* [PATCH v2] Align Raspberry Pi DMA interrupts with Linux DTS
@ 2022-07-12 10:45 Andrey Makarov
2022-07-12 22:45 ` Philippe Mathieu-Daudé via
0 siblings, 1 reply; 3+ messages in thread
From: Andrey Makarov @ 2022-07-12 10:45 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: qemu-devel; +Cc: Andrey Makarov
There is nothing in the specs on DMA engine interrupt lines: it should have
been in the "BCM2835 ARM Peripherals" datasheet but the appropriate
"ARM peripherals interrupt table" (p.113) is nearly empty.
All Raspberry Pi models 1-3 (based on bcm2835) have
Linux device tree (arch/arm/boot/dts/bcm2835-common.dtsi +25):
/* dma channel 11-14 share one irq */
This information is repeated in the driver code
(drivers/dma/bcm2835-dma.c +1344):
/*
* in case of channel >= 11
* use the 11th interrupt and that is shared
*/
In this patch channels 0--10 and 11--14 are handled separately.
In version v2:
1) an OR-gate is added according to review
2) a simple qtest is added for testing DMA & its interrupts
Signed-off-by: Andrey Makarov <andrey.makarov@auriga.com>
---
hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c | 21 +++++-
include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h | 2 +
tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
tests/qtest/meson.build | 3 +-
4 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
create mode 100644 tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c
diff --git a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
index 48538c9360..5a9c472b5a 100644
--- a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
+++ b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
@@ -101,6 +101,11 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_init(Object *obj)
/* DMA Channels */
object_initialize_child(obj, "dma", &s->dma, TYPE_BCM2835_DMA);
+ object_initialize_child(obj, "dma-11-14-irq-orgate",
+ &s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate, TYPE_OR_IRQ);
+ object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), "num-lines", 4,
+ &error_abort);
+
object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->dma), "dma-mr",
OBJECT(&s->gpu_bus_mr));
@@ -322,13 +327,27 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
memory_region_add_subregion(&s->peri_mr, DMA15_OFFSET,
sysbus_mmio_get_region(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), 1));
- for (n = 0; n <= 12; n++) {
+ for (n = 0; n <= 10; n++) {
sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), n,
qdev_get_gpio_in_named(DEVICE(&s->ic),
BCM2835_IC_GPU_IRQ,
INTERRUPT_DMA0 + n));
}
+ /* According to DTS, dma channels 11-14 share one irq */
+ if (!qdev_realize(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), NULL, errp)) {
+ return;
+ }
+ for (n = 11; n <= 14; n++) {
+ sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), n,
+ qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate),
+ n - 11));
+ }
+ qdev_connect_gpio_out(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), 0,
+ qdev_get_gpio_in_named(DEVICE(&s->ic),
+ BCM2835_IC_GPU_IRQ,
+ INTERRUPT_DMA0 + 11));
+
/* THERMAL */
if (!sysbus_realize(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->thermal), errp)) {
return;
diff --git a/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h b/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
index d864879421..79e2f2771a 100644
--- a/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
+++ b/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
#include "hw/char/bcm2835_aux.h"
#include "hw/display/bcm2835_fb.h"
#include "hw/dma/bcm2835_dma.h"
+#include "hw/or-irq.h"
#include "hw/intc/bcm2835_ic.h"
#include "hw/misc/bcm2835_property.h"
#include "hw/misc/bcm2835_rng.h"
@@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ struct BCM2835PeripheralState {
BCM2835AuxState aux;
BCM2835FBState fb;
BCM2835DMAState dma;
+ qemu_or_irq dma_11_14_irq_orgate;
BCM2835ICState ic;
BCM2835PropertyState property;
BCM2835RngState rng;
diff --git a/tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c b/tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..111adfe7f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#include "qemu/osdep.h"
+#include "libqtest-single.h"
+
+/* Offsets in raspi3b platform: */
+#define RASPI3_DMA_BASE 0x3f007000
+#define RASPI3_IC_BASE 0x3f00b200
+
+/* Used register/fields definitions */
+
+/* DMA engine registers: */
+#define BCM2708_DMA_CS 0
+#define BCM2708_DMA_ACTIVE (1 << 0)
+#define BCM2708_DMA_INT (1 << 2)
+
+#define BCM2708_DMA_ADDR 0x04
+
+#define BCM2708_DMA_INT_STATUS 0xfe0
+
+/* DMA Trasfer Info fields: */
+#define BCM2708_DMA_INT_EN (1 << 0)
+#define BCM2708_DMA_D_INC (1 << 4)
+#define BCM2708_DMA_S_INC (1 << 8)
+
+/* Interrupt controller registers: */
+#define IRQ_PENDING_BASIC 0x00
+#define IRQ_GPU_PENDING1_AGGR (1 << 8)
+#define IRQ_PENDING_1 0x04
+#define IRQ_ENABLE_1 0x10
+
+/* Data for the test: */
+#define SCB_ADDR 256
+#define S_ADDR 32
+#define D_ADDR 64
+#define TXFR_LEN 32
+const uint32_t check_data = 0x12345678;
+
+static void bcm2835_dma_test_interrupt(int dma_c, int irq_line) {
+ uint64_t dma_base = RASPI3_DMA_BASE + dma_c * 0x100;
+ int gpu_irq_line = 16 + irq_line;
+
+ /* Check that interrupts are silent by default: */
+ writel(RASPI3_IC_BASE + IRQ_ENABLE_1, 1 << gpu_irq_line);
+ int isr = readl(dma_base + BCM2708_DMA_INT_STATUS);
+ g_assert_cmpint(isr, ==, 0);
+ uint32_t reg0 = readl(dma_base + BCM2708_DMA_CS);
+ g_assert_cmpint(reg0, ==, 0);
+ uint32_t ic_pending = readl(RASPI3_IC_BASE + IRQ_PENDING_BASIC);
+ g_assert_cmpint(ic_pending, ==, 0);
+ uint32_t gpu_pending1 = readl(RASPI3_IC_BASE + IRQ_PENDING_1);
+ g_assert_cmpint(gpu_pending1, ==, 0);
+
+ /* Prepare Control Block: */
+ writel(SCB_ADDR + 0, BCM2708_DMA_S_INC | BCM2708_DMA_D_INC |
+ BCM2708_DMA_INT_EN); /* transfer info */
+ writel(SCB_ADDR + 4, S_ADDR); /* source address */
+ writel(SCB_ADDR + 8, D_ADDR); /* destination address */
+ writel(SCB_ADDR + 12, TXFR_LEN); /* transfer length */
+ writel(dma_base + BCM2708_DMA_ADDR, SCB_ADDR);
+
+ writel(S_ADDR, check_data);
+ for (int word = S_ADDR + 4; word < S_ADDR + TXFR_LEN; word += 4)
+ writel(word, ~check_data);
+ /* Perform the transfer: */
+ writel(dma_base + BCM2708_DMA_CS, BCM2708_DMA_ACTIVE);
+
+ /* Check that destination == source: */
+ uint32_t data = readl(D_ADDR);
+ g_assert_cmpint(data, ==, check_data);
+ for (int word = D_ADDR + 4; word < D_ADDR + TXFR_LEN; word += 4) {
+ data = readl(word);
+ g_assert_cmpint(data, ==, ~check_data);
+ }
+
+ /* Check that interrupt status is set both in DMA and IC controllers: */
+ isr = readl(RASPI3_DMA_BASE + BCM2708_DMA_INT_STATUS);
+ g_assert_cmpint(isr, ==, 1 << dma_c);
+
+ ic_pending = readl(RASPI3_IC_BASE + IRQ_PENDING_BASIC);
+ g_assert_cmpint(ic_pending, ==, IRQ_GPU_PENDING1_AGGR);
+
+ gpu_pending1 = readl(RASPI3_IC_BASE + IRQ_PENDING_1);
+ g_assert_cmpint(gpu_pending1, ==, 1 << gpu_irq_line);
+
+ /* Clean up, clear interrupt: */
+ writel(dma_base + BCM2708_DMA_CS, BCM2708_DMA_INT);
+}
+
+static void bcm2835_dma_test_interrupts(void) {
+ /* DMA engines 0--10 have separate IRQ lines, 11--14 - only one: */
+ bcm2835_dma_test_interrupt(0, 0);
+ bcm2835_dma_test_interrupt(10, 10);
+ bcm2835_dma_test_interrupt(11, 11);
+ bcm2835_dma_test_interrupt(14, 11);
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+ int ret;
+ g_test_init(&argc, &argv, NULL);
+ qtest_add_func("/bcm2835/dma/test_interrupts",
+ bcm2835_dma_test_interrupts);
+ qtest_start("-machine raspi3b");
+ ret = g_test_run();
+ qtest_end();
+ return ret;
+}
diff --git a/tests/qtest/meson.build b/tests/qtest/meson.build
index 31287a9173..3a474010e4 100644
--- a/tests/qtest/meson.build
+++ b/tests/qtest/meson.build
@@ -218,7 +218,8 @@ qtests_aarch64 = \
['arm-cpu-features',
'numa-test',
'boot-serial-test',
- 'migration-test']
+ 'migration-test',
+ 'bcm2835-dma-test']
qtests_s390x = \
(slirp.found() ? ['pxe-test', 'test-netfilter'] : []) + \
--
2.30.2
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 3+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v2] Align Raspberry Pi DMA interrupts with Linux DTS
2022-07-12 10:45 [PATCH v2] Align Raspberry Pi DMA interrupts with Linux DTS Andrey Makarov
@ 2022-07-12 22:45 ` Philippe Mathieu-Daudé via
2022-07-14 10:33 ` Makarov, Andrey
0 siblings, 1 reply; 3+ messages in thread
From: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé via @ 2022-07-12 22:45 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Andrey Makarov, qemu-devel; +Cc: Andrey Makarov
Hi Andrey,
On 12/7/22 12:45, Andrey Makarov wrote:
> There is nothing in the specs on DMA engine interrupt lines: it should have
> been in the "BCM2835 ARM Peripherals" datasheet but the appropriate
> "ARM peripherals interrupt table" (p.113) is nearly empty.
>
> All Raspberry Pi models 1-3 (based on bcm2835) have
> Linux device tree (arch/arm/boot/dts/bcm2835-common.dtsi +25):
>
> /* dma channel 11-14 share one irq */
>
> This information is repeated in the driver code
> (drivers/dma/bcm2835-dma.c +1344):
>
> /*
> * in case of channel >= 11
> * use the 11th interrupt and that is shared
> */
>
> In this patch channels 0--10 and 11--14 are handled separately.
>
> In version v2:
>
> 1) an OR-gate is added according to review
> 2) a simple qtest is added for testing DMA & its interrupts
>
> Signed-off-by: Andrey Makarov <andrey.makarov@auriga.com>
> ---
> hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c | 21 +++++-
> include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h | 2 +
> tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> tests/qtest/meson.build | 3 +-
> 4 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c
>
> diff --git a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
> index 48538c9360..5a9c472b5a 100644
> --- a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
> +++ b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
> @@ -101,6 +101,11 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_init(Object *obj)
> /* DMA Channels */
> object_initialize_child(obj, "dma", &s->dma, TYPE_BCM2835_DMA);
>
> + object_initialize_child(obj, "dma-11-14-irq-orgate",
Maybe name "shared-dma-irq-orgate"?
> + &s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate, TYPE_OR_IRQ);
Similarly 'shared_dma' or 'orgated-dma'? But not _11_14_.
> + object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), "num-lines", 4,
Instead of using a magic number:
#define BCM2835_SHARED_DMA_COUNT 4
> + &error_abort);
> +
> object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->dma), "dma-mr",
> OBJECT(&s->gpu_bus_mr));
>
> @@ -322,13 +327,27 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
> memory_region_add_subregion(&s->peri_mr, DMA15_OFFSET,
> sysbus_mmio_get_region(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), 1));
>
> - for (n = 0; n <= 12; n++) {
> + for (n = 0; n <= 10; n++) {
So before we could trigger IRQ #12, and now it is unbound?
Also:
#define BCM2835_DMA_CHANNELS 10
> sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), n,
> qdev_get_gpio_in_named(DEVICE(&s->ic),
> BCM2835_IC_GPU_IRQ,
> INTERRUPT_DMA0 + n));
> }
>
> + /* According to DTS, dma channels 11-14 share one irq */
> + if (!qdev_realize(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), NULL, errp)) {
> + return;
> + }
> + for (n = 11; n <= 14; n++) {
Logic simplified if you use the [0 .. BCM2835_SHARED_DMA_COUNT-1] range:
for (n = 0; n < BCM2835_SHARED_DMA_COUNT; n++) {
> + sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), n,
BCM2835_DMA_CHANNELS + 1 + n,
> + qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate),
> + n - 11));
n)
> + }
> + qdev_connect_gpio_out(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), 0,
> + qdev_get_gpio_in_named(DEVICE(&s->ic),
> + BCM2835_IC_GPU_IRQ,
> + INTERRUPT_DMA0 + 11));
> +
> /* THERMAL */
> if (!sysbus_realize(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->thermal), errp)) {
> return;
> diff --git a/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h b/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
> index d864879421..79e2f2771a 100644
> --- a/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
> +++ b/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
> @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
> #include "hw/char/bcm2835_aux.h"
> #include "hw/display/bcm2835_fb.h"
> #include "hw/dma/bcm2835_dma.h"
> +#include "hw/or-irq.h"
> #include "hw/intc/bcm2835_ic.h"
> #include "hw/misc/bcm2835_property.h"
> #include "hw/misc/bcm2835_rng.h"
> @@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ struct BCM2835PeripheralState {
> BCM2835AuxState aux;
> BCM2835FBState fb;
> BCM2835DMAState dma;
> + qemu_or_irq dma_11_14_irq_orgate;
> BCM2835ICState ic;
> BCM2835PropertyState property;
> BCM2835RngState rng;
Regards,
Phil.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 3+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v2] Align Raspberry Pi DMA interrupts with Linux DTS
2022-07-12 22:45 ` Philippe Mathieu-Daudé via
@ 2022-07-14 10:33 ` Makarov, Andrey
0 siblings, 0 replies; 3+ messages in thread
From: Makarov, Andrey @ 2022-07-14 10:33 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé, Andrey Makarov, qemu-devel
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 6979 bytes --]
Hi Phil,
Agreed, for v3 I selected naming with "orgated" instead of "shared" because there is already IRQ line #15 that is called shared which seems like a completely different thing and it's "not used" according to DTS (arch/arm/boot/dts/bcm2835-common.dtsi):
interrupts = <1 16>,
<1 17>,
<1 18>,
<1 19>,
<1 20>,
<1 21>,
<1 22>,
<1 23>,
<1 24>,
<1 25>,
<1 26>,
/* dma channel 11-14 share one irq */
<1 27>,
<1 27>,
<1 27>,
<1 27>,
/* unused shared irq for all channels */
<1 28>;
> So before we could trigger IRQ #12, and now it is unbound?
Yeah, well, DMA IRQ #12 is bound to the same line as #11, but DMA IRQ #15 aka IC IRQ # INTERRUPT_DMA0+12=16+12=28 is not bound anymore indeed (the last one in the list above). Previously channels 0--12 were bound linearly and it was unclear what this hard-coded "12" is. (This 12 is never mentioned anywhere besides Qemu.) So actually 3 DMA IRQ #13-15 were unbound before.
I omitted this last DMA IRQ #15 (IC IRQ #28) — it clearly has some special status in the spec, e.g. it has a different block of DMA address, but it's not described otherwise. I assumed that "unused" means off.
Best regards,
Andrey Makarov
Software Team Lead
Auriga LLC
________________________________
From: Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <philippe.mathieu.daude@gmail.com> on behalf of Philippe Mathieu-Daudé <f4bug@amsat.org>
Sent: Wednesday, July 13, 2022 1:45:13 AM
To: Andrey Makarov; qemu-devel@nongnu.org
Cc: Makarov, Andrey
Subject: Re: [PATCH v2] Align Raspberry Pi DMA interrupts with Linux DTS
Hi Andrey,
On 12/7/22 12:45, Andrey Makarov wrote:
> There is nothing in the specs on DMA engine interrupt lines: it should have
> been in the "BCM2835 ARM Peripherals" datasheet but the appropriate
> "ARM peripherals interrupt table" (p.113) is nearly empty.
>
> All Raspberry Pi models 1-3 (based on bcm2835) have
> Linux device tree (arch/arm/boot/dts/bcm2835-common.dtsi +25):
>
> /* dma channel 11-14 share one irq */
>
> This information is repeated in the driver code
> (drivers/dma/bcm2835-dma.c +1344):
>
> /*
> * in case of channel >= 11
> * use the 11th interrupt and that is shared
> */
>
> In this patch channels 0--10 and 11--14 are handled separately.
>
> In version v2:
>
> 1) an OR-gate is added according to review
> 2) a simple qtest is added for testing DMA & its interrupts
>
> Signed-off-by: Andrey Makarov <andrey.makarov@auriga.com>
> ---
> hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c | 21 +++++-
> include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h | 2 +
> tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c | 106 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> tests/qtest/meson.build | 3 +-
> 4 files changed, 130 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
> create mode 100644 tests/qtest/bcm2835-dma-test.c
>
> diff --git a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
> index 48538c9360..5a9c472b5a 100644
> --- a/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
> +++ b/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.c
> @@ -101,6 +101,11 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_init(Object *obj)
> /* DMA Channels */
> object_initialize_child(obj, "dma", &s->dma, TYPE_BCM2835_DMA);
>
> + object_initialize_child(obj, "dma-11-14-irq-orgate",
Maybe name "shared-dma-irq-orgate"?
> + &s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate, TYPE_OR_IRQ);
Similarly 'shared_dma' or 'orgated-dma'? But not _11_14_.
> + object_property_set_int(OBJECT(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), "num-lines", 4,
Instead of using a magic number:
#define BCM2835_SHARED_DMA_COUNT 4
> + &error_abort);
> +
> object_property_add_const_link(OBJECT(&s->dma), "dma-mr",
> OBJECT(&s->gpu_bus_mr));
>
> @@ -322,13 +327,27 @@ static void bcm2835_peripherals_realize(DeviceState *dev, Error **errp)
> memory_region_add_subregion(&s->peri_mr, DMA15_OFFSET,
> sysbus_mmio_get_region(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), 1));
>
> - for (n = 0; n <= 12; n++) {
> + for (n = 0; n <= 10; n++) {
So before we could trigger IRQ #12, and now it is unbound?
Also:
#define BCM2835_DMA_CHANNELS 10
> sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), n,
> qdev_get_gpio_in_named(DEVICE(&s->ic),
> BCM2835_IC_GPU_IRQ,
> INTERRUPT_DMA0 + n));
> }
>
> + /* According to DTS, dma channels 11-14 share one irq */
> + if (!qdev_realize(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), NULL, errp)) {
> + return;
> + }
> + for (n = 11; n <= 14; n++) {
Logic simplified if you use the [0 .. BCM2835_SHARED_DMA_COUNT-1] range:
for (n = 0; n < BCM2835_SHARED_DMA_COUNT; n++) {
> + sysbus_connect_irq(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->dma), n,
BCM2835_DMA_CHANNELS + 1 + n,
> + qdev_get_gpio_in(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate),
> + n - 11));
n)
> + }
> + qdev_connect_gpio_out(DEVICE(&s->dma_11_14_irq_orgate), 0,
> + qdev_get_gpio_in_named(DEVICE(&s->ic),
> + BCM2835_IC_GPU_IRQ,
> + INTERRUPT_DMA0 + 11));
> +
> /* THERMAL */
> if (!sysbus_realize(SYS_BUS_DEVICE(&s->thermal), errp)) {
> return;
> diff --git a/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h b/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
> index d864879421..79e2f2771a 100644
> --- a/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
> +++ b/include/hw/arm/bcm2835_peripherals.h
> @@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
> #include "hw/char/bcm2835_aux.h"
> #include "hw/display/bcm2835_fb.h"
> #include "hw/dma/bcm2835_dma.h"
> +#include "hw/or-irq.h"
> #include "hw/intc/bcm2835_ic.h"
> #include "hw/misc/bcm2835_property.h"
> #include "hw/misc/bcm2835_rng.h"
> @@ -55,6 +56,7 @@ struct BCM2835PeripheralState {
> BCM2835AuxState aux;
> BCM2835FBState fb;
> BCM2835DMAState dma;
> + qemu_or_irq dma_11_14_irq_orgate;
> BCM2835ICState ic;
> BCM2835PropertyState property;
> BCM2835RngState rng;
Regards,
Phil.
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2022-07-12 10:45 [PATCH v2] Align Raspberry Pi DMA interrupts with Linux DTS Andrey Makarov
2022-07-12 22:45 ` Philippe Mathieu-Daudé via
2022-07-14 10:33 ` Makarov, Andrey
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