* [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control @ 2021-03-02 9:53 Stanimir Varbanov 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh " Stanimir Varbanov ` (2 more replies) 0 siblings, 3 replies; 6+ messages in thread From: Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-03-02 9:53 UTC (permalink / raw) To: linux-media, linux-kernel, linux-arm-msm Cc: Ezequiel Garcia, nicolas.dufresne, Hans Verkuil, Stanimir Varbanov Hi, This series add a new intra-refresh period control for encoders. The series is a continuation of [1]. Comments addressed: * A typo in .rst (Hans) * Clarified the relationship with CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB (Hans) Comments are welcome! regards, Stan [1] https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-media/msg183019.html Stanimir Varbanov (2): media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh period control venus: venc: Add support for intra-refresh period .../media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst | 12 ++++++++ drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h | 1 + drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ .../media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c | 13 ++++----- drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c | 2 ++ include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h | 1 + 6 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) -- 2.25.1 ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v3 1/2] media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh period control 2021-03-02 9:53 [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-03-02 9:53 ` Stanimir Varbanov 2021-04-13 15:56 ` Hans Verkuil 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 2/2] venus: venc: Add support for intra-refresh period Stanimir Varbanov 2021-04-13 15:49 ` [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov 2 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread From: Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-03-02 9:53 UTC (permalink / raw) To: linux-media, linux-kernel, linux-arm-msm Cc: Ezequiel Garcia, nicolas.dufresne, Hans Verkuil, Stanimir Varbanov Add a control to set intra-refresh period. Signed-off-by: Stanimir Varbanov <stanimir.varbanov@linaro.org> --- .../userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst | 12 ++++++++++++ drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c | 2 ++ include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h | 1 + 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+) diff --git a/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst b/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst index 00944e97d638..49e6d364ded7 100644 --- a/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst +++ b/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst @@ -1104,6 +1104,18 @@ enum v4l2_mpeg_video_h264_entropy_mode - macroblocks is refreshed until the cycle completes and starts from the top of the frame. Applicable to H264, H263 and MPEG4 encoder. +``V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD (integer)`` + Intra macroblock refresh period. This sets the period to refresh + the whole frame. In other words, this defines the number of frames + for which the whole frame will be intra-refreshed. An example: + setting period to 1 means that the whole frame will be refreshed, + setting period to 2 means that the half of macroblocks will be + intra-refreshed on frameX and the other half of macroblocks + will be refreshed in frameX + 1 and so on. Setting period to zero + means no period is specified. Note that intra-refresh is mutually + exclusive with V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB control. + Applicable to H264 and HEVC encoders. + ``V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FRAME_RC_ENABLE (boolean)`` Frame level rate control enable. If this control is disabled then the quantization parameter for each frame type is constant and set diff --git a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c index 016cf6204cbb..2ee463e08f1e 100644 --- a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c +++ b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c @@ -869,6 +869,7 @@ const char *v4l2_ctrl_get_name(u32 id) case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_DECODER_SLICE_INTERFACE: return "Decoder Slice Interface"; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_DECODER_MPEG4_DEBLOCK_FILTER: return "MPEG4 Loop Filter Enable"; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB: return "Number of Intra Refresh MBs"; + case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD: return "Intra Refresh Period"; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FRAME_RC_ENABLE: return "Frame Level Rate Control Enable"; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MB_RC_ENABLE: return "H264 MB Level Rate Control"; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_HEADER_MODE: return "Sequence Header Mode"; @@ -1276,6 +1277,7 @@ void v4l2_ctrl_fill(u32 id, const char **name, enum v4l2_ctrl_type *type, break; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MV_H_SEARCH_RANGE: case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MV_V_SEARCH_RANGE: + case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD: *type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_INTEGER; break; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FORCE_KEY_FRAME: diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h b/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h index 039c0d7add1b..1fddd9f0d4f1 100644 --- a/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h +++ b/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h @@ -428,6 +428,7 @@ enum v4l2_mpeg_video_multi_slice_mode { #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MV_V_SEARCH_RANGE (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+228) #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FORCE_KEY_FRAME (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+229) #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_BASELAYER_PRIORITY_ID (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+230) +#define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+231) /* CIDs for the MPEG-2 Part 2 (H.262) codec */ #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG2_LEVEL (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+270) -- 2.25.1 ^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 1/2] media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh period control 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh " Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-04-13 15:56 ` Hans Verkuil 0 siblings, 0 replies; 6+ messages in thread From: Hans Verkuil @ 2021-04-13 15:56 UTC (permalink / raw) To: Stanimir Varbanov, linux-media, linux-kernel, linux-arm-msm Cc: Ezequiel Garcia, nicolas.dufresne On 02/03/2021 10:53, Stanimir Varbanov wrote: > Add a control to set intra-refresh period. > > Signed-off-by: Stanimir Varbanov <stanimir.varbanov@linaro.org> > --- > .../userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst | 12 ++++++++++++ > drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c | 2 ++ > include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h | 1 + > 3 files changed, 15 insertions(+) > > diff --git a/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst b/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst > index 00944e97d638..49e6d364ded7 100644 > --- a/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst > +++ b/Documentation/userspace-api/media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst > @@ -1104,6 +1104,18 @@ enum v4l2_mpeg_video_h264_entropy_mode - > macroblocks is refreshed until the cycle completes and starts from > the top of the frame. Applicable to H264, H263 and MPEG4 encoder. > > +``V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD (integer)`` > + Intra macroblock refresh period. This sets the period to refresh > + the whole frame. In other words, this defines the number of frames > + for which the whole frame will be intra-refreshed. An example: > + setting period to 1 means that the whole frame will be refreshed, > + setting period to 2 means that the half of macroblocks will be > + intra-refreshed on frameX and the other half of macroblocks > + will be refreshed in frameX + 1 and so on. Setting period to zero > + means no period is specified. Note that intra-refresh is mutually Double space after 'intra-refresh' > + exclusive with V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB control. 1) The same must be mentioned in the V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB control documentation as well. 2) What does it mean: 'mutually exclusive'? Does that mean that a driver implements only one or the other? If not, and both can be implemented, then how does userspace know which control is applied? Also, you mentioned that V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB is enumerated in the venus driver, but doesn't do anything. Wouldn't it be better to remove it? Regards, Hans > + Applicable to H264 and HEVC encoders. > + > ``V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FRAME_RC_ENABLE (boolean)`` > Frame level rate control enable. If this control is disabled then > the quantization parameter for each frame type is constant and set > diff --git a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c > index 016cf6204cbb..2ee463e08f1e 100644 > --- a/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c > +++ b/drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c > @@ -869,6 +869,7 @@ const char *v4l2_ctrl_get_name(u32 id) > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_DECODER_SLICE_INTERFACE: return "Decoder Slice Interface"; > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_DECODER_MPEG4_DEBLOCK_FILTER: return "MPEG4 Loop Filter Enable"; > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB: return "Number of Intra Refresh MBs"; > + case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD: return "Intra Refresh Period"; > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FRAME_RC_ENABLE: return "Frame Level Rate Control Enable"; > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MB_RC_ENABLE: return "H264 MB Level Rate Control"; > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_HEADER_MODE: return "Sequence Header Mode"; > @@ -1276,6 +1277,7 @@ void v4l2_ctrl_fill(u32 id, const char **name, enum v4l2_ctrl_type *type, > break; > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MV_H_SEARCH_RANGE: > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MV_V_SEARCH_RANGE: > + case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD: > *type = V4L2_CTRL_TYPE_INTEGER; > break; > case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FORCE_KEY_FRAME: > diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h b/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h > index 039c0d7add1b..1fddd9f0d4f1 100644 > --- a/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h > +++ b/include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h > @@ -428,6 +428,7 @@ enum v4l2_mpeg_video_multi_slice_mode { > #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MV_V_SEARCH_RANGE (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+228) > #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_FORCE_KEY_FRAME (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+229) > #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_BASELAYER_PRIORITY_ID (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+230) > +#define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+231) > > /* CIDs for the MPEG-2 Part 2 (H.262) codec */ > #define V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_MPEG2_LEVEL (V4L2_CID_CODEC_BASE+270) > ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v3 2/2] venus: venc: Add support for intra-refresh period 2021-03-02 9:53 [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh " Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-03-02 9:53 ` Stanimir Varbanov 2021-04-13 15:49 ` [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov 2 siblings, 0 replies; 6+ messages in thread From: Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-03-02 9:53 UTC (permalink / raw) To: linux-media, linux-kernel, linux-arm-msm Cc: Ezequiel Garcia, nicolas.dufresne, Hans Verkuil, Stanimir Varbanov Add support for intra-refresh period v4l2 control and drop cyclic intra-refresh macroblock control in the same time. Signed-off-by: Stanimir Varbanov <stanimir.varbanov@linaro.org> --- drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h | 1 + drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ .../media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c | 13 ++++----- 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h b/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h index a252ed32cc14..8602b7af6a6f 100644 --- a/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h +++ b/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h @@ -222,6 +222,7 @@ struct venc_controls { u32 multi_slice_max_mb; u32 header_mode; + u32 intra_refresh_period; struct { u32 h264; diff --git a/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c b/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c index 6976ed553647..dcc9bd3475bf 100644 --- a/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c +++ b/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c @@ -546,6 +546,7 @@ static int venc_set_properties(struct venus_inst *inst) struct hfi_quantization quant; struct hfi_quantization_range quant_range; struct hfi_enable en; + struct hfi_intra_refresh intra_refresh = {}; u32 ptype, rate_control, bitrate; u32 profile, level; int ret; @@ -754,6 +755,33 @@ static int venc_set_properties(struct venus_inst *inst) if (ret) return ret; + if ((inst->fmt_cap->pixfmt == V4L2_PIX_FMT_H264 || + inst->fmt_cap->pixfmt == V4L2_PIX_FMT_HEVC) && + (rate_control == HFI_RATE_CONTROL_CBR_VFR || + rate_control == HFI_RATE_CONTROL_CBR_CFR)) { + intra_refresh.mode = HFI_INTRA_REFRESH_NONE; + intra_refresh.cir_mbs = 0; + + if (ctr->intra_refresh_period) { + u32 mbs; + + mbs = ALIGN(inst->width, 16) * ALIGN(inst->height, 16); + mbs /= 16 * 16; + if (mbs % ctr->intra_refresh_period) + mbs++; + mbs /= ctr->intra_refresh_period; + + intra_refresh.mode = HFI_INTRA_REFRESH_RANDOM; + intra_refresh.cir_mbs = mbs; + } + + ptype = HFI_PROPERTY_PARAM_VENC_INTRA_REFRESH; + + ret = hfi_session_set_property(inst, ptype, &intra_refresh); + if (ret) + return ret; + } + return 0; } diff --git a/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c b/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c index a52b80055173..6909426882ac 100644 --- a/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c +++ b/drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c @@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ #define SLICE_BYTE_SIZE_MAX 1024 #define SLICE_BYTE_SIZE_MIN 1024 #define SLICE_MB_SIZE_MAX 300 -#define INTRA_REFRESH_MBS_MAX 300 #define AT_SLICE_BOUNDARY \ V4L2_MPEG_VIDEO_H264_LOOP_FILTER_MODE_DISABLED_AT_SLICE_BOUNDARY @@ -224,8 +223,6 @@ static int venc_op_s_ctrl(struct v4l2_ctrl *ctrl) } mutex_unlock(&inst->lock); break; - case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB: - break; case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_GOP_SIZE: ret = venc_calc_bpframes(ctrl->val, ctr->num_b_frames, &bframes, &ctr->num_p_frames); @@ -276,6 +273,9 @@ static int venc_op_s_ctrl(struct v4l2_ctrl *ctrl) case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_BASELAYER_PRIORITY_ID: ctr->base_priority_id = ctrl->val; break; + case V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD: + ctr->intra_refresh_period = ctrl->val; + break; default: return -EINVAL; } @@ -459,10 +459,6 @@ int venc_ctrl_init(struct venus_inst *inst) v4l2_ctrl_new_std(&inst->ctrl_handler, &venc_ctrl_ops, V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_H264_LOOP_FILTER_BETA, -6, 6, 1, 0); - v4l2_ctrl_new_std(&inst->ctrl_handler, &venc_ctrl_ops, - V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB, - 0, INTRA_REFRESH_MBS_MAX, 1, 0); - v4l2_ctrl_new_std(&inst->ctrl_handler, &venc_ctrl_ops, V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_GOP_SIZE, 0, (1 << 16) - 1, 1, 30); @@ -497,6 +493,9 @@ int venc_ctrl_init(struct venus_inst *inst) v4l2_ctrl_new_std(&inst->ctrl_handler, &venc_ctrl_ops, V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_BASELAYER_PRIORITY_ID, 0, 6, 1, 0); + v4l2_ctrl_new_std(&inst->ctrl_handler, &venc_ctrl_ops, + V4L2_CID_MPEG_VIDEO_INTRA_REFRESH_PERIOD, 0, + ((4096 * 2304) >> 8), 1, 0); ret = inst->ctrl_handler.error; if (ret) -- 2.25.1 ^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control 2021-03-02 9:53 [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh " Stanimir Varbanov 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 2/2] venus: venc: Add support for intra-refresh period Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-04-13 15:49 ` Stanimir Varbanov 2021-04-13 15:57 ` Hans Verkuil 2 siblings, 1 reply; 6+ messages in thread From: Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-04-13 15:49 UTC (permalink / raw) To: Stanimir Varbanov, linux-media, linux-kernel, linux-arm-msm Cc: Ezequiel Garcia, nicolas.dufresne, Hans Verkuil Hi Hans, Any comments? On 3/2/21 11:53 AM, Stanimir Varbanov wrote: > Hi, > > This series add a new intra-refresh period control for encoders. The > series is a continuation of [1]. Comments addressed: > * A typo in .rst (Hans) > * Clarified the relationship with CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB (Hans) > > Comments are welcome! > > regards, > Stan > > [1] https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-media/msg183019.html > > Stanimir Varbanov (2): > media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh period control > venus: venc: Add support for intra-refresh period > > .../media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst | 12 ++++++++ > drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h | 1 + > drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ > .../media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c | 13 ++++----- > drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c | 2 ++ > include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h | 1 + > 6 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) > -- regards, Stan ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control 2021-04-13 15:49 ` [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov @ 2021-04-13 15:57 ` Hans Verkuil 0 siblings, 0 replies; 6+ messages in thread From: Hans Verkuil @ 2021-04-13 15:57 UTC (permalink / raw) To: Stanimir Varbanov, linux-media, linux-kernel, linux-arm-msm Cc: Ezequiel Garcia, nicolas.dufresne On 13/04/2021 17:49, Stanimir Varbanov wrote: > Hi Hans, > > Any comments? Thanks for the reminder, I replied to the patch. Regards, Hans > > On 3/2/21 11:53 AM, Stanimir Varbanov wrote: >> Hi, >> >> This series add a new intra-refresh period control for encoders. The >> series is a continuation of [1]. Comments addressed: >> * A typo in .rst (Hans) >> * Clarified the relationship with CYCLIC_INTRA_REFRESH_MB (Hans) >> >> Comments are welcome! >> >> regards, >> Stan >> >> [1] https://www.spinics.net/lists/linux-media/msg183019.html >> >> Stanimir Varbanov (2): >> media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh period control >> venus: venc: Add support for intra-refresh period >> >> .../media/v4l/ext-ctrls-codec.rst | 12 ++++++++ >> drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/core.h | 1 + >> drivers/media/platform/qcom/venus/venc.c | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ >> .../media/platform/qcom/venus/venc_ctrls.c | 13 ++++----- >> drivers/media/v4l2-core/v4l2-ctrls.c | 2 ++ >> include/uapi/linux/v4l2-controls.h | 1 + >> 6 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) >> > ^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 6+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2021-04-13 15:57 UTC | newest] Thread overview: 6+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed) -- links below jump to the message on this page -- 2021-03-02 9:53 [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 1/2] media: v4l2-ctrls: Add intra-refresh " Stanimir Varbanov 2021-04-13 15:56 ` Hans Verkuil 2021-03-02 9:53 ` [PATCH v3 2/2] venus: venc: Add support for intra-refresh period Stanimir Varbanov 2021-04-13 15:49 ` [PATCH v3 0/2] Intra-refresh period control Stanimir Varbanov 2021-04-13 15:57 ` Hans Verkuil
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