request some buffers, increased hash tables sizes etc.
Currently, machine panics during boot if it can't allocate memory due
to insufficient amount of reserved memory. With this change, it will
be able to grow zone before deferred pages are initialized.

One observed example is described in the linked discussion [1] Mel
Gorman writes:

"
Yasuaki Ishimatsu reported a premature OOM when trace_buf_size=100m was
specified on a machine with many CPUs. The kernel tried to allocate 38.4GB
but only 16GB was available due to deferred memory initialisation.
"

The allocations in the above scenario happen per-cpu in smp_init(),
and before deferred pages are initialized. So, there is no way to
predict how much memory we should put aside to boot successfully with
deferred page initialization feature compiled in.

2. The second reason is future proof. The kernel memory requirements
may change, and we do not want to constantly update
reset_deferred_meminit() to satisfy the new requirements. In addition,
this function is currently in common code, but potentially would need
to be split into arch specific variants, as more arches will start
taking advantage of deferred page initialization feature.

3. On demand initialization of reserved pages guarantees that we will
initialize only as many pages early in boot using only one thread as
needed, the rest are going to be efficiently initialized in parallel.

[1] https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-mm/msg139087.html

Pavel Tatashin (1):
  mm: initialize pages on demand during boot

 include/linux/memblock.h |  10 ---
 mm/memblock.c            |  23 -------
 mm/page_alloc.c          | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

-- 
2.16.1

[PATCH v3 0/1] initialize pages on demand during boot

[Pavel Tatashin]

Change log:
	v2 - v3
	Andrew Morton's comments:
	- Moved read of pgdat->first_deferred_pfn into
	  deferred_zone_grow_lock, thus got rid of READ_ONCE()/WRITE_ONCE()
	- Replaced spin_lock() with spin_lock_irqsave() in
	  deferred_grow_zone
	- Updated comments for deferred_zone_grow_lock
	- Updated comment before deferred_grow_zone() explaining return
	  value, and also noinline specifier.
	- Fixed comment before _deferred_grow_zone().

	v1 - v2
	Added Tested-by: Masayoshi Mizuma

This change helps for three reasons:

1. Insufficient amount of reserved memory due to arguments provided by
user. User may request some buffers, increased hash tables sizes etc.
Currently, machine panics during boot if it can't allocate memory due
to insufficient amount of reserved memory. With this change, it will
be able to grow zone before deferred pages are initialized.

One observed example is described in the linked discussion [1] Mel
Gorman writes:

"
Yasuaki Ishimatsu reported a premature OOM when trace_buf_size=100m was
specified on a machine with many CPUs. The kernel tried to allocate 38.4GB
but only 16GB was available due to deferred memory initialisation.
"

The allocations in the above scenario happen per-cpu in smp_init(),
and before deferred pages are initialized. So, there is no way to
predict how much memory we should put aside to boot successfully with
deferred page initialization feature compiled in.

2. The second reason is future proof. The kernel memory requirements
may change, and we do not want to constantly update
reset_deferred_meminit() to satisfy the new requirements. In addition,
this function is currently in common code, but potentially would need
to be split into arch specific variants, as more arches will start
taking advantage of deferred page initialization feature.

3. On demand initialization of reserved pages guarantees that we will
initialize only as many pages early in boot using only one thread as
needed, the rest are going to be efficiently initialized in parallel.

[1] https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-mm/msg139087.html

Pavel Tatashin (1):
  mm: initialize pages on demand during boot

 include/linux/memblock.h |  10 ---
 mm/memblock.c            |  23 -------
 mm/page_alloc.c          | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

-- 
2.16.1

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[PATCH v3 1/1] mm: initialize pages on demand during boot

[Pavel Tatashin]

Deferred page initialization allows the boot cpu to initialize a small
subset of the system's pages early in boot, with other cpus doing the rest
later on.

It is, however, problematic to know how many pages the kernel needs during
boot.  Different modules and kernel parameters may change the requirement,
so the boot cpu either initializes too many pages or runs out of memory.

To fix that, initialize early pages on demand.  This ensures the kernel
does the minimum amount of work to initialize pages during boot and leaves
the rest to be divided in the multithreaded initialization path
(deferred_init_memmap).

The on-demand code is permanently disabled using static branching once
deferred pages are initialized.  After the static branch is changed to
false, the overhead is up-to two branch-always instructions if the zone
watermark check fails or if rmqueue fails.

Signed-off-by: Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Steven Sistare <steven.sistare@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Masayoshi Mizuma <m.mizuma@jp.fujitsu.com>
---
 include/linux/memblock.h |  10 ---
 mm/memblock.c            |  23 -------
 mm/page_alloc.c          | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/memblock.h b/include/linux/memblock.h
index 8be5077efb5f..6c305afd95ab 100644
--- a/include/linux/memblock.h
+++ b/include/linux/memblock.h
@@ -417,21 +417,11 @@ static inline void early_memtest(phys_addr_t start, phys_addr_t end)
 {
 }
 #endif
-
-extern unsigned long memblock_reserved_memory_within(phys_addr_t start_addr,
-		phys_addr_t end_addr);
 #else
 static inline phys_addr_t memblock_alloc(phys_addr_t size, phys_addr_t align)
 {
 	return 0;
 }
-
-static inline unsigned long memblock_reserved_memory_within(phys_addr_t start_addr,
-		phys_addr_t end_addr)
-{
-	return 0;
-}
-
 #endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK */
 
 #endif /* __KERNEL__ */
diff --git a/mm/memblock.c b/mm/memblock.c
index 5a9ca2a1751b..4120e9f536f7 100644
--- a/mm/memblock.c
+++ b/mm/memblock.c
@@ -1778,29 +1778,6 @@ static void __init_memblock memblock_dump(struct memblock_type *type)
 	}
 }
 
-extern unsigned long __init_memblock
-memblock_reserved_memory_within(phys_addr_t start_addr, phys_addr_t end_addr)
-{
-	struct memblock_region *rgn;
-	unsigned long size = 0;
-	int idx;
-
-	for_each_memblock_type(idx, (&memblock.reserved), rgn) {
-		phys_addr_t start, end;
-
-		if (rgn->base + rgn->size < start_addr)
-			continue;
-		if (rgn->base > end_addr)
-			continue;
-
-		start = rgn->base;
-		end = start + rgn->size;
-		size += end - start;
-	}
-
-	return size;
-}
-
 void __init_memblock __memblock_dump_all(void)
 {
 	pr_info("MEMBLOCK configuration:\n");
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index 81e18ceef579..5938523eb309 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -291,40 +291,6 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(nr_online_nodes);
 int page_group_by_mobility_disabled __read_mostly;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
-
-/*
- * Determine how many pages need to be initialized during early boot
- * (non-deferred initialization).
- * The value of first_deferred_pfn will be set later, once non-deferred pages
- * are initialized, but for now set it ULONG_MAX.
- */
-static inline void reset_deferred_meminit(pg_data_t *pgdat)
-{
-	phys_addr_t start_addr, end_addr;
-	unsigned long max_pgcnt;
-	unsigned long reserved;
-
-	/*
-	 * Initialise at least 2G of a node but also take into account that
-	 * two large system hashes that can take up 1GB for 0.25TB/node.
-	 */
-	max_pgcnt = max(2UL << (30 - PAGE_SHIFT),
-			(pgdat->node_spanned_pages >> 8));
-
-	/*
-	 * Compensate the all the memblock reservations (e.g. crash kernel)
-	 * from the initial estimation to make sure we will initialize enough
-	 * memory to boot.
-	 */
-	start_addr = PFN_PHYS(pgdat->node_start_pfn);
-	end_addr = PFN_PHYS(pgdat->node_start_pfn + max_pgcnt);
-	reserved = memblock_reserved_memory_within(start_addr, end_addr);
-	max_pgcnt += PHYS_PFN(reserved);
-
-	pgdat->static_init_pgcnt = min(max_pgcnt, pgdat->node_spanned_pages);
-	pgdat->first_deferred_pfn = ULONG_MAX;
-}
-
 /* Returns true if the struct page for the pfn is uninitialised */
 static inline bool __meminit early_page_uninitialised(unsigned long pfn)
 {
@@ -357,10 +323,6 @@ static inline bool update_defer_init(pg_data_t *pgdat,
 	return true;
 }
 #else
-static inline void reset_deferred_meminit(pg_data_t *pgdat)
-{
-}
-
 static inline bool early_page_uninitialised(unsigned long pfn)
 {
 	return false;
@@ -1604,6 +1566,107 @@ static int __init deferred_init_memmap(void *data)
 	pgdat_init_report_one_done();
 	return 0;
 }
+
+/*
+ * This lock grantees that only one thread at a time is allowed to grow zones
+ * (decrease number of deferred pages).
+ * Protects first_deferred_pfn field in all zones during early boot before
+ * deferred pages are initialized.  Deferred pages are initialized in
+ * page_alloc_init_late() soon after smp_init() is complete.
+ */
+static __initdata DEFINE_SPINLOCK(deferred_zone_grow_lock);
+DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(deferred_pages);
+
+/*
+ * If this zone has deferred pages, try to grow it by initializing enough
+ * deferred pages to satisfy the allocation specified by order, rounded up to
+ * the nearest PAGES_PER_SECTION boundary.  So we're adding memory in increments
+ * of SECTION_SIZE bytes by initializing struct pages in increments of
+ * PAGES_PER_SECTION * sizeof(struct page) bytes.
+ *
+ * Return true when zone was grown by at least number of pages specified by
+ * order. Otherwise return false.
+ *
+ * Note: We use noinline because this function is needed only during boot, and
+ * it is called from a __ref function _deferred_grow_zone. This way we are
+ * making sure that it is not inlined into permanent text section.
+ */
+static noinline bool __init
+deferred_grow_zone(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)
+{
+	int zid = zone_idx(zone);
+	int nid = zone->node;
+	pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
+	unsigned long nr_pages_needed = ALIGN(1 << order, PAGES_PER_SECTION);
+	unsigned long nr_pages = 0;
+	unsigned long first_init_pfn, first_deferred_pfn, spfn, epfn, t, flags;
+	phys_addr_t spa, epa;
+	u64 i;
+
+	/* Only the last zone may have deferred pages */
+	if (zone_end_pfn(zone) != pgdat_end_pfn(pgdat))
+		return false;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+	/*
+	 * Bail if we raced with another thread that disabled on demand
+	 * initialization.
+	 */
+	if (!static_branch_unlikely(&deferred_pages)) {
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	first_deferred_pfn = pgdat->first_deferred_pfn;
+	first_init_pfn = max(zone->zone_start_pfn, first_deferred_pfn);
+
+	if (first_init_pfn >= pgdat_end_pfn(pgdat)) {
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	for_each_free_mem_range(i, nid, MEMBLOCK_NONE, &spa, &epa, NULL) {
+		spfn = max_t(unsigned long, first_init_pfn, PFN_UP(spa));
+		epfn = min_t(unsigned long, zone_end_pfn(zone), PFN_DOWN(epa));
+
+		while (spfn < epfn && nr_pages < nr_pages_needed) {
+			t = ALIGN(spfn + PAGES_PER_SECTION, PAGES_PER_SECTION);
+			first_deferred_pfn = min(t, epfn);
+			nr_pages += deferred_init_pages(nid, zid, spfn,
+							first_deferred_pfn);
+			spfn = first_deferred_pfn;
+		}
+
+		if (nr_pages >= nr_pages_needed)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	for_each_free_mem_range(i, nid, MEMBLOCK_NONE, &spa, &epa, NULL) {
+		spfn = max_t(unsigned long, first_init_pfn, PFN_UP(spa));
+		epfn = min_t(unsigned long, first_deferred_pfn, PFN_DOWN(epa));
+		deferred_free_pages(nid, zid, spfn, epfn);
+
+		if (first_deferred_pfn == epfn)
+			break;
+	}
+	pgdat->first_deferred_pfn = first_deferred_pfn;
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+
+	return nr_pages >= nr_pages_needed;
+}
+
+/*
+ * deferred_grow_zone() is __init, but it is called from
+ * get_page_from_freelist() during early boot until deferred_pages permanently
+ * disables this call. This is why we have refdata wrapper to avoid warning,
+ * and to ensure that the function body gets unloaded.
+ */
+static bool __ref
+_deferred_grow_zone(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)
+{
+	return deferred_grow_zone(zone, order);
+}
+
 #endif /* CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT */
 
 void __init page_alloc_init_late(void)
@@ -1613,6 +1676,14 @@ void __init page_alloc_init_late(void)
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
 	int nid;
 
+	/*
+	 * We are about to initialize the rest of deferred pages, permanently
+	 * disable on-demand struct page initialization.
+	 */
+	spin_lock(&deferred_zone_grow_lock);
+	static_branch_disable(&deferred_pages);
+	spin_unlock(&deferred_zone_grow_lock);
+
 	/* There will be num_node_state(N_MEMORY) threads */
 	atomic_set(&pgdat_init_n_undone, num_node_state(N_MEMORY));
 	for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY) {
@@ -3199,6 +3270,16 @@ get_page_from_freelist(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, int alloc_flags,
 				       ac_classzone_idx(ac), alloc_flags)) {
 			int ret;
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
+			/*
+			 * Watermark failed for this zone, but see if we can
+			 * grow this zone if it contains deferred pages.
+			 */
+			if (static_branch_unlikely(&deferred_pages)) {
+				if (_deferred_grow_zone(zone, order))
+					goto try_this_zone;
+			}
+#endif
 			/* Checked here to keep the fast path fast */
 			BUILD_BUG_ON(ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS < NR_WMARK);
 			if (alloc_flags & ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS)
@@ -3240,6 +3321,14 @@ get_page_from_freelist(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, int alloc_flags,
 				reserve_highatomic_pageblock(page, zone, order);
 
 			return page;
+		} else {
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
+			/* Try again if zone has deferred pages */
+			if (static_branch_unlikely(&deferred_pages)) {
+				if (_deferred_grow_zone(zone, order))
+					goto try_this_zone;
+			}
+#endif
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -6247,7 +6336,15 @@ void __paginginit free_area_init_node(int nid, unsigned long *zones_size,
 
 	alloc_node_mem_map(pgdat);
 
-	reset_deferred_meminit(pgdat);
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
+	/*
+	 * We start only with one section of pages, more pages are added as
+	 * needed until the rest of deferred pages are initialized.
+	 */
+	pgdat->static_init_pgcnt = min(PAGES_PER_SECTION,
+				       pgdat->node_spanned_pages);
+	pgdat->first_deferred_pfn = ULONG_MAX;
+#endif
 	free_area_init_core(pgdat);
 }
 
-- 
2.16.1

[PATCH v3 1/1] mm: initialize pages on demand during boot

[Pavel Tatashin]

Deferred page initialization allows the boot cpu to initialize a small
subset of the system's pages early in boot, with other cpus doing the rest
later on.

It is, however, problematic to know how many pages the kernel needs during
boot.  Different modules and kernel parameters may change the requirement,
so the boot cpu either initializes too many pages or runs out of memory.

To fix that, initialize early pages on demand.  This ensures the kernel
does the minimum amount of work to initialize pages during boot and leaves
the rest to be divided in the multithreaded initialization path
(deferred_init_memmap).

The on-demand code is permanently disabled using static branching once
deferred pages are initialized.  After the static branch is changed to
false, the overhead is up-to two branch-always instructions if the zone
watermark check fails or if rmqueue fails.

Signed-off-by: Pavel Tatashin <pasha.tatashin@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Jordan <daniel.m.jordan@oracle.com>
Reviewed-by: Steven Sistare <steven.sistare@oracle.com>
Tested-by: Masayoshi Mizuma <m.mizuma@jp.fujitsu.com>
---
 include/linux/memblock.h |  10 ---
 mm/memblock.c            |  23 -------
 mm/page_alloc.c          | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/memblock.h b/include/linux/memblock.h
index 8be5077efb5f..6c305afd95ab 100644
--- a/include/linux/memblock.h
+++ b/include/linux/memblock.h
@@ -417,21 +417,11 @@ static inline void early_memtest(phys_addr_t start, phys_addr_t end)
 {
 }
 #endif
-
-extern unsigned long memblock_reserved_memory_within(phys_addr_t start_addr,
-		phys_addr_t end_addr);
 #else
 static inline phys_addr_t memblock_alloc(phys_addr_t size, phys_addr_t align)
 {
 	return 0;
 }
-
-static inline unsigned long memblock_reserved_memory_within(phys_addr_t start_addr,
-		phys_addr_t end_addr)
-{
-	return 0;
-}
-
 #endif /* CONFIG_HAVE_MEMBLOCK */
 
 #endif /* __KERNEL__ */
diff --git a/mm/memblock.c b/mm/memblock.c
index 5a9ca2a1751b..4120e9f536f7 100644
--- a/mm/memblock.c
+++ b/mm/memblock.c
@@ -1778,29 +1778,6 @@ static void __init_memblock memblock_dump(struct memblock_type *type)
 	}
 }
 
-extern unsigned long __init_memblock
-memblock_reserved_memory_within(phys_addr_t start_addr, phys_addr_t end_addr)
-{
-	struct memblock_region *rgn;
-	unsigned long size = 0;
-	int idx;
-
-	for_each_memblock_type(idx, (&memblock.reserved), rgn) {
-		phys_addr_t start, end;
-
-		if (rgn->base + rgn->size < start_addr)
-			continue;
-		if (rgn->base > end_addr)
-			continue;
-
-		start = rgn->base;
-		end = start + rgn->size;
-		size += end - start;
-	}
-
-	return size;
-}
-
 void __init_memblock __memblock_dump_all(void)
 {
 	pr_info("MEMBLOCK configuration:\n");
diff --git a/mm/page_alloc.c b/mm/page_alloc.c
index 81e18ceef579..5938523eb309 100644
--- a/mm/page_alloc.c
+++ b/mm/page_alloc.c
@@ -291,40 +291,6 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(nr_online_nodes);
 int page_group_by_mobility_disabled __read_mostly;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
-
-/*
- * Determine how many pages need to be initialized during early boot
- * (non-deferred initialization).
- * The value of first_deferred_pfn will be set later, once non-deferred pages
- * are initialized, but for now set it ULONG_MAX.
- */
-static inline void reset_deferred_meminit(pg_data_t *pgdat)
-{
-	phys_addr_t start_addr, end_addr;
-	unsigned long max_pgcnt;
-	unsigned long reserved;
-
-	/*
-	 * Initialise at least 2G of a node but also take into account that
-	 * two large system hashes that can take up 1GB for 0.25TB/node.
-	 */
-	max_pgcnt = max(2UL << (30 - PAGE_SHIFT),
-			(pgdat->node_spanned_pages >> 8));
-
-	/*
-	 * Compensate the all the memblock reservations (e.g. crash kernel)
-	 * from the initial estimation to make sure we will initialize enough
-	 * memory to boot.
-	 */
-	start_addr = PFN_PHYS(pgdat->node_start_pfn);
-	end_addr = PFN_PHYS(pgdat->node_start_pfn + max_pgcnt);
-	reserved = memblock_reserved_memory_within(start_addr, end_addr);
-	max_pgcnt += PHYS_PFN(reserved);
-
-	pgdat->static_init_pgcnt = min(max_pgcnt, pgdat->node_spanned_pages);
-	pgdat->first_deferred_pfn = ULONG_MAX;
-}
-
 /* Returns true if the struct page for the pfn is uninitialised */
 static inline bool __meminit early_page_uninitialised(unsigned long pfn)
 {
@@ -357,10 +323,6 @@ static inline bool update_defer_init(pg_data_t *pgdat,
 	return true;
 }
 #else
-static inline void reset_deferred_meminit(pg_data_t *pgdat)
-{
-}
-
 static inline bool early_page_uninitialised(unsigned long pfn)
 {
 	return false;
@@ -1604,6 +1566,107 @@ static int __init deferred_init_memmap(void *data)
 	pgdat_init_report_one_done();
 	return 0;
 }
+
+/*
+ * This lock grantees that only one thread at a time is allowed to grow zones
+ * (decrease number of deferred pages).
+ * Protects first_deferred_pfn field in all zones during early boot before
+ * deferred pages are initialized.  Deferred pages are initialized in
+ * page_alloc_init_late() soon after smp_init() is complete.
+ */
+static __initdata DEFINE_SPINLOCK(deferred_zone_grow_lock);
+DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_TRUE(deferred_pages);
+
+/*
+ * If this zone has deferred pages, try to grow it by initializing enough
+ * deferred pages to satisfy the allocation specified by order, rounded up to
+ * the nearest PAGES_PER_SECTION boundary.  So we're adding memory in increments
+ * of SECTION_SIZE bytes by initializing struct pages in increments of
+ * PAGES_PER_SECTION * sizeof(struct page) bytes.
+ *
+ * Return true when zone was grown by at least number of pages specified by
+ * order. Otherwise return false.
+ *
+ * Note: We use noinline because this function is needed only during boot, and
+ * it is called from a __ref function _deferred_grow_zone. This way we are
+ * making sure that it is not inlined into permanent text section.
+ */
+static noinline bool __init
+deferred_grow_zone(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)
+{
+	int zid = zone_idx(zone);
+	int nid = zone->node;
+	pg_data_t *pgdat = NODE_DATA(nid);
+	unsigned long nr_pages_needed = ALIGN(1 << order, PAGES_PER_SECTION);
+	unsigned long nr_pages = 0;
+	unsigned long first_init_pfn, first_deferred_pfn, spfn, epfn, t, flags;
+	phys_addr_t spa, epa;
+	u64 i;
+
+	/* Only the last zone may have deferred pages */
+	if (zone_end_pfn(zone) != pgdat_end_pfn(pgdat))
+		return false;
+
+	spin_lock_irqsave(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+	/*
+	 * Bail if we raced with another thread that disabled on demand
+	 * initialization.
+	 */
+	if (!static_branch_unlikely(&deferred_pages)) {
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	first_deferred_pfn = pgdat->first_deferred_pfn;
+	first_init_pfn = max(zone->zone_start_pfn, first_deferred_pfn);
+
+	if (first_init_pfn >= pgdat_end_pfn(pgdat)) {
+		spin_unlock_irqrestore(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	for_each_free_mem_range(i, nid, MEMBLOCK_NONE, &spa, &epa, NULL) {
+		spfn = max_t(unsigned long, first_init_pfn, PFN_UP(spa));
+		epfn = min_t(unsigned long, zone_end_pfn(zone), PFN_DOWN(epa));
+
+		while (spfn < epfn && nr_pages < nr_pages_needed) {
+			t = ALIGN(spfn + PAGES_PER_SECTION, PAGES_PER_SECTION);
+			first_deferred_pfn = min(t, epfn);
+			nr_pages += deferred_init_pages(nid, zid, spfn,
+							first_deferred_pfn);
+			spfn = first_deferred_pfn;
+		}
+
+		if (nr_pages >= nr_pages_needed)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	for_each_free_mem_range(i, nid, MEMBLOCK_NONE, &spa, &epa, NULL) {
+		spfn = max_t(unsigned long, first_init_pfn, PFN_UP(spa));
+		epfn = min_t(unsigned long, first_deferred_pfn, PFN_DOWN(epa));
+		deferred_free_pages(nid, zid, spfn, epfn);
+
+		if (first_deferred_pfn == epfn)
+			break;
+	}
+	pgdat->first_deferred_pfn = first_deferred_pfn;
+	spin_unlock_irqrestore(&deferred_zone_grow_lock, flags);
+
+	return nr_pages >= nr_pages_needed;
+}
+
+/*
+ * deferred_grow_zone() is __init, but it is called from
+ * get_page_from_freelist() during early boot until deferred_pages permanently
+ * disables this call. This is why we have refdata wrapper to avoid warning,
+ * and to ensure that the function body gets unloaded.
+ */
+static bool __ref
+_deferred_grow_zone(struct zone *zone, unsigned int order)
+{
+	return deferred_grow_zone(zone, order);
+}
+
 #endif /* CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT */
 
 void __init page_alloc_init_late(void)
@@ -1613,6 +1676,14 @@ void __init page_alloc_init_late(void)
 #ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
 	int nid;
 
+	/*
+	 * We are about to initialize the rest of deferred pages, permanently
+	 * disable on-demand struct page initialization.
+	 */
+	spin_lock(&deferred_zone_grow_lock);
+	static_branch_disable(&deferred_pages);
+	spin_unlock(&deferred_zone_grow_lock);
+
 	/* There will be num_node_state(N_MEMORY) threads */
 	atomic_set(&pgdat_init_n_undone, num_node_state(N_MEMORY));
 	for_each_node_state(nid, N_MEMORY) {
@@ -3199,6 +3270,16 @@ get_page_from_freelist(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, int alloc_flags,
 				       ac_classzone_idx(ac), alloc_flags)) {
 			int ret;
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
+			/*
+			 * Watermark failed for this zone, but see if we can
+			 * grow this zone if it contains deferred pages.
+			 */
+			if (static_branch_unlikely(&deferred_pages)) {
+				if (_deferred_grow_zone(zone, order))
+					goto try_this_zone;
+			}
+#endif
 			/* Checked here to keep the fast path fast */
 			BUILD_BUG_ON(ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS < NR_WMARK);
 			if (alloc_flags & ALLOC_NO_WATERMARKS)
@@ -3240,6 +3321,14 @@ get_page_from_freelist(gfp_t gfp_mask, unsigned int order, int alloc_flags,
 				reserve_highatomic_pageblock(page, zone, order);
 
 			return page;
+		} else {
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
+			/* Try again if zone has deferred pages */
+			if (static_branch_unlikely(&deferred_pages)) {
+				if (_deferred_grow_zone(zone, order))
+					goto try_this_zone;
+			}
+#endif
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -6247,7 +6336,15 @@ void __paginginit free_area_init_node(int nid, unsigned long *zones_size,
 
 	alloc_node_mem_map(pgdat);
 
-	reset_deferred_meminit(pgdat);
+#ifdef CONFIG_DEFERRED_STRUCT_PAGE_INIT
+	/*
+	 * We start only with one section of pages, more pages are added as
+	 * needed until the rest of deferred pages are initialized.
+	 */
+	pgdat->static_init_pgcnt = min(PAGES_PER_SECTION,
+				       pgdat->node_spanned_pages);
+	pgdat->first_deferred_pfn = ULONG_MAX;
+#endif
 	free_area_init_core(pgdat);
 }
 
-- 
2.16.1

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[PATCH v3 0/1] initialize pages on demand during boot

[Pavel Tatashin]

Change log:
	v2 - v3
	Andrew Morton's comments:
	- Moved read of pgdat->first_deferred_pfn into
	  deferred_zone_grow_lock, thus got rid of READ_ONCE()/WRITE_ONCE()
	- Replaced spin_lock() with spin_lock_irqsave() in
	  deferred_grow_zone
	- Updated comments for deferred_zone_grow_lock
	- Updated comment before deferred_grow_zone() explaining return
	  value, and also noinline specifier.
	- Fixed comment before _deferred_grow_zone().

	v1 - v2
	Added Tested-by: Masayoshi Mizuma

This change helps for three reasons:

1. Insufficient amount of reserved memory due to arguments provided by
user. User may request some buffers, increased hash tables sizes etc.
Currently, machine panics during boot if it can't allocate memory due
to insufficient amount of reserved memory. With this change, it will
be able to grow zone before deferred pages are initialized.

One observed example is described in the linked discussion [1] Mel
Gorman writes:

"
Yasuaki Ishimatsu reported a premature OOM when trace_buf_size=100m was
specified on a machine with many CPUs. The kernel tried to allocate 38.4GB
but only 16GB was available due to deferred memory initialisation.
"

The allocations in the above scenario happen per-cpu in smp_init(),
and before deferred pages are initialized. So, there is no way to
predict how much memory we should put aside to boot successfully with
deferred page initialization feature compiled in.

2. The second reason is future proof. The kernel memory requirements
may change, and we do not want to constantly update
reset_deferred_meminit() to satisfy the new requirements. In addition,
this function is currently in common code, but potentially would need
to be split into arch specific variants, as more arches will start
taking advantage of deferred page initialization feature.

3. On demand initialization of reserved pages guarantees that we will
initialize only as many pages early in boot using only one thread as
needed, the rest are going to be efficiently initialized in parallel.

[1] https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-mm/msg139087.html

Pavel Tatashin (1):
  mm: initialize pages on demand during boot

 include/linux/memblock.h |  10 ---
 mm/memblock.c            |  23 -------
 mm/page_alloc.c          | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

-- 
2.16.1

[PATCH v3 0/1] initialize pages on demand during boot

[Pavel Tatashin]

Change log:
	v2 - v3
	Andrew Morton's comments:
	- Moved read of pgdat->first_deferred_pfn into
	  deferred_zone_grow_lock, thus got rid of READ_ONCE()/WRITE_ONCE()
	- Replaced spin_lock() with spin_lock_irqsave() in
	  deferred_grow_zone
	- Updated comments for deferred_zone_grow_lock
	- Updated comment before deferred_grow_zone() explaining return
	  value, and also noinline specifier.
	- Fixed comment before _deferred_grow_zone().

	v1 - v2
	Added Tested-by: Masayoshi Mizuma

This change helps for three reasons:

1. Insufficient amount of reserved memory due to arguments provided by
user. User may request some buffers, increased hash tables sizes etc.
Currently, machine panics during boot if it can't allocate memory due
to insufficient amount of reserved memory. With this change, it will
be able to grow zone before deferred pages are initialized.

One observed example is described in the linked discussion [1] Mel
Gorman writes:

"
Yasuaki Ishimatsu reported a premature OOM when trace_buf_size=100m was
specified on a machine with many CPUs. The kernel tried to allocate 38.4GB
but only 16GB was available due to deferred memory initialisation.
"

The allocations in the above scenario happen per-cpu in smp_init(),
and before deferred pages are initialized. So, there is no way to
predict how much memory we should put aside to boot successfully with
deferred page initialization feature compiled in.

2. The second reason is future proof. The kernel memory requirements
may change, and we do not want to constantly update
reset_deferred_meminit() to satisfy the new requirements. In addition,
this function is currently in common code, but potentially would need
to be split into arch specific variants, as more arches will start
taking advantage of deferred page initialization feature.

3. On demand initialization of reserved pages guarantees that we will
initialize only as many pages early in boot using only one thread as
needed, the rest are going to be efficiently initialized in parallel.

[1] https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-mm/msg139087.html

Pavel Tatashin (1):
  mm: initialize pages on demand during boot

 include/linux/memblock.h |  10 ---
 mm/memblock.c            |  23 -------
 mm/page_alloc.c          | 175 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 3 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

-- 
2.16.1

--
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the body to majordomo@kvack.org.  For more info on Linux MM,
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