* [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
@ 2015-07-16 5:15 Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 6:40 ` Geert Uytterhoeven
` (7 more replies)
0 siblings, 8 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-16 5:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Arnd Bergmann, linux-arch; +Cc: Yoshinori Sato, linux-kernel
Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
It'll be an unexpected result.
Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
---
include/asm-generic/uaccess.h | 10 ++++++----
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
index 72d8803..1b813fb 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
@@ -163,9 +163,10 @@ static inline __must_check long __copy_to_user(void __user *to,
#define put_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __put_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
+ __put_user(x, __p) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
@@ -225,9 +226,10 @@ extern int __put_user_bad(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
#define get_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __get_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
+ __get_user(x, __p) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
--
2.1.4
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
@ 2015-07-16 6:40 ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2015-07-16 13:33 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 14:15 ` Arnd Bergmann
` (6 subsequent siblings)
7 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Geert Uytterhoeven @ 2015-07-16 6:40 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yoshinori Sato; +Cc: Arnd Bergmann, Linux-Arch, linux-kernel
Hi Sato-san,
On Thu, Jul 16, 2015 at 7:15 AM, Yoshinori Sato
<ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> wrote:
> Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
> It'll be an unexpected result.
>
> Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
> ---
> include/asm-generic/uaccess.h | 10 ++++++----
> 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
> index 72d8803..1b813fb 100644
> --- a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
> +++ b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
> @@ -163,9 +163,10 @@ static inline __must_check long __copy_to_user(void __user *to,
>
> #define put_user(x, ptr) \
> ({ \
> + __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
> might_fault(); \
> - access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> - __put_user(x, ptr) : \
> + access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
> + __put_user(x, __p) : \
For safety, you may want to change "x" to "(x") while at it.
> -EFAULT; \
> })
>
> @@ -225,9 +226,10 @@ extern int __put_user_bad(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
>
> #define get_user(x, ptr) \
> ({ \
> + __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
> might_fault(); \
> - access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> - __get_user(x, ptr) : \
> + access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
> + __get_user(x, __p) : \
Likewise.
Gr{oetje,eeting}s,
Geert
--
Geert Uytterhoeven -- There's lots of Linux beyond ia32 -- geert@linux-m68k.org
In personal conversations with technical people, I call myself a hacker. But
when I'm talking to journalists I just say "programmer" or something like that.
-- Linus Torvalds
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 6:40 ` Geert Uytterhoeven
@ 2015-07-16 13:33 ` Yoshinori Sato
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-16 13:33 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Geert Uytterhoeven; +Cc: Arnd Bergmann, Linux-Arch, linux-kernel
On Thu, 16 Jul 2015 15:40:31 +0900,
Geert Uytterhoeven wrote:
>
> Hi Sato-san,
>
> On Thu, Jul 16, 2015 at 7:15 AM, Yoshinori Sato
> <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> wrote:
> > Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
> > It'll be an unexpected result.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
>
> Acked-by: Geert Uytterhoeven <geert@linux-m68k.org>
>
> > ---
> > include/asm-generic/uaccess.h | 10 ++++++----
> > 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
> >
> > diff --git a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
> > index 72d8803..1b813fb 100644
> > --- a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
> > +++ b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
> > @@ -163,9 +163,10 @@ static inline __must_check long __copy_to_user(void __user *to,
> >
> > #define put_user(x, ptr) \
> > ({ \
> > + __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
> > might_fault(); \
> > - access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> > - __put_user(x, ptr) : \
> > + access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
> > + __put_user(x, __p) : \
>
> For safety, you may want to change "x" to "(x") while at it.
That's right.
I'll sent v2.
> > -EFAULT; \
> > })
> >
> > @@ -225,9 +226,10 @@ extern int __put_user_bad(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
> >
> > #define get_user(x, ptr) \
> > ({ \
> > + __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
> > might_fault(); \
> > - access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> > - __get_user(x, ptr) : \
> > + access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
> > + __get_user(x, __p) : \
>
> Likewise.
>
> Gr{oetje,eeting}s,
>
> Geert
>
> --
> Geert Uytterhoeven -- There's lots of Linux beyond ia32 -- geert@linux-m68k.org
>
> In personal conversations with technical people, I call myself a hacker. But
> when I'm talking to journalists I just say "programmer" or something like that.
> -- Linus Torvalds
--
Yoshinori Sato
<ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 6:40 ` Geert Uytterhoeven
@ 2015-07-16 14:15 ` Arnd Bergmann
2015-07-17 3:27 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 14:16 ` [PATCH v2] " Yoshinori Sato
` (5 subsequent siblings)
7 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: Arnd Bergmann @ 2015-07-16 14:15 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yoshinori Sato; +Cc: linux-arch, linux-kernel
On Thursday 16 July 2015 14:15:22 Yoshinori Sato wrote:
> Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
> It'll be an unexpected result.
>
> Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
Do you want to include this into a pull request of your own?
I'm currently on leave and not planning to merge asm-generic
patches for the next merge window.
Arnd
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v2] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 6:40 ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2015-07-16 14:15 ` Arnd Bergmann
@ 2015-07-16 14:16 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-21 6:14 ` [PATCH v3] " Yoshinori Sato
` (4 subsequent siblings)
7 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-16 14:16 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Arnd Bergmann; +Cc: Yoshinori Sato, linux-arch, linux-kernel
Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
It'll be an unexpected result.
Changes v2:
Add parenthesis to argument "x".
Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
---
include/asm-generic/uaccess.h | 10 ++++++----
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
index 72d8803..ba6ab80 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
@@ -163,9 +163,10 @@ static inline __must_check long __copy_to_user(void __user *to,
#define put_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __put_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
+ __put_user((x), __p) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
@@ -225,9 +226,10 @@ extern int __put_user_bad(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
#define get_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ __typeof__((ptr)) __p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __get_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __p, sizeof(*__p)) ? \
+ __get_user((x), __p) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
--
2.1.4
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 14:15 ` Arnd Bergmann
@ 2015-07-17 3:27 ` Yoshinori Sato
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-17 3:27 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Arnd Bergmann; +Cc: linux-arch, linux-kernel
On Thu, 16 Jul 2015 23:15:21 +0900,
Arnd Bergmann wrote:
>
> On Thursday 16 July 2015 14:15:22 Yoshinori Sato wrote:
> > Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
> > It'll be an unexpected result.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
>
> Acked-by: Arnd Bergmann <arnd@arndb.de>
>
> Do you want to include this into a pull request of your own?
> I'm currently on leave and not planning to merge asm-generic
> patches for the next merge window.
>
> Arnd
OK.
I'll sent later.
Thanks.
--
Yoshinori Sato
<ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v3] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
` (2 preceding siblings ...)
2015-07-16 14:16 ` [PATCH v2] " Yoshinori Sato
@ 2015-07-21 6:14 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-21 14:06 ` David Howells
` (3 subsequent siblings)
7 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-21 6:14 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Arnd Bergmann; +Cc: Yoshinori Sato, linux-arch, linux-kernel
Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
It'll be an unexpected result.
Changes v3:
Some build error fix.
Changes v2:
Argument x protect.
Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
---
include/asm-generic/uaccess.h | 10 ++++++----
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
index 72d8803..d800a3f 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
@@ -163,9 +163,10 @@ static inline __must_check long __copy_to_user(void __user *to,
#define put_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ uintptr_t __uip = (uintptr_t)(ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __put_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, __uip, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
+ __put_user((x), ((__typeof__(*ptr) *)__uip)) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
@@ -225,9 +226,10 @@ extern int __put_user_bad(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
#define get_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ uintptr_t __uip = (uintptr_t)(ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __get_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __uip, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
+ __get_user((x), (__typeof__(*ptr) *)__uip) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
--
2.1.4
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
` (3 preceding siblings ...)
2015-07-21 6:14 ` [PATCH v3] " Yoshinori Sato
@ 2015-07-21 14:06 ` David Howells
2015-07-22 6:09 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-22 14:52 ` [PATCH v4] " Yoshinori Sato
` (2 subsequent siblings)
7 siblings, 1 reply; 12+ messages in thread
From: David Howells @ 2015-07-21 14:06 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yoshinori Sato; +Cc: dhowells, Arnd Bergmann, linux-arch, linux-kernel
Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> wrote:
> #define get_user(x, ptr) \
> ({ \
> + uintptr_t __uip = (uintptr_t)(ptr); \
const?
> might_fault(); \
> - access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> - __get_user(x, ptr) : \
> + access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __uip, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> + __get_user((x), (__typeof__(*ptr) *)__uip) : \
> -EFAULT; \
> })
Would it be better to use void* instead of uintptr_t?
David
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v3] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-21 14:06 ` David Howells
@ 2015-07-22 6:09 ` Yoshinori Sato
0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-22 6:09 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: David Howells; +Cc: Arnd Bergmann, linux-arch, linux-kernel
On Tue, 21 Jul 2015 23:06:13 +0900,
David Howells wrote:
>
> Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> wrote:
>
> > #define get_user(x, ptr) \
> > ({ \
> > + uintptr_t __uip = (uintptr_t)(ptr); \
>
> const?
OK.
> > might_fault(); \
> > - access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> > - __get_user(x, ptr) : \
> > + access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __uip, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
> > + __get_user((x), (__typeof__(*ptr) *)__uip) : \
> > -EFAULT; \
> > })
>
> Would it be better to use void* instead of uintptr_t?
No reason.
I'll changed void*
Thanks.
> David
--
Yoshinori Sato
<ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v4] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
` (4 preceding siblings ...)
2015-07-21 14:06 ` David Howells
@ 2015-07-22 14:52 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-22 22:24 ` David Howells
2015-07-23 17:55 ` [PATCH v5] " Yoshinori Sato
7 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-22 14:52 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Arnd Bergmann; +Cc: Yoshinori Sato, linux-arch, linux-kernel
Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
It'll be an unexpected result.
Changes v4:
Temporary pointer type change to const void*
Changes v3:
Some build error fix.
Changes v2:
Argument x protect.
Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
---
include/asm-generic/uaccess.h | 10 ++++++----
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
index 72d8803..f02e696 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
@@ -163,9 +163,10 @@ static inline __must_check long __copy_to_user(void __user *to,
#define put_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ const void *__p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __put_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, __p, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
+ __put_user((x), ((__typeof__(*(ptr)) *)__p)) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
@@ -225,9 +226,10 @@ extern int __put_user_bad(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
#define get_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ const void *__p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __get_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __p, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
+ __get_user((x), (__typeof__(*(ptr)) *)__p) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
--
2.1.4
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH v4] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
` (5 preceding siblings ...)
2015-07-22 14:52 ` [PATCH v4] " Yoshinori Sato
@ 2015-07-22 22:24 ` David Howells
2015-07-23 17:55 ` [PATCH v5] " Yoshinori Sato
7 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: David Howells @ 2015-07-22 22:24 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Yoshinori Sato; +Cc: dhowells, Arnd Bergmann, linux-arch, linux-kernel
Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp> wrote:
> #define put_user(x, ptr) \
> ({ \
> + const void *__p = (ptr); \
Not const here, though...
David
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v5] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
` (6 preceding siblings ...)
2015-07-22 22:24 ` David Howells
@ 2015-07-23 17:55 ` Yoshinori Sato
7 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Yoshinori Sato @ 2015-07-23 17:55 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Arnd Bergmann; +Cc: Yoshinori Sato, linux-arch, linux-kernel
Current implemantation ptr argument evaluate 2 times.
It'll be an unexpected result.
Changes v5:
Remove unnecessary const.
Changes v4:
Temporary pointer type change to const void*
Changes v3:
Some build error fix.
Changes v2:
Argument x protect.
Signed-off-by: Yoshinori Sato <ysato@users.sourceforge.jp>
---
include/asm-generic/uaccess.h | 10 ++++++----
1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
diff --git a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
index 72d8803..1bfa602 100644
--- a/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
+++ b/include/asm-generic/uaccess.h
@@ -163,9 +163,10 @@ static inline __must_check long __copy_to_user(void __user *to,
#define put_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ void *__p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __put_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_WRITE, __p, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
+ __put_user((x), ((__typeof__(*(ptr)) *)__p)) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
@@ -225,9 +226,10 @@ extern int __put_user_bad(void) __attribute__((noreturn));
#define get_user(x, ptr) \
({ \
+ const void *__p = (ptr); \
might_fault(); \
- access_ok(VERIFY_READ, ptr, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
- __get_user(x, ptr) : \
+ access_ok(VERIFY_READ, __p, sizeof(*ptr)) ? \
+ __get_user((x), (__typeof__(*(ptr)) *)__p) : \
-EFAULT; \
})
--
2.1.4
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2015-07-23 17:55 UTC | newest]
Thread overview: 12+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed)
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2015-07-16 5:15 [PATCH] asm-generic: {get,put}_user ptr argument evaluate only 1 time Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 6:40 ` Geert Uytterhoeven
2015-07-16 13:33 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 14:15 ` Arnd Bergmann
2015-07-17 3:27 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-16 14:16 ` [PATCH v2] " Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-21 6:14 ` [PATCH v3] " Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-21 14:06 ` David Howells
2015-07-22 6:09 ` Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-22 14:52 ` [PATCH v4] " Yoshinori Sato
2015-07-22 22:24 ` David Howells
2015-07-23 17:55 ` [PATCH v5] " Yoshinori Sato
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.