[PATCH v9 0/2] security: Yama LSM

[PATCH v9 0/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

As discussed at the Linux Security Summit, I'm resubmitting this
code. As an LSM, it has coherent policy around expanding specific DAC
behaviors. There is no need for it to be a full-blown MAC, since it is
not intended to be one, but rather to be a simplified expansion to DAC,
with system-wide knobs. See the specific patches for details...

This version only contains the ptrace restrictions, since a path has
been cleared for that (thanks Roland). The link restriction discussion
can continue separately. In the meantime, I will carry it as a patch here:
http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/kees/linux.git;a=shortlog;h=refs/heads/yama

Thanks,

-Kees

[kernel-hardening] [PATCH v9 0/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

As discussed at the Linux Security Summit, I'm resubmitting this
code. As an LSM, it has coherent policy around expanding specific DAC
behaviors. There is no need for it to be a full-blown MAC, since it is
not intended to be one, but rather to be a simplified expansion to DAC,
with system-wide knobs. See the specific patches for details...

This version only contains the ptrace restrictions, since a path has
been cleared for that (thanks Roland). The link restriction discussion
can continue separately. In the meantime, I will carry it as a patch here:
http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/kees/linux.git;a=shortlog;h=refs/heads/yama

Thanks,

-Kees

[PATCH 1/2] security: create task_free security callback

[Kees Cook]

The current LSM interface to cred_free is not sufficient for allowing
an LSM to track the life and death of a task. This patch adds the
task_free hook so that an LSM can clean up resources on task death.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
---
 include/linux/security.h |    9 +++++++++
 kernel/fork.c            |    1 +
 security/capability.c    |    5 +++++
 security/security.c      |    5 +++++
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/security.h b/include/linux/security.h
index 19d8e04..3fc021d 100644
--- a/include/linux/security.h
+++ b/include/linux/security.h
@@ -650,6 +650,10 @@ static inline void security_free_mnt_opts(struct security_mnt_opts *opts)
  *	manual page for definitions of the @clone_flags.
  *	@clone_flags contains the flags indicating what should be shared.
  *	Return 0 if permission is granted.
+ * @task_free:
+ *	@task task being freed
+ *	Handle release of task-related resources. (Note that this can be called
+ *	from interrupt context.)
  * @cred_alloc_blank:
  *	@cred points to the credentials.
  *	@gfp indicates the atomicity of any memory allocations.
@@ -1500,6 +1504,7 @@ struct security_operations {
 	int (*dentry_open) (struct file *file, const struct cred *cred);
 
 	int (*task_create) (unsigned long clone_flags);
+	void (*task_free) (struct task_struct *task);
 	int (*cred_alloc_blank) (struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp);
 	void (*cred_free) (struct cred *cred);
 	int (*cred_prepare)(struct cred *new, const struct cred *old,
@@ -1762,6 +1767,7 @@ int security_file_send_sigiotask(struct task_struct *tsk,
 int security_file_receive(struct file *file);
 int security_dentry_open(struct file *file, const struct cred *cred);
 int security_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags);
+void security_task_free(struct task_struct *task);
 int security_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp);
 void security_cred_free(struct cred *cred);
 int security_prepare_creds(struct cred *new, const struct cred *old, gfp_t gfp);
@@ -2273,6 +2279,9 @@ static inline int security_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static inline void security_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{ }
+
 static inline int security_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp)
 {
 	return 0;
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index da4a6a1..d707601 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ void __put_task_struct(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	WARN_ON(atomic_read(&tsk->usage));
 	WARN_ON(tsk == current);
 
+	security_task_free(tsk);
 	exit_creds(tsk);
 	delayacct_tsk_free(tsk);
 	put_signal_struct(tsk->signal);
diff --git a/security/capability.c b/security/capability.c
index 2984ea4..26d5ef8 100644
--- a/security/capability.c
+++ b/security/capability.c
@@ -359,6 +359,10 @@ static int cap_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void cap_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+}
+
 static int cap_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp)
 {
 	return 0;
@@ -955,6 +959,7 @@ void __init security_fixup_ops(struct security_operations *ops)
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, file_receive);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, dentry_open);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, task_create);
+	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, task_free);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, cred_alloc_blank);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, cred_free);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, cred_prepare);
diff --git a/security/security.c b/security/security.c
index 0c6cc69..49a7227 100644
--- a/security/security.c
+++ b/security/security.c
@@ -749,6 +749,11 @@ int security_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags)
 	return security_ops->task_create(clone_flags);
 }
 
+void security_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	security_ops->task_free(task);
+}
+
 int security_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp)
 {
 	return security_ops->cred_alloc_blank(cred, gfp);
-- 
1.7.0.4

[kernel-hardening] [PATCH 1/2] security: create task_free security callback

[Kees Cook]

The current LSM interface to cred_free is not sufficient for allowing
an LSM to track the life and death of a task. This patch adds the
task_free hook so that an LSM can clean up resources on task death.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
---
 include/linux/security.h |    9 +++++++++
 kernel/fork.c            |    1 +
 security/capability.c    |    5 +++++
 security/security.c      |    5 +++++
 4 files changed, 20 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)

diff --git a/include/linux/security.h b/include/linux/security.h
index 19d8e04..3fc021d 100644
--- a/include/linux/security.h
+++ b/include/linux/security.h
@@ -650,6 +650,10 @@ static inline void security_free_mnt_opts(struct security_mnt_opts *opts)
  *	manual page for definitions of the @clone_flags.
  *	@clone_flags contains the flags indicating what should be shared.
  *	Return 0 if permission is granted.
+ * @task_free:
+ *	@task task being freed
+ *	Handle release of task-related resources. (Note that this can be called
+ *	from interrupt context.)
  * @cred_alloc_blank:
  *	@cred points to the credentials.
  *	@gfp indicates the atomicity of any memory allocations.
@@ -1500,6 +1504,7 @@ struct security_operations {
 	int (*dentry_open) (struct file *file, const struct cred *cred);
 
 	int (*task_create) (unsigned long clone_flags);
+	void (*task_free) (struct task_struct *task);
 	int (*cred_alloc_blank) (struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp);
 	void (*cred_free) (struct cred *cred);
 	int (*cred_prepare)(struct cred *new, const struct cred *old,
@@ -1762,6 +1767,7 @@ int security_file_send_sigiotask(struct task_struct *tsk,
 int security_file_receive(struct file *file);
 int security_dentry_open(struct file *file, const struct cred *cred);
 int security_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags);
+void security_task_free(struct task_struct *task);
 int security_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp);
 void security_cred_free(struct cred *cred);
 int security_prepare_creds(struct cred *new, const struct cred *old, gfp_t gfp);
@@ -2273,6 +2279,9 @@ static inline int security_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static inline void security_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{ }
+
 static inline int security_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp)
 {
 	return 0;
diff --git a/kernel/fork.c b/kernel/fork.c
index da4a6a1..d707601 100644
--- a/kernel/fork.c
+++ b/kernel/fork.c
@@ -189,6 +189,7 @@ void __put_task_struct(struct task_struct *tsk)
 	WARN_ON(atomic_read(&tsk->usage));
 	WARN_ON(tsk == current);
 
+	security_task_free(tsk);
 	exit_creds(tsk);
 	delayacct_tsk_free(tsk);
 	put_signal_struct(tsk->signal);
diff --git a/security/capability.c b/security/capability.c
index 2984ea4..26d5ef8 100644
--- a/security/capability.c
+++ b/security/capability.c
@@ -359,6 +359,10 @@ static int cap_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static void cap_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+}
+
 static int cap_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp)
 {
 	return 0;
@@ -955,6 +959,7 @@ void __init security_fixup_ops(struct security_operations *ops)
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, file_receive);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, dentry_open);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, task_create);
+	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, task_free);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, cred_alloc_blank);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, cred_free);
 	set_to_cap_if_null(ops, cred_prepare);
diff --git a/security/security.c b/security/security.c
index 0c6cc69..49a7227 100644
--- a/security/security.c
+++ b/security/security.c
@@ -749,6 +749,11 @@ int security_task_create(unsigned long clone_flags)
 	return security_ops->task_create(clone_flags);
 }
 
+void security_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	security_ops->task_free(task);
+}
+
 int security_cred_alloc_blank(struct cred *cred, gfp_t gfp)
 {
 	return security_ops->cred_alloc_blank(cred, gfp);
-- 
1.7.0.4

[PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

This adds the Yama Linux Security Module to collect DAC security
improvements (specifically just ptrace restrictions for now) that have
existed in various forms over the years and have been carried outside the
mainline kernel by other Linux distributions like Openwall and grsecurity.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
---
v9:
 - Remove pid_ns feature. Touches too many core kernel areas at the moment.
v8:
 - Updated RCU usage and locking, thanks to Mandeep Singh Baines.
v7:
 - Merge ptrace restrictions, which include various fixes from
   Vasiliy Kulikov, Solar Designer, Ming Lei, Tetsuo Handa, and Eric Paris.
 - Merge pid_ns feature from Vasiliy Kulikov.
 - Rip out link restrictions for initial upstreaming.
v6:
 - Fix interaction with overlayfs, thanks to Andy Whitcroft and Leann
   Ogasawara.
 - Clarify rationale for LSM.
 - Move documentation under security subdirectory.
v5:
 - resend, with ptrace relationship interface
v4:
 - drop accidentally included fs/exec.c chunk.
v3:
 - drop needless cap_ callbacks.
 - fix usage of get_task_comm.
 - drop CONFIG_ of sysctl defaults, as recommended by Andi Kleen.
 - require SYSCTL.
v2:
 - add rcu locking, thanks to Tetsuo Handa.
 - add Documentation/Yama.txt for summary of features.
---
 Documentation/security/00-INDEX |    2 +
 Documentation/security/Yama.txt |   59 ++++++++
 include/linux/prctl.h           |    6 +
 security/Kconfig                |    6 +
 security/Makefile               |    2 +
 security/yama/Kconfig           |   13 ++
 security/yama/Makefile          |    3 +
 security/yama/yama_lsm.c        |  315 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 406 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/security/Yama.txt
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Kconfig
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Makefile
 create mode 100644 security/yama/yama_lsm.c

diff --git a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
index 19bc494..1f33b73 100644
--- a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ SELinux.txt
 	- how to get started with the SELinux security enhancement.
 Smack.txt
 	- documentation on the Smack Linux Security Module.
+Yama.txt
+	- documentation on the Yama Linux Security Module.
 apparmor.txt
 	- documentation on the AppArmor security extension.
 credentials.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/security/Yama.txt b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..281a89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Yama is a Linux Security Module that collects a number of system-wide DAC
+security protections that are not handled by the core kernel itself. To
+select it at boot time, specify "security=yama" (though this will disable
+any other LSM).
+
+Yama is controlled through sysctl in /proc/sys/kernel/yama:
+
+- ptrace_scope
+
+==============================================================
+
+ptrace_scope:
+
+As Linux grows in popularity, it will become a larger target for
+malware. One particularly troubling weakness of the Linux process
+interfaces is that a single user is able to examine the memory and
+running state of any of their processes. For example, if one application
+(e.g. Pidgin) was compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to
+attach to other running processes (e.g. Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent,
+etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope
+of their attack without resorting to user-assisted phishing.
+
+This is not a theoretical problem. SSH session hijacking
+(http://www.storm.net.nz/projects/7) and arbitrary code injection
+(http://c-skills.blogspot.com/2007/05/injectso.html) attacks already
+exist and remain possible if ptrace is allowed to operate as before.
+Since ptrace is not commonly used by non-developers and non-admins, system
+builders should be allowed the option to disable this debugging system.
+
+For a solution, some applications use prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...) to
+specifically disallow such ptrace attachment (e.g. ssh-agent), but many
+do not. A more general solution is to only allow ptrace directly from a
+parent to a child process (i.e. direct "gdb EXE" and "strace EXE" still
+work), or with CAP_SYS_PTRACE (i.e. "gdb --pid=PID", and "strace -p PID"
+still work as root).
+
+For software that has defined application-specific relationships
+between a debugging process and its inferior (crash handlers, etc),
+prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...) can be used. An inferior can declare which
+other process (and its descendents) are allowed to call PTRACE_ATTACH
+against it. For example, this is used by KDE, Chromium, and Firefox's
+crash handlers, and by Wine for allowing only Wine processes to ptrace
+each other.
+
+0 - classic ptrace permissions: a process can PTRACE_ATTACH to any other
+    process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e.
+    did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called
+    prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...) already).
+
+1 - restricted ptrace: a process must have a predefined relationship
+    with the inferior it wants to call PTRACE_ATTACH on. By default,
+    this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above
+    classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an
+    inferior can call prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...) to declare
+    an allowed debugger PID to call PTRACE_ATTACH on the inferior.
+
+The original children-only logic was based on the restrictions in grsecurity.
+
+==============================================================
diff --git a/include/linux/prctl.h b/include/linux/prctl.h
index a3baeb2..dc71db0 100644
--- a/include/linux/prctl.h
+++ b/include/linux/prctl.h
@@ -102,4 +102,10 @@
 
 #define PR_MCE_KILL_GET 34
 
+/*
+ * Set specific pid that is allowed to ptrace the current task.
+ * A value of 0 mean "no process".
+ */
+#define PR_SET_PTRACER 0x59616d61
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_PRCTL_H */
diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index 51bd5a0..ccc61f8 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ source security/selinux/Kconfig
 source security/smack/Kconfig
 source security/tomoyo/Kconfig
 source security/apparmor/Kconfig
+source security/yama/Kconfig
 
 source security/integrity/Kconfig
 
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@ choice
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK if SECURITY_SMACK
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO if SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR if SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA if SECURITY_YAMA
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 	help
@@ -214,6 +216,9 @@ choice
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
 		bool "AppArmor" if SECURITY_APPARMOR=y
 
+	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
+		bool "Yama" if SECURITY_YAMA=y
+
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 		bool "Unix Discretionary Access Controls"
 
@@ -225,6 +230,7 @@ config DEFAULT_SECURITY
 	default "smack" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK
 	default "tomoyo" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default "apparmor" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default "yama" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
 	default "" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 endmenu
diff --git a/security/Makefile b/security/Makefile
index a5e502f..c26c81e 100644
--- a/security/Makefile
+++ b/security/Makefile
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX)	+= selinux
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)        += tomoyo
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)	+= apparmor
+subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama
 
 # always enable default capabilities
 obj-y					+= commoncap.o
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIT)			+= lsm_audit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)		+= tomoyo/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)		+= apparmor/built-in.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE)		+= device_cgroup.o
 
 # Object integrity file lists
diff --git a/security/yama/Kconfig b/security/yama/Kconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51d6709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Kconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+config SECURITY_YAMA
+	bool "Yama support"
+	depends on SECURITY
+	select SECURITYFS
+	select SECURITY_PATH
+	default n
+	help
+	  This selects Yama, which extends DAC support with additional
+	  system-wide security settings beyond regular Linux discretionary
+	  access controls. Currently available is ptrace scope restriction.
+	  Further information can be found in Documentation/security/Yama.txt.
+
+	  If you are unsure how to answer this question, answer N.
diff --git a/security/yama/Makefile b/security/yama/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b5e065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA) := yama.o
+
+yama-y := yama_lsm.o
diff --git a/security/yama/yama_lsm.c b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1029fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+/*
+ * Yama Linux Security Module
+ *
+ * Author: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical, Ltd.
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include <linux/sysctl.h>
+#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+#include <linux/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
+
+static int ptrace_scope = 1;
+
+/* describe a ptrace relationship for potential exception */
+struct ptrace_relation {
+	struct task_struct *tracer;
+	struct task_struct *tracee;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+static LIST_HEAD(ptracer_relations);
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_add - add/replace an exception for this tracer/tracee pair
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process doing the ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if relationship was added, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			    struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *added;
+	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;
+
+	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
+			relation = entry;
+			break;
+		}
+	if (!relation) {
+		relation = added;
+		if (!relation) {
+			rc = -ENOMEM;
+			goto unlock_out;
+		}
+		relation->tracee = tracee;
+		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
+	}
+	relation->tracer = tracer;
+
+unlock_out:
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	if (added && added != relation)
+		kfree(added);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_del - remove exceptions related to the given tasks
+ * @tracer: remove any relation where tracer task matches
+ * @tracee: remove any relation where tracee task matches
+ */
+static void yama_ptracer_del(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			     struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct list_head *list, *safe;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_safe(list, safe, &ptracer_relations) {
+		relation = list_entry(list, struct ptrace_relation, node);
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee ||
+		    relation->tracer == tracer) {
+			list_del(&relation->node);
+			kfree(relation);
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_free - check for task_pid to remove from exception list
+ * @task: task being removed
+ */
+static void yama_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	yama_ptracer_del(task, task);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_prctl - check for Yama-specific prctl operations
+ * @option: operation
+ * @arg2: argument
+ * @arg3: argument
+ * @arg4: argument
+ * @arg5: argument
+ *
+ * Return 0 on success, -ve on error.  -ENOSYS is returned when Yama
+ * does not handle the given option.
+ */
+static int yama_task_prctl(int option, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3,
+			   unsigned long arg4, unsigned long arg5)
+{
+	int rc;
+	struct task_struct *myself = current;
+
+	rc = cap_task_prctl(option, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5);
+	if (rc != -ENOSYS)
+		return rc;
+
+	switch (option) {
+	case PR_SET_PTRACER:
+		rcu_read_lock();
+		if (!thread_group_leader(myself))
+			myself = rcu_dereference(myself->group_leader);
+		get_task_struct(myself);
+		rcu_read_unlock();
+
+		if (arg2 == 0) {
+			yama_ptracer_del(NULL, myself);
+			rc = 0;
+		} else {
+			struct task_struct *tracer;
+
+			rcu_read_lock();
+			tracer = find_task_by_vpid(arg2);
+			if (tracer)
+				get_task_struct(tracer);
+			else
+				rc = -EINVAL;
+			rcu_read_unlock();
+
+			if (tracer) {
+				rc = yama_ptracer_add(tracer, myself);
+				put_task_struct(tracer);
+			}
+		}
+
+		put_task_struct(myself);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * task_is_descendant - walk up a process family tree looking for a match
+ * @parent: the process to compare against while walking up from child
+ * @child: the process to start from while looking upwards for parent
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if child is a descendant of parent, 0 if not.
+ */
+static int task_is_descendant(struct task_struct *parent,
+			      struct task_struct *child)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct task_struct *walker = child;
+
+	if (!parent || !child)
+		return 0;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(parent))
+		parent = rcu_dereference(parent->group_leader);
+	while (walker->pid > 0) {
+		if (!thread_group_leader(walker))
+			walker = rcu_dereference(walker->group_leader);
+		if (walker == parent) {
+			rc = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		walker = rcu_dereference(walker->real_parent);
+	}
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ptracer_exception_found - tracer registered as exception for this tracee
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process attempting ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if tracer has is ptracer exception ancestor for tracee.
+ */
+static int ptracer_exception_found(struct task_struct *tracer,
+				   struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct task_struct *parent = NULL;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(tracee))
+		tracee = rcu_dereference(tracee->group_leader);
+	list_for_each_entry(relation, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee) {
+			parent = relation->tracer;
+			break;
+		}
+
+	if (task_is_descendant(parent, tracer))
+		rc = 1;
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptrace_access_check - validate PTRACE_ATTACH calls
+ * @child: task that current task is attempting to ptrace
+ * @mode: ptrace attach mode
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if following the ptrace is allowed, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptrace_access_check(struct task_struct *child,
+				    unsigned int mode)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	/* If standard caps disallows it, so does Yama.  We should
+	 * only tighten restrictions further.
+	 */
+	rc = cap_ptrace_access_check(child, mode);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* require ptrace target be a child of ptracer on attach */
+	if (mode == PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH &&
+	    ptrace_scope &&
+	    !task_is_descendant(current, child) &&
+	    !ptracer_exception_found(current, child) &&
+	    !capable(CAP_SYS_PTRACE))
+		rc = -EPERM;
+
+	if (rc) {
+		char name[sizeof(current->comm)];
+		printk_ratelimited(KERN_NOTICE "ptrace of non-child"
+			" pid %d was attempted by: %s (pid %d)\n",
+			child->pid,
+			get_task_comm(name, current),
+			current->pid);
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static struct security_operations yama_ops = {
+	.name =			"yama",
+
+	.ptrace_access_check =	yama_ptrace_access_check,
+	.task_prctl =		yama_task_prctl,
+	.task_free =		yama_task_free,
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+static int zero;
+static int one = 1;
+
+struct ctl_path yama_sysctl_path[] = {
+	{ .procname = "kernel", },
+	{ .procname = "yama", },
+	{ }
+};
+
+static struct ctl_table yama_sysctl_table[] = {
+	{
+		.procname       = "ptrace_scope",
+		.data           = &ptrace_scope,
+		.maxlen         = sizeof(int),
+		.mode           = 0644,
+		.proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
+		.extra1         = &zero,
+		.extra2         = &one,
+	},
+	{ }
+};
+#endif /* CONFIG_SYSCTL */
+
+static __init int yama_init(void)
+{
+	if (!security_module_enable(&yama_ops))
+		return 0;
+
+	printk(KERN_INFO "Yama: becoming mindful.\n");
+
+	if (register_security(&yama_ops))
+		panic("Yama: kernel registration failed.\n");
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+	if (!register_sysctl_paths(yama_sysctl_path, yama_sysctl_table))
+		panic("Yama: sysctl registration failed.\n");
+#endif
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+security_initcall(yama_init);
-- 
1.7.0.4

[kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

This adds the Yama Linux Security Module to collect DAC security
improvements (specifically just ptrace restrictions for now) that have
existed in various forms over the years and have been carried outside the
mainline kernel by other Linux distributions like Openwall and grsecurity.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
---
v9:
 - Remove pid_ns feature. Touches too many core kernel areas at the moment.
v8:
 - Updated RCU usage and locking, thanks to Mandeep Singh Baines.
v7:
 - Merge ptrace restrictions, which include various fixes from
   Vasiliy Kulikov, Solar Designer, Ming Lei, Tetsuo Handa, and Eric Paris.
 - Merge pid_ns feature from Vasiliy Kulikov.
 - Rip out link restrictions for initial upstreaming.
v6:
 - Fix interaction with overlayfs, thanks to Andy Whitcroft and Leann
   Ogasawara.
 - Clarify rationale for LSM.
 - Move documentation under security subdirectory.
v5:
 - resend, with ptrace relationship interface
v4:
 - drop accidentally included fs/exec.c chunk.
v3:
 - drop needless cap_ callbacks.
 - fix usage of get_task_comm.
 - drop CONFIG_ of sysctl defaults, as recommended by Andi Kleen.
 - require SYSCTL.
v2:
 - add rcu locking, thanks to Tetsuo Handa.
 - add Documentation/Yama.txt for summary of features.
---
 Documentation/security/00-INDEX |    2 +
 Documentation/security/Yama.txt |   59 ++++++++
 include/linux/prctl.h           |    6 +
 security/Kconfig                |    6 +
 security/Makefile               |    2 +
 security/yama/Kconfig           |   13 ++
 security/yama/Makefile          |    3 +
 security/yama/yama_lsm.c        |  315 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 406 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/security/Yama.txt
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Kconfig
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Makefile
 create mode 100644 security/yama/yama_lsm.c

diff --git a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
index 19bc494..1f33b73 100644
--- a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ SELinux.txt
 	- how to get started with the SELinux security enhancement.
 Smack.txt
 	- documentation on the Smack Linux Security Module.
+Yama.txt
+	- documentation on the Yama Linux Security Module.
 apparmor.txt
 	- documentation on the AppArmor security extension.
 credentials.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/security/Yama.txt b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..281a89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Yama is a Linux Security Module that collects a number of system-wide DAC
+security protections that are not handled by the core kernel itself. To
+select it at boot time, specify "security=yama" (though this will disable
+any other LSM).
+
+Yama is controlled through sysctl in /proc/sys/kernel/yama:
+
+- ptrace_scope
+
+==============================================================
+
+ptrace_scope:
+
+As Linux grows in popularity, it will become a larger target for
+malware. One particularly troubling weakness of the Linux process
+interfaces is that a single user is able to examine the memory and
+running state of any of their processes. For example, if one application
+(e.g. Pidgin) was compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to
+attach to other running processes (e.g. Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent,
+etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope
+of their attack without resorting to user-assisted phishing.
+
+This is not a theoretical problem. SSH session hijacking
+(http://www.storm.net.nz/projects/7) and arbitrary code injection
+(http://c-skills.blogspot.com/2007/05/injectso.html) attacks already
+exist and remain possible if ptrace is allowed to operate as before.
+Since ptrace is not commonly used by non-developers and non-admins, system
+builders should be allowed the option to disable this debugging system.
+
+For a solution, some applications use prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...) to
+specifically disallow such ptrace attachment (e.g. ssh-agent), but many
+do not. A more general solution is to only allow ptrace directly from a
+parent to a child process (i.e. direct "gdb EXE" and "strace EXE" still
+work), or with CAP_SYS_PTRACE (i.e. "gdb --pid=PID", and "strace -p PID"
+still work as root).
+
+For software that has defined application-specific relationships
+between a debugging process and its inferior (crash handlers, etc),
+prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...) can be used. An inferior can declare which
+other process (and its descendents) are allowed to call PTRACE_ATTACH
+against it. For example, this is used by KDE, Chromium, and Firefox's
+crash handlers, and by Wine for allowing only Wine processes to ptrace
+each other.
+
+0 - classic ptrace permissions: a process can PTRACE_ATTACH to any other
+    process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e.
+    did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called
+    prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...) already).
+
+1 - restricted ptrace: a process must have a predefined relationship
+    with the inferior it wants to call PTRACE_ATTACH on. By default,
+    this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above
+    classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an
+    inferior can call prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...) to declare
+    an allowed debugger PID to call PTRACE_ATTACH on the inferior.
+
+The original children-only logic was based on the restrictions in grsecurity.
+
+==============================================================
diff --git a/include/linux/prctl.h b/include/linux/prctl.h
index a3baeb2..dc71db0 100644
--- a/include/linux/prctl.h
+++ b/include/linux/prctl.h
@@ -102,4 +102,10 @@
 
 #define PR_MCE_KILL_GET 34
 
+/*
+ * Set specific pid that is allowed to ptrace the current task.
+ * A value of 0 mean "no process".
+ */
+#define PR_SET_PTRACER 0x59616d61
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_PRCTL_H */
diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index 51bd5a0..ccc61f8 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ source security/selinux/Kconfig
 source security/smack/Kconfig
 source security/tomoyo/Kconfig
 source security/apparmor/Kconfig
+source security/yama/Kconfig
 
 source security/integrity/Kconfig
 
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@ choice
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK if SECURITY_SMACK
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO if SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR if SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA if SECURITY_YAMA
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 	help
@@ -214,6 +216,9 @@ choice
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
 		bool "AppArmor" if SECURITY_APPARMOR=y
 
+	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
+		bool "Yama" if SECURITY_YAMA=y
+
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 		bool "Unix Discretionary Access Controls"
 
@@ -225,6 +230,7 @@ config DEFAULT_SECURITY
 	default "smack" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK
 	default "tomoyo" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default "apparmor" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default "yama" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
 	default "" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 endmenu
diff --git a/security/Makefile b/security/Makefile
index a5e502f..c26c81e 100644
--- a/security/Makefile
+++ b/security/Makefile
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX)	+= selinux
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)        += tomoyo
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)	+= apparmor
+subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama
 
 # always enable default capabilities
 obj-y					+= commoncap.o
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIT)			+= lsm_audit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)		+= tomoyo/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)		+= apparmor/built-in.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE)		+= device_cgroup.o
 
 # Object integrity file lists
diff --git a/security/yama/Kconfig b/security/yama/Kconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51d6709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Kconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+config SECURITY_YAMA
+	bool "Yama support"
+	depends on SECURITY
+	select SECURITYFS
+	select SECURITY_PATH
+	default n
+	help
+	  This selects Yama, which extends DAC support with additional
+	  system-wide security settings beyond regular Linux discretionary
+	  access controls. Currently available is ptrace scope restriction.
+	  Further information can be found in Documentation/security/Yama.txt.
+
+	  If you are unsure how to answer this question, answer N.
diff --git a/security/yama/Makefile b/security/yama/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b5e065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA) := yama.o
+
+yama-y := yama_lsm.o
diff --git a/security/yama/yama_lsm.c b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1029fcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+/*
+ * Yama Linux Security Module
+ *
+ * Author: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical, Ltd.
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include <linux/sysctl.h>
+#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+#include <linux/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
+
+static int ptrace_scope = 1;
+
+/* describe a ptrace relationship for potential exception */
+struct ptrace_relation {
+	struct task_struct *tracer;
+	struct task_struct *tracee;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+static LIST_HEAD(ptracer_relations);
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_add - add/replace an exception for this tracer/tracee pair
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process doing the ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if relationship was added, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			    struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *added;
+	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;
+
+	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
+			relation = entry;
+			break;
+		}
+	if (!relation) {
+		relation = added;
+		if (!relation) {
+			rc = -ENOMEM;
+			goto unlock_out;
+		}
+		relation->tracee = tracee;
+		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
+	}
+	relation->tracer = tracer;
+
+unlock_out:
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	if (added && added != relation)
+		kfree(added);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_del - remove exceptions related to the given tasks
+ * @tracer: remove any relation where tracer task matches
+ * @tracee: remove any relation where tracee task matches
+ */
+static void yama_ptracer_del(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			     struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct list_head *list, *safe;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_safe(list, safe, &ptracer_relations) {
+		relation = list_entry(list, struct ptrace_relation, node);
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee ||
+		    relation->tracer == tracer) {
+			list_del(&relation->node);
+			kfree(relation);
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_free - check for task_pid to remove from exception list
+ * @task: task being removed
+ */
+static void yama_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	yama_ptracer_del(task, task);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_prctl - check for Yama-specific prctl operations
+ * @option: operation
+ * @arg2: argument
+ * @arg3: argument
+ * @arg4: argument
+ * @arg5: argument
+ *
+ * Return 0 on success, -ve on error.  -ENOSYS is returned when Yama
+ * does not handle the given option.
+ */
+static int yama_task_prctl(int option, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3,
+			   unsigned long arg4, unsigned long arg5)
+{
+	int rc;
+	struct task_struct *myself = current;
+
+	rc = cap_task_prctl(option, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5);
+	if (rc != -ENOSYS)
+		return rc;
+
+	switch (option) {
+	case PR_SET_PTRACER:
+		rcu_read_lock();
+		if (!thread_group_leader(myself))
+			myself = rcu_dereference(myself->group_leader);
+		get_task_struct(myself);
+		rcu_read_unlock();
+
+		if (arg2 == 0) {
+			yama_ptracer_del(NULL, myself);
+			rc = 0;
+		} else {
+			struct task_struct *tracer;
+
+			rcu_read_lock();
+			tracer = find_task_by_vpid(arg2);
+			if (tracer)
+				get_task_struct(tracer);
+			else
+				rc = -EINVAL;
+			rcu_read_unlock();
+
+			if (tracer) {
+				rc = yama_ptracer_add(tracer, myself);
+				put_task_struct(tracer);
+			}
+		}
+
+		put_task_struct(myself);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * task_is_descendant - walk up a process family tree looking for a match
+ * @parent: the process to compare against while walking up from child
+ * @child: the process to start from while looking upwards for parent
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if child is a descendant of parent, 0 if not.
+ */
+static int task_is_descendant(struct task_struct *parent,
+			      struct task_struct *child)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct task_struct *walker = child;
+
+	if (!parent || !child)
+		return 0;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(parent))
+		parent = rcu_dereference(parent->group_leader);
+	while (walker->pid > 0) {
+		if (!thread_group_leader(walker))
+			walker = rcu_dereference(walker->group_leader);
+		if (walker == parent) {
+			rc = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		walker = rcu_dereference(walker->real_parent);
+	}
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ptracer_exception_found - tracer registered as exception for this tracee
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process attempting ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if tracer has is ptracer exception ancestor for tracee.
+ */
+static int ptracer_exception_found(struct task_struct *tracer,
+				   struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct task_struct *parent = NULL;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(tracee))
+		tracee = rcu_dereference(tracee->group_leader);
+	list_for_each_entry(relation, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee) {
+			parent = relation->tracer;
+			break;
+		}
+
+	if (task_is_descendant(parent, tracer))
+		rc = 1;
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptrace_access_check - validate PTRACE_ATTACH calls
+ * @child: task that current task is attempting to ptrace
+ * @mode: ptrace attach mode
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if following the ptrace is allowed, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptrace_access_check(struct task_struct *child,
+				    unsigned int mode)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	/* If standard caps disallows it, so does Yama.  We should
+	 * only tighten restrictions further.
+	 */
+	rc = cap_ptrace_access_check(child, mode);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* require ptrace target be a child of ptracer on attach */
+	if (mode == PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH &&
+	    ptrace_scope &&
+	    !task_is_descendant(current, child) &&
+	    !ptracer_exception_found(current, child) &&
+	    !capable(CAP_SYS_PTRACE))
+		rc = -EPERM;
+
+	if (rc) {
+		char name[sizeof(current->comm)];
+		printk_ratelimited(KERN_NOTICE "ptrace of non-child"
+			" pid %d was attempted by: %s (pid %d)\n",
+			child->pid,
+			get_task_comm(name, current),
+			current->pid);
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static struct security_operations yama_ops = {
+	.name =			"yama",
+
+	.ptrace_access_check =	yama_ptrace_access_check,
+	.task_prctl =		yama_task_prctl,
+	.task_free =		yama_task_free,
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+static int zero;
+static int one = 1;
+
+struct ctl_path yama_sysctl_path[] = {
+	{ .procname = "kernel", },
+	{ .procname = "yama", },
+	{ }
+};
+
+static struct ctl_table yama_sysctl_table[] = {
+	{
+		.procname       = "ptrace_scope",
+		.data           = &ptrace_scope,
+		.maxlen         = sizeof(int),
+		.mode           = 0644,
+		.proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
+		.extra1         = &zero,
+		.extra2         = &one,
+	},
+	{ }
+};
+#endif /* CONFIG_SYSCTL */
+
+static __init int yama_init(void)
+{
+	if (!security_module_enable(&yama_ops))
+		return 0;
+
+	printk(KERN_INFO "Yama: becoming mindful.\n");
+
+	if (register_security(&yama_ops))
+		panic("Yama: kernel registration failed.\n");
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+	if (!register_sysctl_paths(yama_sysctl_path, yama_sysctl_table))
+		panic("Yama: sysctl registration failed.\n");
+#endif
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+security_initcall(yama_init);
-- 
1.7.0.4

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[John Johansen]

On 12/19/2011 02:17 PM, Kees Cook wrote:
> This adds the Yama Linux Security Module to collect DAC security
> improvements (specifically just ptrace restrictions for now) that have
> existed in various forms over the years and have been carried outside the
> mainline kernel by other Linux distributions like Openwall and grsecurity.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
> ---
> v9:
>  - Remove pid_ns feature. Touches too many core kernel areas at the moment.
> v8:
>  - Updated RCU usage and locking, thanks to Mandeep Singh Baines.
> v7:
>  - Merge ptrace restrictions, which include various fixes from
>    Vasiliy Kulikov, Solar Designer, Ming Lei, Tetsuo Handa, and Eric Paris.
>  - Merge pid_ns feature from Vasiliy Kulikov.
>  - Rip out link restrictions for initial upstreaming.
> v6:
>  - Fix interaction with overlayfs, thanks to Andy Whitcroft and Leann
>    Ogasawara.
>  - Clarify rationale for LSM.
>  - Move documentation under security subdirectory.
> v5:
>  - resend, with ptrace relationship interface
> v4:
>  - drop accidentally included fs/exec.c chunk.
> v3:
>  - drop needless cap_ callbacks.
>  - fix usage of get_task_comm.
>  - drop CONFIG_ of sysctl defaults, as recommended by Andi Kleen.
>  - require SYSCTL.
> v2:
>  - add rcu locking, thanks to Tetsuo Handa.
>  - add Documentation/Yama.txt for summary of features.

This is looking really good.  I have a few notes inlined below but I didn't
find any problems.

I am happy giving it an
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>

or Reviewed-by: if that is more appropriate here

<snip>

> index 0000000..1029fcd
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
> @@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
> +/*
> + * Yama Linux Security Module
> + *
> + * Author: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
> + *
> + * Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical, Ltd.
> + * Copyright (C) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
> + *
> + * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
> + * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
> + * published by the Free Software Foundation.
> + *
> + */
> +
> +#include <linux/security.h>
> +#include <linux/sysctl.h>
> +#include <linux/ptrace.h>
> +#include <linux/prctl.h>
> +#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
> +
> +static int ptrace_scope = 1;
> +
> +/* describe a ptrace relationship for potential exception */
> +struct ptrace_relation {
> +	struct task_struct *tracer;
> +	struct task_struct *tracee;
> +	struct list_head node;
> +};
> +
> +static LIST_HEAD(ptracer_relations);
> +static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ptracer_relations_lock);
> +
> +/**
> + * yama_ptracer_add - add/replace an exception for this tracer/tracee pair
> + * @tracer: the task_struct of the process doing the ptrace
> + * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
> + *
> + * Returns 0 if relationship was added, -ve on error.
> + */
It might be good to add a note here, or a more explicit note in the Yama
Documentation that a tracee can only have a single tracer (+ its descendants).

In the documentation
  An inferior can declare which other process (and its descendents) are allowed
  to call PTRACE_ATTACH against it

Its real easy to not catch its process instead of processes

> +static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
> +			    struct task_struct *tracee)
> +{
> +	int rc = 0;
> +	struct ptrace_relation *added;
> +	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;
> +
> +	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
> +	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
> +	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
> +		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
> +			relation = entry;
> +			break;
> +		}
> +	if (!relation) {
> +		relation = added;
> +		if (!relation) {
> +			rc = -ENOMEM;
> +			goto unlock_out;
> +		}
> +		relation->tracee = tracee;
> +		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
> +	}
> +	relation->tracer = tracer;
> +
> +unlock_out:
> +	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
> +	if (added && added != relation)
> +		kfree(added);
> +
> +	return rc;
> +}
> +
I think pulling the out of the locking makes the fn a little easier to
read.
static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
			    struct task_struct *tracee)
{
	int rc = 0;
	struct ptrace_relation *added;
	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;

	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!added)
		return -ENOMEM;

	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
			relation = entry;
			break;
		}
	if (!relation) {
		relation = added;
		relation->tracee = tracee;
		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
	}
	relation->tracer = tracer;

	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
	if (added != relation)
		kfree(added);

	return rc;
}

or if you prefer to keep a single exit point

static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
			    struct task_struct *tracee)
{
	int rc = -ENOMEM;
	struct ptrace_relation *added;
	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;

	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!added)
		goto out;

	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
			relation = entry;
			break;
		}
	if (!relation) {
		relation = added;
		relation->tracee = tracee;
		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
	}
	relation->tracer = tracer;

	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
	if (added != relation)
		kfree(added);

	rc = 0;
out:
	return rc;
}

> +/**
> + * yama_ptracer_del - remove exceptions related to the given tasks
> + * @tracer: remove any relation where tracer task matches
> + * @tracee: remove any relation where tracee task matches
> + */
> +static void yama_ptracer_del(struct task_struct *tracer,
> +			     struct task_struct *tracee)
> +{
> +	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
> +	struct list_head *list, *safe;
> +
> +	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
> +	list_for_each_safe(list, safe, &ptracer_relations) {
> +		relation = list_entry(list, struct ptrace_relation, node);
You could use list_for_each_entry_safe here
	list_for_each_entry_safe(relation, safe, &ptracer_relations, node)

> +		if (relation->tracee == tracee ||
> +		    relation->tracer == tracer) {
> +			list_del(&relation->node);
> +			kfree(relation);
> +		}
> +	}
> +	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
> +}
> +
> +/**
> + * yama_task_free - check for task_pid to remove from exception list
> + * @task: task being removed
> + */
> +static void yama_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
> +{
> +	yama_ptracer_del(task, task);
> +}
> +
> +/**
> + * yama_task_prctl - check for Yama-specific prctl operations
> + * @option: operation
> + * @arg2: argument
> + * @arg3: argument
> + * @arg4: argument
> + * @arg5: argument
> + *
> + * Return 0 on success, -ve on error.  -ENOSYS is returned when Yama
> + * does not handle the given option.
> + */
So maybe add a note here about why the tracee is being stored via the
group_leader, but that the tracer isn't.  Its not really a problem but I
tripped over this at first as I was going through the code.

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

On Tue, Dec 20, 2011 at 9:25 PM, John Johansen
<john.johansen@canonical.com> wrote:
> On 12/19/2011 02:17 PM, Kees Cook wrote:
>> This adds the Yama Linux Security Module to collect DAC security
>> improvements (specifically just ptrace restrictions for now) that have
>> existed in various forms over the years and have been carried outside the
>> mainline kernel by other Linux distributions like Openwall and grsecurity.
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
>
> This is looking really good.  I have a few notes inlined below but I didn't
> find any problems.
>
> I am happy giving it an
> Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>

Thanks for the review!

>> +/**
>> + * yama_ptracer_add - add/replace an exception for this tracer/tracee pair
>> + * @tracer: the task_struct of the process doing the ptrace
>> + * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
>> + *
>> + * Returns 0 if relationship was added, -ve on error.
>> + */
> It might be good to add a note here, or a more explicit note in the Yama
> Documentation that a tracee can only have a single tracer (+ its descendants).

Good idea; I've added a note in both places now.

>> +static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
>> +                         struct task_struct *tracee)
>> +{
>> +     int rc = 0;
>> +     struct ptrace_relation *added;
>> +     struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;
>> +
>> +     added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
>> +     spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
>> +     list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
>> +             if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
>> +                     relation = entry;
>> +                     break;
>> +             }
>> +     if (!relation) {
>> +             relation = added;
>> +             if (!relation) {
>> +                     rc = -ENOMEM;
>> +                     goto unlock_out;
>> +             }
>> +             relation->tracee = tracee;
>> +             list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
>> +     }
>> +     relation->tracer = tracer;
>> +
>> +unlock_out:
>> +     spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
>> +     if (added && added != relation)
>> +             kfree(added);
>> +
>> +     return rc;
>> +}
>> +
> I think pulling the out of the locking makes the fn a little easier to
> read.

Agreed, I've done this now. I think my original thought was "why check
'added' unless we actually need it?" But it just makes the whole thing
harder to read.

>> +     spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
>> +     list_for_each_safe(list, safe, &ptracer_relations) {
>> +             relation = list_entry(list, struct ptrace_relation, node);
> You could use list_for_each_entry_safe here
>        list_for_each_entry_safe(relation, safe, &ptracer_relations, node)

Ah! Yes, thanks for catching this.

>> + * yama_task_prctl - check for Yama-specific prctl operations
>> + * @option: operation
>> + * @arg2: argument
>> + * @arg3: argument
>> + * @arg4: argument
>> + * @arg5: argument
>> + *
>> + * Return 0 on success, -ve on error.  -ENOSYS is returned when Yama
>> + * does not handle the given option.
>> + */
> So maybe add a note here about why the tracee is being stored via the
> group_leader, but that the tracer isn't.  Its not really a problem but I
> tripped over this at first as I was going through the code.

Yeah, dealing with when a thread might be calling these things lead to
some confusion. In the end, I have to check group_leader in a few
places, and this was a seemingly good place too. I might rework this a
bit, but in the meantime, I've added a comment explaining my
reasoning.

Thanks!

-Kees

-- 
Kees Cook
ChromeOS Security

[kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

This adds the Yama Linux Security Module to collect DAC security
improvements (specifically just ptrace restrictions for now) that have
existed in various forms over the years and have been carried outside the
mainline kernel by other Linux distributions like Openwall and grsecurity.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
Acked-by: John Johansen <john.johansen@canonical.com>
---
v10:
 - Made some cleanups as suggested by John Johansen.
v9:
 - Remove pid_ns feature. Touches too many core kernel areas at the moment.
v8:
 - Updated RCU usage and locking, thanks to Mandeep Singh Baines.
v7:
 - Merge ptrace restrictions, which include various fixes from
   Vasiliy Kulikov, Solar Designer, Ming Lei, Tetsuo Handa, and Eric Paris.
 - Merge pid_ns feature from Vasiliy Kulikov.
 - Rip out link restrictions for initial upstreaming.
v6:
 - Fix interaction with overlayfs, thanks to Andy Whitcroft and Leann
   Ogasawara.
 - Clarify rationale for LSM.
 - Move documentation under security subdirectory.
v5:
 - resend, with ptrace relationship interface
v4:
 - drop accidentally included fs/exec.c chunk.
v3:
 - drop needless cap_ callbacks.
 - fix usage of get_task_comm.
 - drop CONFIG_ of sysctl defaults, as recommended by Andi Kleen.
 - require SYSCTL.
v2:
 - add rcu locking, thanks to Tetsuo Handa.
 - add Documentation/Yama.txt for summary of features.
---
 Documentation/security/00-INDEX |    2 +
 Documentation/security/Yama.txt |   60 ++++++++
 include/linux/prctl.h           |    6 +
 security/Kconfig                |    6 +
 security/Makefile               |    2 +
 security/yama/Kconfig           |   13 ++
 security/yama/Makefile          |    3 +
 security/yama/yama_lsm.c        |  319 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 8 files changed, 411 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/security/Yama.txt
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Kconfig
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Makefile
 create mode 100644 security/yama/yama_lsm.c

diff --git a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
index 19bc494..1f33b73 100644
--- a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ SELinux.txt
 	- how to get started with the SELinux security enhancement.
 Smack.txt
 	- documentation on the Smack Linux Security Module.
+Yama.txt
+	- documentation on the Yama Linux Security Module.
 apparmor.txt
 	- documentation on the AppArmor security extension.
 credentials.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/security/Yama.txt b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f0b789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+Yama is a Linux Security Module that collects a number of system-wide DAC
+security protections that are not handled by the core kernel itself. To
+select it at boot time, specify "security=yama" (though this will disable
+any other LSM).
+
+Yama is controlled through sysctl in /proc/sys/kernel/yama:
+
+- ptrace_scope
+
+==============================================================
+
+ptrace_scope:
+
+As Linux grows in popularity, it will become a larger target for
+malware. One particularly troubling weakness of the Linux process
+interfaces is that a single user is able to examine the memory and
+running state of any of their processes. For example, if one application
+(e.g. Pidgin) was compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to
+attach to other running processes (e.g. Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent,
+etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope
+of their attack without resorting to user-assisted phishing.
+
+This is not a theoretical problem. SSH session hijacking
+(http://www.storm.net.nz/projects/7) and arbitrary code injection
+(http://c-skills.blogspot.com/2007/05/injectso.html) attacks already
+exist and remain possible if ptrace is allowed to operate as before.
+Since ptrace is not commonly used by non-developers and non-admins, system
+builders should be allowed the option to disable this debugging system.
+
+For a solution, some applications use prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...) to
+specifically disallow such ptrace attachment (e.g. ssh-agent), but many
+do not. A more general solution is to only allow ptrace directly from a
+parent to a child process (i.e. direct "gdb EXE" and "strace EXE" still
+work), or with CAP_SYS_PTRACE (i.e. "gdb --pid=PID", and "strace -p PID"
+still work as root).
+
+For software that has defined application-specific relationships
+between a debugging process and its inferior (crash handlers, etc),
+prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...) can be used. An inferior can declare which
+other process (and its descendents) are allowed to call PTRACE_ATTACH
+against it. Only one such declared debugging process can exists for
+each inferior at a time. For example, this is used by KDE, Chromium, and
+Firefox's crash handlers, and by Wine for allowing only Wine processes
+to ptrace each other.
+
+0 - classic ptrace permissions: a process can PTRACE_ATTACH to any other
+    process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e.
+    did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called
+    prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...) already).
+
+1 - restricted ptrace: a process must have a predefined relationship
+    with the inferior it wants to call PTRACE_ATTACH on. By default,
+    this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above
+    classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an
+    inferior can call prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...) to declare
+    an allowed debugger PID to call PTRACE_ATTACH on the inferior.
+
+The original children-only logic was based on the restrictions in grsecurity.
+
+==============================================================
diff --git a/include/linux/prctl.h b/include/linux/prctl.h
index a3baeb2..dc71db0 100644
--- a/include/linux/prctl.h
+++ b/include/linux/prctl.h
@@ -102,4 +102,10 @@
 
 #define PR_MCE_KILL_GET 34
 
+/*
+ * Set specific pid that is allowed to ptrace the current task.
+ * A value of 0 mean "no process".
+ */
+#define PR_SET_PTRACER 0x59616d61
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_PRCTL_H */
diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index 51bd5a0..ccc61f8 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ source security/selinux/Kconfig
 source security/smack/Kconfig
 source security/tomoyo/Kconfig
 source security/apparmor/Kconfig
+source security/yama/Kconfig
 
 source security/integrity/Kconfig
 
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@ choice
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK if SECURITY_SMACK
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO if SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR if SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA if SECURITY_YAMA
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 	help
@@ -214,6 +216,9 @@ choice
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
 		bool "AppArmor" if SECURITY_APPARMOR=y
 
+	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
+		bool "Yama" if SECURITY_YAMA=y
+
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 		bool "Unix Discretionary Access Controls"
 
@@ -225,6 +230,7 @@ config DEFAULT_SECURITY
 	default "smack" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK
 	default "tomoyo" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default "apparmor" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default "yama" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
 	default "" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 endmenu
diff --git a/security/Makefile b/security/Makefile
index a5e502f..c26c81e 100644
--- a/security/Makefile
+++ b/security/Makefile
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX)	+= selinux
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)        += tomoyo
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)	+= apparmor
+subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama
 
 # always enable default capabilities
 obj-y					+= commoncap.o
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIT)			+= lsm_audit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)		+= tomoyo/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)		+= apparmor/built-in.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE)		+= device_cgroup.o
 
 # Object integrity file lists
diff --git a/security/yama/Kconfig b/security/yama/Kconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51d6709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Kconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+config SECURITY_YAMA
+	bool "Yama support"
+	depends on SECURITY
+	select SECURITYFS
+	select SECURITY_PATH
+	default n
+	help
+	  This selects Yama, which extends DAC support with additional
+	  system-wide security settings beyond regular Linux discretionary
+	  access controls. Currently available is ptrace scope restriction.
+	  Further information can be found in Documentation/security/Yama.txt.
+
+	  If you are unsure how to answer this question, answer N.
diff --git a/security/yama/Makefile b/security/yama/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b5e065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA) := yama.o
+
+yama-y := yama_lsm.o
diff --git a/security/yama/yama_lsm.c b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dd4d360
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+/*
+ * Yama Linux Security Module
+ *
+ * Author: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical, Ltd.
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include <linux/sysctl.h>
+#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+#include <linux/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
+
+static int ptrace_scope = 1;
+
+/* describe a ptrace relationship for potential exception */
+struct ptrace_relation {
+	struct task_struct *tracer;
+	struct task_struct *tracee;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+static LIST_HEAD(ptracer_relations);
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_add - add/replace an exception for this tracer/tracee pair
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process doing the ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Each tracee can have, at most, one tracer registered. Each time this
+ * is called, the prior registered tracer will be replaced for the tracee.
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if relationship was added, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			    struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *added;
+	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;
+
+	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
+	if (!added)
+		return -ENOMEM;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
+			relation = entry;
+			break;
+		}
+	if (!relation) {
+		relation = added;
+		relation->tracee = tracee;
+		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
+	}
+	relation->tracer = tracer;
+
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	if (added != relation)
+		kfree(added);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_del - remove exceptions related to the given tasks
+ * @tracer: remove any relation where tracer task matches
+ * @tracee: remove any relation where tracee task matches
+ */
+static void yama_ptracer_del(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			     struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation, *safe;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry_safe(relation, safe, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee ||
+		    relation->tracer == tracer) {
+			list_del(&relation->node);
+			kfree(relation);
+		}
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_free - check for task_pid to remove from exception list
+ * @task: task being removed
+ */
+static void yama_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	yama_ptracer_del(task, task);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_prctl - check for Yama-specific prctl operations
+ * @option: operation
+ * @arg2: argument
+ * @arg3: argument
+ * @arg4: argument
+ * @arg5: argument
+ *
+ * Return 0 on success, -ve on error.  -ENOSYS is returned when Yama
+ * does not handle the given option.
+ */
+static int yama_task_prctl(int option, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3,
+			   unsigned long arg4, unsigned long arg5)
+{
+	int rc;
+	struct task_struct *myself = current;
+
+	rc = cap_task_prctl(option, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5);
+	if (rc != -ENOSYS)
+		return rc;
+
+	switch (option) {
+	case PR_SET_PTRACER:
+		/* Since a thread can call prctl(), find the group leader
+		 * before calling _add() or _del() on it, since we want
+		 * process-level granularity of control. The tracer group
+		 * leader checking is handled later when walking the ancestry
+		 * at the time of PTRACE_ATTACH check.
+		 */
+		rcu_read_lock();
+		if (!thread_group_leader(myself))
+			myself = rcu_dereference(myself->group_leader);
+		get_task_struct(myself);
+		rcu_read_unlock();
+
+		if (arg2 == 0) {
+			yama_ptracer_del(NULL, myself);
+			rc = 0;
+		} else {
+			struct task_struct *tracer;
+
+			rcu_read_lock();
+			tracer = find_task_by_vpid(arg2);
+			if (tracer)
+				get_task_struct(tracer);
+			else
+				rc = -EINVAL;
+			rcu_read_unlock();
+
+			if (tracer) {
+				rc = yama_ptracer_add(tracer, myself);
+				put_task_struct(tracer);
+			}
+		}
+
+		put_task_struct(myself);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * task_is_descendant - walk up a process family tree looking for a match
+ * @parent: the process to compare against while walking up from child
+ * @child: the process to start from while looking upwards for parent
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if child is a descendant of parent, 0 if not.
+ */
+static int task_is_descendant(struct task_struct *parent,
+			      struct task_struct *child)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct task_struct *walker = child;
+
+	if (!parent || !child)
+		return 0;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(parent))
+		parent = rcu_dereference(parent->group_leader);
+	while (walker->pid > 0) {
+		if (!thread_group_leader(walker))
+			walker = rcu_dereference(walker->group_leader);
+		if (walker == parent) {
+			rc = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		walker = rcu_dereference(walker->real_parent);
+	}
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ptracer_exception_found - tracer registered as exception for this tracee
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process attempting ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if tracer has is ptracer exception ancestor for tracee.
+ */
+static int ptracer_exception_found(struct task_struct *tracer,
+				   struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct task_struct *parent = NULL;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(tracee))
+		tracee = rcu_dereference(tracee->group_leader);
+	list_for_each_entry(relation, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee) {
+			parent = relation->tracer;
+			break;
+		}
+
+	if (task_is_descendant(parent, tracer))
+		rc = 1;
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptrace_access_check - validate PTRACE_ATTACH calls
+ * @child: task that current task is attempting to ptrace
+ * @mode: ptrace attach mode
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if following the ptrace is allowed, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptrace_access_check(struct task_struct *child,
+				    unsigned int mode)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	/* If standard caps disallows it, so does Yama.  We should
+	 * only tighten restrictions further.
+	 */
+	rc = cap_ptrace_access_check(child, mode);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* require ptrace target be a child of ptracer on attach */
+	if (mode == PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH &&
+	    ptrace_scope &&
+	    !task_is_descendant(current, child) &&
+	    !ptracer_exception_found(current, child) &&
+	    !capable(CAP_SYS_PTRACE))
+		rc = -EPERM;
+
+	if (rc) {
+		char name[sizeof(current->comm)];
+		printk_ratelimited(KERN_NOTICE "ptrace of non-child"
+			" pid %d was attempted by: %s (pid %d)\n",
+			child->pid,
+			get_task_comm(name, current),
+			current->pid);
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static struct security_operations yama_ops = {
+	.name =			"yama",
+
+	.ptrace_access_check =	yama_ptrace_access_check,
+	.task_prctl =		yama_task_prctl,
+	.task_free =		yama_task_free,
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+static int zero;
+static int one = 1;
+
+struct ctl_path yama_sysctl_path[] = {
+	{ .procname = "kernel", },
+	{ .procname = "yama", },
+	{ }
+};
+
+static struct ctl_table yama_sysctl_table[] = {
+	{
+		.procname       = "ptrace_scope",
+		.data           = &ptrace_scope,
+		.maxlen         = sizeof(int),
+		.mode           = 0644,
+		.proc_handler   = proc_dointvec_minmax,
+		.extra1         = &zero,
+		.extra2         = &one,
+	},
+	{ }
+};
+#endif /* CONFIG_SYSCTL */
+
+static __init int yama_init(void)
+{
+	if (!security_module_enable(&yama_ops))
+		return 0;
+
+	printk(KERN_INFO "Yama: becoming mindful.\n");
+
+	if (register_security(&yama_ops))
+		panic("Yama: kernel registration failed.\n");
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+	if (!register_sysctl_paths(yama_sysctl_path, yama_sysctl_table))
+		panic("Yama: sysctl registration failed.\n");
+#endif
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+security_initcall(yama_init);
-- 
1.7.0.4

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Vasiliy Kulikov]

Sorry, dropped James from cc.

On Tue, Dec 20, 2011 at 09:35 +0400, Vasiliy Kulikov wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> On Tue, Dec 20, 2011 at 07:52 +1100, James Morris wrote:
> > On Mon, 19 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:
> > > On Mon, Dec 19, 2011 at 11:33:10AM +1100, James Morris wrote:
> > > > On Thu, 15 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:
> > > > > +#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
> > > > > +	ns->ptrace_scope = parent_pid_ns->ptrace_scope;
> > > > > +#endif
> > > > > +
> > > > 
> > > > I'd like to see this implemented as an LSM hook, something like 
> > > > security_ptrace_set_scope().
> > > 
> > > I must be dense, but I fail to understand the purpose of this. The "ptrace
> > > scope" implemented by Yama is a sysctl, not an system interface. I don't
> > > understand why (or where) other LSMs would want to catch changing this.
> > > Can you explain what you're looking for in more detail?
> > > 
> > 
> > We should not see YAMA-specific code in the core kernel.  However you do 
> > it, the above should happen in LSM.
> 
> Probably this should be security_pid_namespace_create() instead of
> security_ptrace_set_scope()?  (Or even use create an analog of
> register_pernet_subsys() for pid_ns.)
> 
> Then have ->ptrace_scope and similar things as per-LSM private variables
> like in task_struct->cred->security.  ns->security should be dynamically
> allocated.
> 
> Thanks,
> 
> -- 
> Vasiliy

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Vasiliy Kulikov]

Hi,

On Tue, Dec 20, 2011 at 07:52 +1100, James Morris wrote:
> On Mon, 19 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:
> > On Mon, Dec 19, 2011 at 11:33:10AM +1100, James Morris wrote:
> > > On Thu, 15 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:
> > > > +#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
> > > > +	ns->ptrace_scope = parent_pid_ns->ptrace_scope;
> > > > +#endif
> > > > +
> > > 
> > > I'd like to see this implemented as an LSM hook, something like 
> > > security_ptrace_set_scope().
> > 
> > I must be dense, but I fail to understand the purpose of this. The "ptrace
> > scope" implemented by Yama is a sysctl, not an system interface. I don't
> > understand why (or where) other LSMs would want to catch changing this.
> > Can you explain what you're looking for in more detail?
> > 
> 
> We should not see YAMA-specific code in the core kernel.  However you do 
> it, the above should happen in LSM.

Probably this should be security_pid_namespace_create() instead of
security_ptrace_set_scope()?  (Or even use create an analog of
register_pernet_subsys() for pid_ns.)

Then have ->ptrace_scope and similar things as per-LSM private variables
like in task_struct->cred->security.  ns->security should be dynamically
allocated.

Thanks,

-- 
Vasiliy

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

Hi James,

On Tue, Dec 20, 2011 at 07:52:34AM +1100, James Morris wrote:
> We should not see YAMA-specific code in the core kernel.  However you do 
> it, the above should happen in LSM.

Okay, I've removed the pid-ns logic for now. Vasiliy and I can readdress
this at a later time.

Thanks,

-Kees

-- 
Kees Cook

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[James Morris]

On Mon, 19 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:

> Hi James,
> 
> On Mon, Dec 19, 2011 at 11:33:10AM +1100, James Morris wrote:
> > On Thu, 15 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:
> > > +#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
> > > +	ns->ptrace_scope = parent_pid_ns->ptrace_scope;
> > > +#endif
> > > +
> > 
> > I'd like to see this implemented as an LSM hook, something like 
> > security_ptrace_set_scope().
> 
> I must be dense, but I fail to understand the purpose of this. The "ptrace
> scope" implemented by Yama is a sysctl, not an system interface. I don't
> understand why (or where) other LSMs would want to catch changing this.
> Can you explain what you're looking for in more detail?
> 

We should not see YAMA-specific code in the core kernel.  However you do 
it, the above should happen in LSM.


- James
-- 
James Morris
<jmorris@namei.org>

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

Hi James,

On Mon, Dec 19, 2011 at 11:33:10AM +1100, James Morris wrote:
> On Thu, 15 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
> > +	ns->ptrace_scope = parent_pid_ns->ptrace_scope;
> > +#endif
> > +
> 
> I'd like to see this implemented as an LSM hook, something like 
> security_ptrace_set_scope().

I must be dense, but I fail to understand the purpose of this. The "ptrace
scope" implemented by Yama is a sysctl, not an system interface. I don't
understand why (or where) other LSMs would want to catch changing this.
Can you explain what you're looking for in more detail?

-Kees

-- 
Kees Cook

Re: [kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[James Morris]

On Thu, 15 Dec 2011, Kees Cook wrote:

> +#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
> +	ns->ptrace_scope = parent_pid_ns->ptrace_scope;
> +#endif
> +

I'd like to see this implemented as an LSM hook, something like 
security_ptrace_set_scope().



- James
-- 
James Morris
<jmorris@namei.org>

[kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

This adds the Yama Linux Security Module to collect DAC security
improvements (specifically just ptrace restrictions for now) that have
existed in various forms over the years and have been carried outside the
mainline kernel by other Linux distributions like Openwall and grsecurity.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
---
v8:
 - Updated RCU usage and locking, thanks to Mandeep Singh Baines.
v7:
 - Merge ptrace restrictions, which include various fixes from
   Vasiliy Kulikov, Solar Designer, Ming Lei, Tetsuo Handa, and Eric Paris.
 - Merge pid_ns feature from Vasiliy Kulikov.
 - Rip out link restrictions for initial upstreaming.
v6:
 - Fix interaction with overlayfs, thanks to Andy Whitcroft and Leann
   Ogasawara.
 - Clarify rationale for LSM.
 - Move documentation under security subdirectory.
v5:
 - resend, with ptrace relationship interface
v4:
 - drop accidentally included fs/exec.c chunk.
v3:
 - drop needless cap_ callbacks.
 - fix usage of get_task_comm.
 - drop CONFIG_ of sysctl defaults, as recommended by Andi Kleen.
 - require SYSCTL.
v2:
 - add rcu locking, thanks to Tetsuo Handa.
 - add Documentation/Yama.txt for summary of features.
---
 Documentation/security/00-INDEX |    2 +
 Documentation/security/Yama.txt |   59 +++++++
 include/linux/pid_namespace.h   |    3 +
 include/linux/prctl.h           |    6 +
 kernel/pid.c                    |    3 +
 kernel/pid_namespace.c          |    4 +
 security/Kconfig                |    6 +
 security/Makefile               |    2 +
 security/yama/Kconfig           |   13 ++
 security/yama/Makefile          |    3 +
 security/yama/yama_lsm.c        |  334 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 11 files changed, 435 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/security/Yama.txt
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Kconfig
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Makefile
 create mode 100644 security/yama/yama_lsm.c

diff --git a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
index 19bc494..1f33b73 100644
--- a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ SELinux.txt
 	- how to get started with the SELinux security enhancement.
 Smack.txt
 	- documentation on the Smack Linux Security Module.
+Yama.txt
+	- documentation on the Yama Linux Security Module.
 apparmor.txt
 	- documentation on the AppArmor security extension.
 credentials.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/security/Yama.txt b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..281a89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Yama is a Linux Security Module that collects a number of system-wide DAC
+security protections that are not handled by the core kernel itself. To
+select it at boot time, specify "security=yama" (though this will disable
+any other LSM).
+
+Yama is controlled through sysctl in /proc/sys/kernel/yama:
+
+- ptrace_scope
+
+==============================================================
+
+ptrace_scope:
+
+As Linux grows in popularity, it will become a larger target for
+malware. One particularly troubling weakness of the Linux process
+interfaces is that a single user is able to examine the memory and
+running state of any of their processes. For example, if one application
+(e.g. Pidgin) was compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to
+attach to other running processes (e.g. Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent,
+etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope
+of their attack without resorting to user-assisted phishing.
+
+This is not a theoretical problem. SSH session hijacking
+(http://www.storm.net.nz/projects/7) and arbitrary code injection
+(http://c-skills.blogspot.com/2007/05/injectso.html) attacks already
+exist and remain possible if ptrace is allowed to operate as before.
+Since ptrace is not commonly used by non-developers and non-admins, system
+builders should be allowed the option to disable this debugging system.
+
+For a solution, some applications use prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...) to
+specifically disallow such ptrace attachment (e.g. ssh-agent), but many
+do not. A more general solution is to only allow ptrace directly from a
+parent to a child process (i.e. direct "gdb EXE" and "strace EXE" still
+work), or with CAP_SYS_PTRACE (i.e. "gdb --pid=PID", and "strace -p PID"
+still work as root).
+
+For software that has defined application-specific relationships
+between a debugging process and its inferior (crash handlers, etc),
+prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...) can be used. An inferior can declare which
+other process (and its descendents) are allowed to call PTRACE_ATTACH
+against it. For example, this is used by KDE, Chromium, and Firefox's
+crash handlers, and by Wine for allowing only Wine processes to ptrace
+each other.
+
+0 - classic ptrace permissions: a process can PTRACE_ATTACH to any other
+    process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e.
+    did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called
+    prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...) already).
+
+1 - restricted ptrace: a process must have a predefined relationship
+    with the inferior it wants to call PTRACE_ATTACH on. By default,
+    this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above
+    classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an
+    inferior can call prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...) to declare
+    an allowed debugger PID to call PTRACE_ATTACH on the inferior.
+
+The original children-only logic was based on the restrictions in grsecurity.
+
+==============================================================
diff --git a/include/linux/pid_namespace.h b/include/linux/pid_namespace.h
index 38d1032..6586e84 100644
--- a/include/linux/pid_namespace.h
+++ b/include/linux/pid_namespace.h
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ struct pid_namespace {
 #ifdef CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT
 	struct bsd_acct_struct *bacct;
 #endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
+	int ptrace_scope;
+#endif
 };
 
 extern struct pid_namespace init_pid_ns;
diff --git a/include/linux/prctl.h b/include/linux/prctl.h
index a3baeb2..dc71db0 100644
--- a/include/linux/prctl.h
+++ b/include/linux/prctl.h
@@ -102,4 +102,10 @@
 
 #define PR_MCE_KILL_GET 34
 
+/*
+ * Set specific pid that is allowed to ptrace the current task.
+ * A value of 0 mean "no process".
+ */
+#define PR_SET_PTRACER 0x59616d61
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_PRCTL_H */
diff --git a/kernel/pid.c b/kernel/pid.c
index fa5f722..976e53f 100644
--- a/kernel/pid.c
+++ b/kernel/pid.c
@@ -78,6 +78,9 @@ struct pid_namespace init_pid_ns = {
 	.last_pid = 0,
 	.level = 0,
 	.child_reaper = &init_task,
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
+	.ptrace_scope = 1,
+#endif
 };
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(init_pid_ns);
 
diff --git a/kernel/pid_namespace.c b/kernel/pid_namespace.c
index e9c9adc..6dcdaae 100644
--- a/kernel/pid_namespace.c
+++ b/kernel/pid_namespace.c
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ static struct pid_namespace *create_pid_namespace(struct pid_namespace *parent_p
 	if (err)
 		goto out_put_parent_pid_ns;
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
+	ns->ptrace_scope = parent_pid_ns->ptrace_scope;
+#endif
+
 	return ns;
 
 out_put_parent_pid_ns:
diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index 51bd5a0..ccc61f8 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ source security/selinux/Kconfig
 source security/smack/Kconfig
 source security/tomoyo/Kconfig
 source security/apparmor/Kconfig
+source security/yama/Kconfig
 
 source security/integrity/Kconfig
 
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@ choice
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK if SECURITY_SMACK
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO if SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR if SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA if SECURITY_YAMA
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 	help
@@ -214,6 +216,9 @@ choice
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
 		bool "AppArmor" if SECURITY_APPARMOR=y
 
+	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
+		bool "Yama" if SECURITY_YAMA=y
+
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 		bool "Unix Discretionary Access Controls"
 
@@ -225,6 +230,7 @@ config DEFAULT_SECURITY
 	default "smack" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK
 	default "tomoyo" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default "apparmor" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default "yama" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
 	default "" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 endmenu
diff --git a/security/Makefile b/security/Makefile
index a5e502f..c26c81e 100644
--- a/security/Makefile
+++ b/security/Makefile
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX)	+= selinux
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)        += tomoyo
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)	+= apparmor
+subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama
 
 # always enable default capabilities
 obj-y					+= commoncap.o
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIT)			+= lsm_audit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)		+= tomoyo/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)		+= apparmor/built-in.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE)		+= device_cgroup.o
 
 # Object integrity file lists
diff --git a/security/yama/Kconfig b/security/yama/Kconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51d6709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Kconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+config SECURITY_YAMA
+	bool "Yama support"
+	depends on SECURITY
+	select SECURITYFS
+	select SECURITY_PATH
+	default n
+	help
+	  This selects Yama, which extends DAC support with additional
+	  system-wide security settings beyond regular Linux discretionary
+	  access controls. Currently available is ptrace scope restriction.
+	  Further information can be found in Documentation/security/Yama.txt.
+
+	  If you are unsure how to answer this question, answer N.
diff --git a/security/yama/Makefile b/security/yama/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b5e065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA) := yama.o
+
+yama-y := yama_lsm.o
diff --git a/security/yama/yama_lsm.c b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fbf3c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+/*
+ * Yama Linux Security Module
+ *
+ * Author: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical, Ltd.
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include <linux/sysctl.h>
+#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+#include <linux/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
+#include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
+
+/* describe a ptrace relationship for potential exception */
+struct ptrace_relation {
+	struct task_struct *tracer;
+	struct task_struct *tracee;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+static LIST_HEAD(ptracer_relations);
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_add - add/replace an exception for this tracer/tracee pair
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process doing the ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if relationship was added, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			    struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *added;
+	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;
+
+	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
+			relation = entry;
+			break;
+		}
+	if (!relation) {
+		relation = added;
+		if (!relation) {
+			rc = -ENOMEM;
+			goto unlock_out;
+		}
+		relation->tracee = tracee;
+		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
+	}
+	relation->tracer = tracer;
+
+unlock_out:
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	if (added && added != relation)
+		kfree(added);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_del - remove exceptions related to the given tasks
+ * @tracer: remove any relation where tracer task matches
+ * @tracee: remove any relation where tracee task matches
+ */
+static void yama_ptracer_del(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			     struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct list_head *list, *safe;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_safe(list, safe, &ptracer_relations) {
+		relation = list_entry(list, struct ptrace_relation, node);
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee ||
+		    relation->tracer == tracer) {
+			list_del(&relation->node);
+			kfree(relation);
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_free - check for task_pid to remove from exception list
+ * @task: task being removed
+ */
+static void yama_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	yama_ptracer_del(task, task);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_prctl - check for Yama-specific prctl operations
+ * @option: operation
+ * @arg2: argument
+ * @arg3: argument
+ * @arg4: argument
+ * @arg5: argument
+ *
+ * Return 0 on success, -ve on error.  -ENOSYS is returned when Yama
+ * does not handle the given option.
+ */
+static int yama_task_prctl(int option, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3,
+			   unsigned long arg4, unsigned long arg5)
+{
+	int rc;
+	struct task_struct *myself = current;
+
+	rc = cap_task_prctl(option, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5);
+	if (rc != -ENOSYS)
+		return rc;
+
+	switch (option) {
+	case PR_SET_PTRACER:
+		rcu_read_lock();
+		if (!thread_group_leader(myself))
+			myself = rcu_dereference(myself->group_leader);
+		get_task_struct(myself);
+		rcu_read_unlock();
+
+		if (arg2 == 0) {
+			yama_ptracer_del(NULL, myself);
+			rc = 0;
+		} else {
+			struct task_struct *tracer;
+
+			rcu_read_lock();
+			tracer = find_task_by_vpid(arg2);
+			if (tracer)
+				get_task_struct(tracer);
+			else
+				rc = -EINVAL;
+			rcu_read_unlock();
+
+			if (tracer) {
+				rc = yama_ptracer_add(tracer, myself);
+				put_task_struct(tracer);
+			}
+		}
+
+		put_task_struct(myself);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * task_is_descendant - walk up a process family tree looking for a match
+ * @parent: the process to compare against while walking up from child
+ * @child: the process to start from while looking upwards for parent
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if child is a descendant of parent, 0 if not.
+ */
+static int task_is_descendant(struct task_struct *parent,
+			      struct task_struct *child)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct task_struct *walker = child;
+
+	if (!parent || !child)
+		return 0;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(parent))
+		parent = rcu_dereference(parent->group_leader);
+	while (walker->pid > 0) {
+		if (!thread_group_leader(walker))
+			walker = rcu_dereference(walker->group_leader);
+		if (walker == parent) {
+			rc = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		walker = rcu_dereference(walker->real_parent);
+	}
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ptracer_exception_found - tracer registered as exception for this tracee
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process attempting ptrace
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be ptraced
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if tracer has is ptracer exception ancestor for tracee.
+ */
+static int ptracer_exception_found(struct task_struct *tracer,
+				   struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct task_struct *parent = NULL;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	if (!thread_group_leader(tracee))
+		tracee = rcu_dereference(tracee->group_leader);
+	list_for_each_entry(relation, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee) {
+			parent = relation->tracer;
+			break;
+		}
+
+	if (task_is_descendant(parent, tracer))
+		rc = 1;
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptrace_access_check - validate PTRACE_ATTACH calls
+ * @child: task that current task is attempting to ptrace
+ * @mode: ptrace attach mode
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if following the ptrace is allowed, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptrace_access_check(struct task_struct *child,
+				    unsigned int mode)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	/* If standard caps disallows it, so does Yama.  We should
+	 * only tighten restrictions further.
+	 */
+	rc = cap_ptrace_access_check(child, mode);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* require ptrace target be a child of ptracer on attach */
+	if (mode == PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH &&
+	    current->nsproxy->pid_ns->ptrace_scope &&
+	    !task_is_descendant(current, child) &&
+	    !ptracer_exception_found(current, child) &&
+	    !capable(CAP_SYS_PTRACE))
+		rc = -EPERM;
+
+	if (rc) {
+		char name[sizeof(current->comm)];
+		printk_ratelimited(KERN_NOTICE "ptrace of non-child"
+			" pid %d was attempted by: %s (pid %d)\n",
+			child->pid,
+			get_task_comm(name, current),
+			current->pid);
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static struct security_operations yama_ops = {
+	.name =			"yama",
+
+	.ptrace_access_check =	yama_ptrace_access_check,
+	.task_prctl =		yama_task_prctl,
+	.task_free =		yama_task_free,
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+static int zero;
+static int one = 1;
+
+static void *get_pid_data(ctl_table *table)
+{
+	char *which = table->data;
+	struct pid_namespace *pid_ns = current->nsproxy->pid_ns;
+	which = (which - (char *)&init_pid_ns) + (char *)pid_ns;
+	return which;
+}
+
+static int proc_pid_dointvec_minmax(ctl_table *table, int write,
+	void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	struct ctl_table pid_table;
+
+	memcpy(&pid_table, table, sizeof(pid_table));
+	pid_table.data = get_pid_data(table);
+
+	return proc_dointvec_minmax(&pid_table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
+}
+
+
+struct ctl_path yama_sysctl_path[] = {
+	{ .procname = "kernel", },
+	{ .procname = "yama", },
+	{ }
+};
+
+static struct ctl_table yama_sysctl_table[] = {
+	{
+		.procname       = "ptrace_scope",
+		.data           = &init_pid_ns.ptrace_scope,
+		.maxlen         = sizeof(int),
+		.mode           = 0644,
+		.proc_handler   = proc_pid_dointvec_minmax,
+		.extra1         = &zero,
+		.extra2         = &one,
+	},
+	{ }
+};
+#endif /* CONFIG_SYSCTL */
+
+static __init int yama_init(void)
+{
+	if (!security_module_enable(&yama_ops))
+		return 0;
+
+	printk(KERN_INFO "Yama: becoming mindful.\n");
+
+	if (register_security(&yama_ops))
+		panic("Yama: kernel registration failed.\n");
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+	if (!register_sysctl_paths(yama_sysctl_path, yama_sysctl_table))
+		panic("Yama: sysctl registration failed.\n");
+#endif
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+security_initcall(yama_init);
-- 
1.7.0.4

[kernel-hardening] [PATCH 2/2] security: Yama LSM

[Kees Cook]

This adds the Yama Linux Security Module to collect DAC security
improvements (specifically just ptrace restrictions for now) that have
existed in various forms over the years and have been carried outside the
mainline kernel by other Linux distributions like Openwall and grsecurity.

Signed-off-by: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
---
v7:
 - Merge ptrace restrictions, which include various fixes from
   Vasiliy Kulikov, Solar Designer, Ming Lei, Tetsuo Handa, and Eric Paris.
 - Merge pid_ns feature from Vasiliy Kulikov.
 - Rip out link restrictions for initial upstreaming.
v6:
 - Fix interaction with overlayfs, thanks to Andy Whitcroft and Leann
   Ogasawara.
 - Clarify rationale for LSM.
 - Move documentation under security subdirectory.
v5:
 - resend, with ptrace relationship interface
v4:
 - drop accidentally included fs/exec.c chunk.
v3:
 - drop needless cap_ callbacks.
 - fix usage of get_task_comm.
 - drop CONFIG_ of sysctl defaults, as recommended by Andi Kleen.
 - require SYSCTL.
v2:
 - add rcu locking, thanks to Tetsuo Handa.
 - add Documentation/Yama.txt for summary of features.
---
 Documentation/security/00-INDEX |    2 +
 Documentation/security/Yama.txt |   59 +++++++
 include/linux/pid_namespace.h   |    3 +
 include/linux/prctl.h           |    6 +
 kernel/pid.c                    |    3 +
 kernel/pid_namespace.c          |    4 +
 security/Kconfig                |    6 +
 security/Makefile               |    2 +
 security/yama/Kconfig           |   13 ++
 security/yama/Makefile          |    3 +
 security/yama/yama_lsm.c        |  339 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 11 files changed, 440 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/security/Yama.txt
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Kconfig
 create mode 100644 security/yama/Makefile
 create mode 100644 security/yama/yama_lsm.c

diff --git a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
index 19bc494..1f33b73 100644
--- a/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
+++ b/Documentation/security/00-INDEX
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ SELinux.txt
 	- how to get started with the SELinux security enhancement.
 Smack.txt
 	- documentation on the Smack Linux Security Module.
+Yama.txt
+	- documentation on the Yama Linux Security Module.
 apparmor.txt
 	- documentation on the AppArmor security extension.
 credentials.txt
diff --git a/Documentation/security/Yama.txt b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..281a89e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/security/Yama.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Yama is a Linux Security Module that collects a number of system-wide DAC
+security protections that are not handled by the core kernel itself. To
+select it at boot time, specify "security=yama" (though this will disable
+any other LSM).
+
+Yama is controlled through sysctl in /proc/sys/kernel/yama:
+
+- ptrace_scope
+
+==============================================================
+
+ptrace_scope:
+
+As Linux grows in popularity, it will become a larger target for
+malware. One particularly troubling weakness of the Linux process
+interfaces is that a single user is able to examine the memory and
+running state of any of their processes. For example, if one application
+(e.g. Pidgin) was compromised, it would be possible for an attacker to
+attach to other running processes (e.g. Firefox, SSH sessions, GPG agent,
+etc) to extract additional credentials and continue to expand the scope
+of their attack without resorting to user-assisted phishing.
+
+This is not a theoretical problem. SSH session hijacking
+(http://www.storm.net.nz/projects/7) and arbitrary code injection
+(http://c-skills.blogspot.com/2007/05/injectso.html) attacks already
+exist and remain possible if ptrace is allowed to operate as before.
+Since ptrace is not commonly used by non-developers and non-admins, system
+builders should be allowed the option to disable this debugging system.
+
+For a solution, some applications use prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, ...) to
+specifically disallow such ptrace attachment (e.g. ssh-agent), but many
+do not. A more general solution is to only allow ptrace directly from a
+parent to a child process (i.e. direct "gdb EXE" and "strace EXE" still
+work), or with CAP_SYS_PTRACE (i.e. "gdb --pid=PID", and "strace -p PID"
+still work as root).
+
+For software that has defined application-specific relationships
+between a debugging process and its inferior (crash handlers, etc),
+prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, pid, ...) can be used. An inferior can declare which
+other process (and its descendents) are allowed to call PTRACE_ATTACH
+against it. For example, this is used by KDE, Chromium, and Firefox's
+crash handlers, and by Wine for allowing only Wine processes to ptrace
+each other.
+
+0 - classic ptrace permissions: a process can PTRACE_ATTACH to any other
+    process running under the same uid, as long as it is dumpable (i.e.
+    did not transition uids, start privileged, or have called
+    prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE...) already).
+
+1 - restricted ptrace: a process must have a predefined relationship
+    with the inferior it wants to call PTRACE_ATTACH on. By default,
+    this relationship is that of only its descendants when the above
+    classic criteria is also met. To change the relationship, an
+    inferior can call prctl(PR_SET_PTRACER, debugger, ...) to declare
+    an allowed debugger PID to call PTRACE_ATTACH on the inferior.
+
+The original children-only logic was based on the restrictions in grsecurity.
+
+==============================================================
diff --git a/include/linux/pid_namespace.h b/include/linux/pid_namespace.h
index 38d1032..6586e84 100644
--- a/include/linux/pid_namespace.h
+++ b/include/linux/pid_namespace.h
@@ -30,6 +30,9 @@ struct pid_namespace {
 #ifdef CONFIG_BSD_PROCESS_ACCT
 	struct bsd_acct_struct *bacct;
 #endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
+	int ptrace_scope;
+#endif
 };
 
 extern struct pid_namespace init_pid_ns;
diff --git a/include/linux/prctl.h b/include/linux/prctl.h
index a3baeb2..dc71db0 100644
--- a/include/linux/prctl.h
+++ b/include/linux/prctl.h
@@ -102,4 +102,10 @@
 
 #define PR_MCE_KILL_GET 34
 
+/*
+ * Set specific pid that is allowed to ptrace the current task.
+ * A value of 0 mean "no process".
+ */
+#define PR_SET_PTRACER 0x59616d61
+
 #endif /* _LINUX_PRCTL_H */
diff --git a/kernel/pid.c b/kernel/pid.c
index fa5f722..976e53f 100644
--- a/kernel/pid.c
+++ b/kernel/pid.c
@@ -78,6 +78,9 @@ struct pid_namespace init_pid_ns = {
 	.last_pid = 0,
 	.level = 0,
 	.child_reaper = &init_task,
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
+	.ptrace_scope = 1,
+#endif
 };
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(init_pid_ns);
 
diff --git a/kernel/pid_namespace.c b/kernel/pid_namespace.c
index e9c9adc..6dcdaae 100644
--- a/kernel/pid_namespace.c
+++ b/kernel/pid_namespace.c
@@ -101,6 +101,10 @@ static struct pid_namespace *create_pid_namespace(struct pid_namespace *parent_p
 	if (err)
 		goto out_put_parent_pid_ns;
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA
+	ns->ptrace_scope = parent_pid_ns->ptrace_scope;
+#endif
+
 	return ns;
 
 out_put_parent_pid_ns:
diff --git a/security/Kconfig b/security/Kconfig
index 51bd5a0..ccc61f8 100644
--- a/security/Kconfig
+++ b/security/Kconfig
@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ source security/selinux/Kconfig
 source security/smack/Kconfig
 source security/tomoyo/Kconfig
 source security/apparmor/Kconfig
+source security/yama/Kconfig
 
 source security/integrity/Kconfig
 
@@ -196,6 +197,7 @@ choice
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK if SECURITY_SMACK
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO if SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR if SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA if SECURITY_YAMA
 	default DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 	help
@@ -214,6 +216,9 @@ choice
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
 		bool "AppArmor" if SECURITY_APPARMOR=y
 
+	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
+		bool "Yama" if SECURITY_YAMA=y
+
 	config DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 		bool "Unix Discretionary Access Controls"
 
@@ -225,6 +230,7 @@ config DEFAULT_SECURITY
 	default "smack" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_SMACK
 	default "tomoyo" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_TOMOYO
 	default "apparmor" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_APPARMOR
+	default "yama" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_YAMA
 	default "" if DEFAULT_SECURITY_DAC
 
 endmenu
diff --git a/security/Makefile b/security/Makefile
index a5e502f..c26c81e 100644
--- a/security/Makefile
+++ b/security/Makefile
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SELINUX)	+= selinux
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)        += tomoyo
 subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)	+= apparmor
+subdir-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama
 
 # always enable default capabilities
 obj-y					+= commoncap.o
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_SMACK)		+= smack/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_AUDIT)			+= lsm_audit.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_TOMOYO)		+= tomoyo/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_APPARMOR)		+= apparmor/built-in.o
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA)		+= yama/built-in.o
 obj-$(CONFIG_CGROUP_DEVICE)		+= device_cgroup.o
 
 # Object integrity file lists
diff --git a/security/yama/Kconfig b/security/yama/Kconfig
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..51d6709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Kconfig
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+config SECURITY_YAMA
+	bool "Yama support"
+	depends on SECURITY
+	select SECURITYFS
+	select SECURITY_PATH
+	default n
+	help
+	  This selects Yama, which extends DAC support with additional
+	  system-wide security settings beyond regular Linux discretionary
+	  access controls. Currently available is ptrace scope restriction.
+	  Further information can be found in Documentation/security/Yama.txt.
+
+	  If you are unsure how to answer this question, answer N.
diff --git a/security/yama/Makefile b/security/yama/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b5e065
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+obj-$(CONFIG_SECURITY_YAMA) := yama.o
+
+yama-y := yama_lsm.o
diff --git a/security/yama/yama_lsm.c b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74c0216
--- /dev/null
+++ b/security/yama/yama_lsm.c
@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+/*
+ * Yama Linux Security Module
+ *
+ * Author: Kees Cook <keescook@chromium.org>
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2010 Canonical, Ltd.
+ * Copyright (C) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
+ *
+ * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+ * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, as
+ * published by the Free Software Foundation.
+ *
+ */
+
+#include <linux/security.h>
+#include <linux/sysctl.h>
+#include <linux/ptrace.h>
+#include <linux/prctl.h>
+#include <linux/ratelimit.h>
+#include <linux/pid_namespace.h>
+
+/* describe a ptrace relationship for potential exception */
+struct ptrace_relation {
+	struct task_struct *tracer;
+	struct task_struct *tracee;
+	struct list_head node;
+};
+
+static LIST_HEAD(ptracer_relations);
+static DEFINE_SPINLOCK(ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_add - add/replace an exception for this tracer/tracee pair
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process doing the PTRACE
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be PTRACEd
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if relationship was added, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptracer_add(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			    struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *added;
+	struct ptrace_relation *entry, *relation = NULL;
+
+	added = kmalloc(sizeof(*added), GFP_KERNEL);
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_entry(entry, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (entry->tracee == tracee) {
+			relation = entry;
+			break;
+		}
+	if (!relation) {
+		relation = added;
+		if (!relation) {
+			rc = -ENOMEM;
+			goto unlock_out;
+		}
+		relation->tracee = tracee;
+		list_add(&relation->node, &ptracer_relations);
+	}
+	relation->tracer = tracer;
+
+unlock_out:
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	if (added && added != relation)
+		kfree(added);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptracer_del - remove exceptions related to the given tasks
+ * @tracer: remove any relation where tracer task matches
+ * @tracee: remove any relation where tracee task matches
+ */
+static void yama_ptracer_del(struct task_struct *tracer,
+			     struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct list_head *list, *safe;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+	list_for_each_safe(list, safe, &ptracer_relations) {
+		relation = list_entry(list, struct ptrace_relation, node);
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee ||
+		    relation->tracer == tracer) {
+			list_del(&relation->node);
+			kfree(relation);
+		}
+	}
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_free - check for task_pid to remove from exception list
+ * @task: task being removed
+ */
+static void yama_task_free(struct task_struct *task)
+{
+	yama_ptracer_del(task, task);
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_task_prctl - check for Yama-specific prctl operations
+ * @option: operation
+ * @arg2: argument
+ * @arg3: argument
+ * @arg4: argument
+ * @arg5: argument
+ *
+ * Return 0 on success, -ve on error.  -ENOSYS is returned when Yama
+ * does not handle the given option.
+ */
+static int yama_task_prctl(int option, unsigned long arg2, unsigned long arg3,
+			   unsigned long arg4, unsigned long arg5)
+{
+	int rc;
+	struct task_struct *myself = current;
+
+	rc = cap_task_prctl(option, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5);
+	if (rc != -ENOSYS)
+		return rc;
+
+	switch (option) {
+	case PR_SET_PTRACER:
+		rcu_read_lock();
+		if (!thread_group_leader(myself))
+			myself = myself->group_leader;
+		get_task_struct(myself);
+		rcu_read_unlock();
+
+		if (arg2 == 0) {
+			yama_ptracer_del(NULL, myself);
+			rc = 0;
+		} else {
+			struct task_struct *tracer;
+
+			rcu_read_lock();
+			tracer = find_task_by_vpid(arg2);
+			if (tracer)
+				get_task_struct(tracer);
+			else
+				rc = -EINVAL;
+			rcu_read_unlock();
+
+			if (tracer) {
+				rc = yama_ptracer_add(tracer, myself);
+				put_task_struct(tracer);
+			}
+		}
+
+		put_task_struct(myself);
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * task_is_descendant - walk up a process family tree looking for a match
+ * @parent: the process to compare against while walking up from child
+ * @child: the process to start from while looking upwards for parent
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if child is a descendant of parent, 0 if not.
+ */
+static int task_is_descendant(struct task_struct *parent,
+			      struct task_struct *child)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct task_struct *walker = child;
+
+	if (!parent || !child)
+		return 0;
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
+	if (!thread_group_leader(parent))
+		parent = parent->group_leader;
+	while (walker->pid > 0) {
+		if (!thread_group_leader(walker))
+			walker = walker->group_leader;
+		if (walker == parent) {
+			rc = 1;
+			break;
+		}
+		walker = walker->real_parent;
+	}
+	read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * ptracer_exception_found - tracer registered as exception for this tracee
+ * @tracer: the task_struct of the process attempting PTRACE
+ * @tracee: the task_struct of the process to be PTRACEd
+ *
+ * Returns 1 if tracer has is ptracer exception ancestor for tracee.
+ */
+static int ptracer_exception_found(struct task_struct *tracer,
+				   struct task_struct *tracee)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	struct ptrace_relation *relation;
+	struct task_struct *parent = NULL;
+
+	spin_lock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+	rcu_read_lock();
+	read_lock(&tasklist_lock);
+	if (!thread_group_leader(tracee))
+		tracee = tracee->group_leader;
+	list_for_each_entry(relation, &ptracer_relations, node)
+		if (relation->tracee == tracee) {
+			parent = relation->tracer;
+			break;
+		}
+	read_unlock(&tasklist_lock);
+	rcu_read_unlock();
+
+	if (task_is_descendant(parent, tracer))
+		rc = 1;
+	spin_unlock_bh(&ptracer_relations_lock);
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/**
+ * yama_ptrace_access_check - validate PTRACE_ATTACH calls
+ * @child: task that current task is attempting to PTRACE
+ * @mode: ptrace attach mode
+ *
+ * Returns 0 if following the ptrace is allowed, -ve on error.
+ */
+static int yama_ptrace_access_check(struct task_struct *child,
+				    unsigned int mode)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	/* If standard caps disallows it, so does Yama.  We should
+	 * only tighten restrictions further.
+	 */
+	rc = cap_ptrace_access_check(child, mode);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* require ptrace target be a child of ptracer on attach */
+	if (mode == PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH &&
+	    current->nsproxy->pid_ns->ptrace_scope &&
+	    !task_is_descendant(current, child) &&
+	    !ptracer_exception_found(current, child) &&
+	    !capable(CAP_SYS_PTRACE))
+		rc = -EPERM;
+
+	if (rc) {
+		char name[sizeof(current->comm)];
+		printk_ratelimited(KERN_INFO "ptrace of non-child"
+			" pid %d was attempted by: %s (pid %d)\n",
+			child->pid,
+			get_task_comm(name, current),
+			current->pid);
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static struct security_operations yama_ops = {
+	.name =			"yama",
+
+	.ptrace_access_check =	yama_ptrace_access_check,
+	.task_prctl =		yama_task_prctl,
+	.task_free =		yama_task_free,
+};
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+static int zero;
+static int one = 1;
+
+static void *get_pid_data(ctl_table *table)
+{
+	char *which = table->data;
+	struct pid_namespace *pid_ns = current->nsproxy->pid_ns;
+	which = (which - (char *)&init_pid_ns) + (char *)pid_ns;
+	return which;
+}
+
+static int proc_pid_dointvec_minmax(ctl_table *table, int write,
+	void __user *buffer, size_t *lenp, loff_t *ppos)
+{
+	struct ctl_table pid_table;
+
+	memcpy(&pid_table, table, sizeof(pid_table));
+	pid_table.data = get_pid_data(table);
+
+	return proc_dointvec_minmax(&pid_table, write, buffer, lenp, ppos);
+}
+
+
+struct ctl_path yama_sysctl_path[] = {
+	{ .procname = "kernel", },
+	{ .procname = "yama", },
+	{ }
+};
+
+static struct ctl_table yama_sysctl_table[] = {
+	{
+		.procname       = "ptrace_scope",
+		.data           = &init_pid_ns.ptrace_scope,
+		.maxlen         = sizeof(int),
+		.mode           = 0644,
+		.proc_handler   = proc_pid_dointvec_minmax,
+		.extra1         = &zero,
+		.extra2         = &one,
+	},
+	{ }
+};
+#endif /* CONFIG_SYSCTL */
+
+static __init int yama_init(void)
+{
+	if (!security_module_enable(&yama_ops))
+		return 0;
+
+	printk(KERN_INFO "Yama: becoming mindful.\n");
+
+	if (register_security(&yama_ops))
+		panic("Yama: kernel registration failed.\n");
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SYSCTL
+	if (!register_sysctl_paths(yama_sysctl_path, yama_sysctl_table))
+		panic("Yama: sysctl registration failed.\n");
+#endif
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+security_initcall(yama_init);
-- 
1.7.0.4