How do you generate the config file?

How do you generate the config file?

[Abel]

Hi!

Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it yourself?

I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the instructions
described in kernelnewbies wiki
<https://kernelnewbies.org/OutreachyfirstpatchAlt?action=show&redirect=OPWfirstpatchAlt>.
(By the way, the download links to the iso images of Ubuntu don't work for
me)

If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to ask
me many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to
press always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling
I get an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).

I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too long
because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select the
stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer just a
simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
understanding all the stuff that it's in there.

So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop kernel
stuff for an Ubuntu image?
I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only provides
a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git sources of
course).

I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and compile.

*Greetings,*

*                                                        Abel.*
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How do you generate the config file?

[Ozgur Karatas]

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How do you generate the config file?

[慕冬亮]

Hello,
    If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
`make oldconfig` to generate config file.

--
My best regards to you.

     No System Is Safe!
     Dongliang Mu

2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
>
> Hello,
>
> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing .config file
> and compile to kernel.
>
> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
>
> Second, use the generate command:
>
> $ make defconfig
>
> Regards,
>
> ~Ozgur
>
> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
>
> Hi!
>
> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it yourself?
>
> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the instructions
> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links to the iso
> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
>
> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to ask me
> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to press
> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling I get
> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
>
> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too long
> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select the
> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer just a
> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
>
> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop kernel
> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only provides
> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git sources of
> course).
>
> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and compile.
>
> Greetings,
>
>                                                        Abel
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>

How do you generate the config file?

[Guru Das S]

On 29 January 2017 at 15:32, ??? <mudongliangabcd@gmail.com> wrote:
> Hello,
>     If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
> `make oldconfig` to generate config file.
>
> --
> My best regards to you.
>
>      No System Is Safe!
>      Dongliang Mu
>
> 2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
>>
>> Hello,
>>
>> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing .config file
>> and compile to kernel.
>>
>> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
>>
>> Second, use the generate command:
>>
>> $ make defconfig
>>
>> Regards,
>>
>> ~Ozgur
>>
>> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
>>
>> Hi!
>>
>> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it yourself?
>>
>> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the instructions
>> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links to the iso
>> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
>>
>> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to ask me
>> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to press
>> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling I get
>> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
>>
>> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too long
>> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
>> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select the
>> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer just a
>> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
>> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
>>
>> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop kernel
>> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
>> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
>> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only provides
>> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git sources of
>> course).
>>
>> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and compile.
>>
>> Greetings,
>>
>>                                                        Abel
>>
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> Kernelnewbies mailing list
>> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies

Hi Abel,

To add to what Ozgur said, you may first copy the existing .config
file that comes along with your Linux distribution to your kernel
tree, and then use:

$ make localmodconfig

instead of defconfig. A quick Google search should tell you the
differences between the two - and from what I've read, localmodconfig
is preferred to defconfig.

Hope this helps.


Guru Das Srinagesh.

How do you generate the config file?

[Abel]

I've posted a mail with the screenshot (waiting for moderation) when I try
to boot from make defconfig built kernel. Basically the kernel doesn't boot
because "Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev " it says...It's the
same screen that appeared when I tried using make oldconfig pressing enter
for default values.

I tried using make localmodconfig but It again asks for many config params
that I don't know anything about.

Saludos,

*                                                        Abel.*

On 30 January 2017 at 01:11, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:

> Hi.
>
> I just built using make defconfig and it, again, doesn't boot. Instead it
> displays the error that I've described before (sorry I forgot to attach the
> screenshot, I attach it here).
>
> As I already stated, neither /boot/${uname -r} nor make oldconfig work for
> me, they both show the screen above.
>
> Saludos,
>
> *                                                        Abel.*
>
> On 30 January 2017 at 01:08, Guru Das S <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> On 29 January 2017 at 15:32, ??? <mudongliangabcd@gmail.com> wrote:
>> > Hello,
>> >     If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
>> > `make oldconfig` to generate config file.
>> >
>> > --
>> > My best regards to you.
>> >
>> >      No System Is Safe!
>> >      Dongliang Mu
>> >
>> > 2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
>> >>
>> >> Hello,
>> >>
>> >> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing
>> .config file
>> >> and compile to kernel.
>> >>
>> >> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
>> >>
>> >> Second, use the generate command:
>> >>
>> >> $ make defconfig
>> >>
>> >> Regards,
>> >>
>> >> ~Ozgur
>> >>
>> >> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
>> >>
>> >> Hi!
>> >>
>> >> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it yourself?
>> >>
>> >> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the
>> instructions
>> >> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links to
>> the iso
>> >> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
>> >>
>> >> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to
>> ask me
>> >> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to
>> press
>> >> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling I
>> get
>> >> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
>> >>
>> >> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too
>> long
>> >> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
>> >> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select the
>> >> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer
>> just a
>> >> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
>> >> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
>> >>
>> >> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop
>> kernel
>> >> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
>> >> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
>> >> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only
>> provides
>> >> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git
>> sources of
>> >> course).
>> >>
>> >> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and compile.
>> >>
>> >> Greetings,
>> >>
>> >>                                                        Abel
>> >>
>> >>
>> >> _______________________________________________
>> >> Kernelnewbies mailing list
>> >> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>> >> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>> >>
>> >
>> > _______________________________________________
>> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
>> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>> > https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>>
>> Hi Abel,
>>
>> To add to what Ozgur said, you may first copy the existing .config
>> file that comes along with your Linux distribution to your kernel
>> tree, and then use:
>>
>> $ make localmodconfig
>>
>> instead of defconfig. A quick Google search should tell you the
>> differences between the two - and from what I've read, localmodconfig
>> is preferred to defconfig.
>>
>> Hope this helps.
>>
>>
>> Guru Das Srinagesh.
>>
>
>
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How do you generate the config file?

[Guru Das S]

On 29 January 2017 at 16:19, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
> I've posted a mail with the screenshot (waiting for moderation) when I try
> to boot from make defconfig built kernel. Basically the kernel doesn't boot
> because "Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev " it says...It's the
> same screen that appeared when I tried using make oldconfig pressing enter
> for default values.
>
> I tried using make localmodconfig but It again asks for many config params
> that I don't know anything about.
>
> Saludos,
>
>                                                        Abel.

Hi Abel,

The procedure I followed in order to compile, install and boot my
custom compiled kernel is:

1. Copy .config from existing distribution to kernel tree.

2. Run make localmodconfig (I also got a bunch of prompts for
parameters I had no idea about. I just pressed down Enter till the
stream of options stopped flowing!)

3. Run make -j<N> where N is a good number for your system.

4. Run make modules_install

5. Run make install (This ran update-grub for me at the end, though,
which was convenient)

That's it. I was able to boot into this newly compiled kernel via
grub's selection menu upon rebooting. I think you may have missed
doing Step 4 above.


Guru Das Srinagesh.


>
> On 30 January 2017 at 01:11, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> Hi.
>>
>> I just built using make defconfig and it, again, doesn't boot. Instead it
>> displays the error that I've described before (sorry I forgot to attach the
>> screenshot, I attach it here).
>>
>> As I already stated, neither /boot/${uname -r} nor make oldconfig work for
>> me, they both show the screen above.
>>
>> Saludos,
>>
>>                                                        Abel.
>>
>> On 30 January 2017 at 01:08, Guru Das S <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
>>>
>>> On 29 January 2017 at 15:32, ??? <mudongliangabcd@gmail.com> wrote:
>>> > Hello,
>>> >     If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
>>> > `make oldconfig` to generate config file.
>>> >
>>> > --
>>> > My best regards to you.
>>> >
>>> >      No System Is Safe!
>>> >      Dongliang Mu
>>> >
>>> > 2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
>>> >>
>>> >> Hello,
>>> >>
>>> >> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing
>>> >> .config file
>>> >> and compile to kernel.
>>> >>
>>> >> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
>>> >>
>>> >> Second, use the generate command:
>>> >>
>>> >> $ make defconfig
>>> >>
>>> >> Regards,
>>> >>
>>> >> ~Ozgur
>>> >>
>>> >> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
>>> >>
>>> >> Hi!
>>> >>
>>> >> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it yourself?
>>> >>
>>> >> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the
>>> >> instructions
>>> >> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links to
>>> >> the iso
>>> >> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
>>> >>
>>> >> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to
>>> >> ask me
>>> >> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to
>>> >> press
>>> >> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling I
>>> >> get
>>> >> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
>>> >>
>>> >> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too
>>> >> long
>>> >> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
>>> >> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select
>>> >> the
>>> >> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer
>>> >> just a
>>> >> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
>>> >> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
>>> >>
>>> >> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop
>>> >> kernel
>>> >> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
>>> >> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
>>> >> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only
>>> >> provides
>>> >> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git
>>> >> sources of
>>> >> course).
>>> >>
>>> >> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and
>>> >> compile.
>>> >>
>>> >> Greetings,
>>> >>
>>> >>                                                        Abel
>>> >>
>>> >>
>>> >> _______________________________________________
>>> >> Kernelnewbies mailing list
>>> >> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>>> >> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>>> >>
>>> >
>>> > _______________________________________________
>>> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
>>> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>>> > https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>>>
>>> Hi Abel,
>>>
>>> To add to what Ozgur said, you may first copy the existing .config
>>> file that comes along with your Linux distribution to your kernel
>>> tree, and then use:
>>>
>>> $ make localmodconfig
>>>
>>> instead of defconfig. A quick Google search should tell you the
>>> differences between the two - and from what I've read, localmodconfig
>>> is preferred to defconfig.
>>>
>>> Hope this helps.
>>>
>>>
>>> Guru Das Srinagesh.
>>
>>
>

How do you generate the config file?

[Abel]

Yes, similar procedure I've followed.
I didn't forget step 4. I actually always did `sudo make install_modules`.
I'm not sure what's going on.

Maybe it has sth to do with Ubuntu, that's why specifically mention I was
using Ubuntu.

Maybe I can try with some other distro. Probably Manjaro has better support
for latest kernel releases.

It's late here. I'll keep trying and let you know in case I figure out sth.

On Jan 30, 2017 1:27 AM, "Guru Das S" <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:

On 29 January 2017 at 16:19, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
> I've posted a mail with the screenshot (waiting for moderation) when I try
> to boot from make defconfig built kernel. Basically the kernel doesn't
boot
> because "Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev " it says...It's the
> same screen that appeared when I tried using make oldconfig pressing enter
> for default values.
>
> I tried using make localmodconfig but It again asks for many config params
> that I don't know anything about.
>
> Saludos,
>
>                                                        Abel.

Hi Abel,

The procedure I followed in order to compile, install and boot my
custom compiled kernel is:

1. Copy .config from existing distribution to kernel tree.

2. Run make localmodconfig (I also got a bunch of prompts for
parameters I had no idea about. I just pressed down Enter till the
stream of options stopped flowing!)

3. Run make -j<N> where N is a good number for your system.

4. Run make modules_install

5. Run make install (This ran update-grub for me at the end, though,
which was convenient)

That's it. I was able to boot into this newly compiled kernel via
grub's selection menu upon rebooting. I think you may have missed
doing Step 4 above.


Guru Das Srinagesh.


>
> On 30 January 2017 at 01:11, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> Hi.
>>
>> I just built using make defconfig and it, again, doesn't boot. Instead it
>> displays the error that I've described before (sorry I forgot to attach
the
>> screenshot, I attach it here).
>>
>> As I already stated, neither /boot/${uname -r} nor make oldconfig work
for
>> me, they both show the screen above.
>>
>> Saludos,
>>
>>                                                        Abel.
>>
>> On 30 January 2017 at 01:08, Guru Das S <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
>>>
>>> On 29 January 2017 at 15:32, ??? <mudongliangabcd@gmail.com> wrote:
>>> > Hello,
>>> >     If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
>>> > `make oldconfig` to generate config file.
>>> >
>>> > --
>>> > My best regards to you.
>>> >
>>> >      No System Is Safe!
>>> >      Dongliang Mu
>>> >
>>> > 2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
>>> >>
>>> >> Hello,
>>> >>
>>> >> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing
>>> >> .config file
>>> >> and compile to kernel.
>>> >>
>>> >> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
>>> >>
>>> >> Second, use the generate command:
>>> >>
>>> >> $ make defconfig
>>> >>
>>> >> Regards,
>>> >>
>>> >> ~Ozgur
>>> >>
>>> >> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
>>> >>
>>> >> Hi!
>>> >>
>>> >> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it
yourself?
>>> >>
>>> >> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the
>>> >> instructions
>>> >> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links to
>>> >> the iso
>>> >> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
>>> >>
>>> >> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to
>>> >> ask me
>>> >> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to
>>> >> press
>>> >> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling
I
>>> >> get
>>> >> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
>>> >>
>>> >> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too
>>> >> long
>>> >> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
>>> >> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select
>>> >> the
>>> >> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer
>>> >> just a
>>> >> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
>>> >> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
>>> >>
>>> >> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop
>>> >> kernel
>>> >> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
>>> >> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
>>> >> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only
>>> >> provides
>>> >> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git
>>> >> sources of
>>> >> course).
>>> >>
>>> >> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and
>>> >> compile.
>>> >>
>>> >> Greetings,
>>> >>
>>> >>                                                        Abel
>>> >>
>>> >>
>>> >> _______________________________________________
>>> >> Kernelnewbies mailing list
>>> >> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>>> >> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>>> >>
>>> >
>>> > _______________________________________________
>>> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
>>> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>>> > https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>>>
>>> Hi Abel,
>>>
>>> To add to what Ozgur said, you may first copy the existing .config
>>> file that comes along with your Linux distribution to your kernel
>>> tree, and then use:
>>>
>>> $ make localmodconfig
>>>
>>> instead of defconfig. A quick Google search should tell you the
>>> differences between the two - and from what I've read, localmodconfig
>>> is preferred to defconfig.
>>>
>>> Hope this helps.
>>>
>>>
>>> Guru Das Srinagesh.
>>
>>
>
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How do you generate the config file?

[valdis.kletnieks at vt.edu]

On Sun, 29 Jan 2017 16:27:04 -0800, Guru Das S said:
>
> 2. Run make localmodconfig (I also got a bunch of prompts for
> parameters I had no idea about. I just pressed down Enter till the
> stream of options stopped flowing!)

Remember to insert all your USB/whatever widgets before running this, so
their drivers are loaded - localmodconfig uses the output of lsmod, so if
the module(s) for the driver aren't loaded, the resulting kernel won't
support that widget.

(You don't need to have them all plugged in at once, you can unplug each one
once they've been noticed by the system. Just make sure each one gets plugged
in at least once after boot and before localmodconfig)

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How do you generate the config file?

[Pranay Srivastava]

On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 6:04 AM, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Yes, similar procedure I've followed.
> I didn't forget step 4. I actually always did `sudo make install_modules`. I'm not sure what's going on.
>
> Maybe it has sth to do with Ubuntu, that's why specifically mention I was using Ubuntu.
>
> Maybe I can try with some other distro. Probably Manjaro has better support for latest kernel releases.
>
> It's late here. I'll keep trying and let you know in case I figure out sth.

Ok so probably some modules got missed while building your custom kernel.
Perhaps you can zcat /boot/config-$(uname -r)
and store it as .config to your custom
kernel source location?

Then probably try and remove what you don't need? and see if it works.

>
> On Jan 30, 2017 1:27 AM, "Guru Das S" <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> On 29 January 2017 at 16:19, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
> > I've posted a mail with the screenshot (waiting for moderation) when I try
> > to boot from make defconfig built kernel. Basically the kernel doesn't boot
> > because "Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev " it says...It's the
> > same screen that appeared when I tried using make oldconfig pressing enter
> > for default values.
> >
> > I tried using make localmodconfig but It again asks for many config params
> > that I don't know anything about.
> >
> > Saludos,
> >
> >                                                        Abel.
>
> Hi Abel,
>
> The procedure I followed in order to compile, install and boot my
> custom compiled kernel is:
>
> 1. Copy .config from existing distribution to kernel tree.
>
> 2. Run make localmodconfig (I also got a bunch of prompts for
> parameters I had no idea about. I just pressed down Enter till the
> stream of options stopped flowing!)
>
> 3. Run make -j<N> where N is a good number for your system.
>
> 4. Run make modules_install
>
> 5. Run make install (This ran update-grub for me at the end, though,
> which was convenient)
>
> That's it. I was able to boot into this newly compiled kernel via
> grub's selection menu upon rebooting. I think you may have missed
> doing Step 4 above.
>
>
> Guru Das Srinagesh.
>
>
> >
> > On 30 January 2017 at 01:11, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
> >>
> >> Hi.
> >>
> >> I just built using make defconfig and it, again, doesn't boot. Instead it
> >> displays the error that I've described before (sorry I forgot to attach the
> >> screenshot, I attach it here).
> >>
> >> As I already stated, neither /boot/${uname -r} nor make oldconfig work for
> >> me, they both show the screen above.
> >>
> >> Saludos,
> >>
> >>                                                        Abel.
> >>
> >> On 30 January 2017 at 01:08, Guru Das S <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
> >>>
> >>> On 29 January 2017 at 15:32, ??? <mudongliangabcd@gmail.com> wrote:
> >>> > Hello,
> >>> >     If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
> >>> > `make oldconfig` to generate config file.
> >>> >
> >>> > --
> >>> > My best regards to you.
> >>> >
> >>> >      No System Is Safe!
> >>> >      Dongliang Mu
> >>> >
> >>> > 2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Hello,
> >>> >>
> >>> >> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing
> >>> >> .config file
> >>> >> and compile to kernel.
> >>> >>
> >>> >> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Second, use the generate command:
> >>> >>
> >>> >> $ make defconfig
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Regards,
> >>> >>
> >>> >> ~Ozgur
> >>> >>
> >>> >> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Hi!
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it yourself?
> >>> >>
> >>> >> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the
> >>> >> instructions
> >>> >> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links to
> >>> >> the iso
> >>> >> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
> >>> >>
> >>> >> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to
> >>> >> ask me
> >>> >> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to
> >>> >> press
> >>> >> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling I
> >>> >> get
> >>> >> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
> >>> >>
> >>> >> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too
> >>> >> long
> >>> >> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
> >>> >> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select
> >>> >> the
> >>> >> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer
> >>> >> just a
> >>> >> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
> >>> >> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
> >>> >>
> >>> >> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop
> >>> >> kernel
> >>> >> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
> >>> >> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
> >>> >> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only
> >>> >> provides
> >>> >> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git
> >>> >> sources of
> >>> >> course).
> >>> >>
> >>> >> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and
> >>> >> compile.
> >>> >>
> >>> >> Greetings,
> >>> >>
> >>> >>                                                        Abel
> >>> >>
> >>> >>
> >>> >> _______________________________________________
> >>> >> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> >>> >> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> >>> >> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
> >>> >>
> >>> >
> >>> > _______________________________________________
> >>> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
> >>> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> >>> > https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
> >>>
> >>> Hi Abel,
> >>>
> >>> To add to what Ozgur said, you may first copy the existing .config
> >>> file that comes along with your Linux distribution to your kernel
> >>> tree, and then use:
> >>>
> >>> $ make localmodconfig
> >>>
> >>> instead of defconfig. A quick Google search should tell you the
> >>> differences between the two - and from what I've read, localmodconfig
> >>> is preferred to defconfig.
> >>>
> >>> Hope this helps.
> >>>
> >>>
> >>> Guru Das Srinagesh.
> >>
> >>
> >
>
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>



-- 
        ---P.K.S

How do you generate the config file?

[srishti sharma]

After cloning greg kroah hartman's repository from the tutorial , I am
not able to boot into any kernel by default and have to choose from
advanced ubuntu options  from the grub menu . In the advanced ubuntu
options I see generic kernels ,and one rc3+ kernel . I think that's
the one I need to boot in . Am I wrong ? Also when I am trying to boot
in the rc3+ kernel my computer gets stuck and I am unable to boot .
What do I do ? Please help me .

On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 9:34 AM, Pranay Srivastava <pranjas@gmail.com> wrote:
> On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 6:04 AM, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> Yes, similar procedure I've followed.
>> I didn't forget step 4. I actually always did `sudo make install_modules`. I'm not sure what's going on.
>>
>> Maybe it has sth to do with Ubuntu, that's why specifically mention I was using Ubuntu.
>>
>> Maybe I can try with some other distro. Probably Manjaro has better support for latest kernel releases.
>>
>> It's late here. I'll keep trying and let you know in case I figure out sth.
>
> Ok so probably some modules got missed while building your custom kernel.
> Perhaps you can zcat /boot/config-$(uname -r)
> and store it as .config to your custom
> kernel source location?
>
> Then probably try and remove what you don't need? and see if it works.
>
>>
>> On Jan 30, 2017 1:27 AM, "Guru Das S" <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
>>
>> On 29 January 2017 at 16:19, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
>> > I've posted a mail with the screenshot (waiting for moderation) when I try
>> > to boot from make defconfig built kernel. Basically the kernel doesn't boot
>> > because "Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev " it says...It's the
>> > same screen that appeared when I tried using make oldconfig pressing enter
>> > for default values.
>> >
>> > I tried using make localmodconfig but It again asks for many config params
>> > that I don't know anything about.
>> >
>> > Saludos,
>> >
>> >                                                        Abel.
>>
>> Hi Abel,
>>
>> The procedure I followed in order to compile, install and boot my
>> custom compiled kernel is:
>>
>> 1. Copy .config from existing distribution to kernel tree.
>>
>> 2. Run make localmodconfig (I also got a bunch of prompts for
>> parameters I had no idea about. I just pressed down Enter till the
>> stream of options stopped flowing!)
>>
>> 3. Run make -j<N> where N is a good number for your system.
>>
>> 4. Run make modules_install
>>
>> 5. Run make install (This ran update-grub for me at the end, though,
>> which was convenient)
>>
>> That's it. I was able to boot into this newly compiled kernel via
>> grub's selection menu upon rebooting. I think you may have missed
>> doing Step 4 above.
>>
>>
>> Guru Das Srinagesh.
>>
>>
>> >
>> > On 30 January 2017 at 01:11, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
>> >>
>> >> Hi.
>> >>
>> >> I just built using make defconfig and it, again, doesn't boot. Instead it
>> >> displays the error that I've described before (sorry I forgot to attach the
>> >> screenshot, I attach it here).
>> >>
>> >> As I already stated, neither /boot/${uname -r} nor make oldconfig work for
>> >> me, they both show the screen above.
>> >>
>> >> Saludos,
>> >>
>> >>                                                        Abel.
>> >>
>> >> On 30 January 2017 at 01:08, Guru Das S <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
>> >>>
>> >>> On 29 January 2017 at 15:32, ??? <mudongliangabcd@gmail.com> wrote:
>> >>> > Hello,
>> >>> >     If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
>> >>> > `make oldconfig` to generate config file.
>> >>> >
>> >>> > --
>> >>> > My best regards to you.
>> >>> >
>> >>> >      No System Is Safe!
>> >>> >      Dongliang Mu
>> >>> >
>> >>> > 2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> Hello,
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing
>> >>> >> .config file
>> >>> >> and compile to kernel.
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> Second, use the generate command:
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> $ make defconfig
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> Regards,
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> ~Ozgur
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> Hi!
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it yourself?
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the
>> >>> >> instructions
>> >>> >> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links to
>> >>> >> the iso
>> >>> >> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it starts to
>> >>> >> ask me
>> >>> >> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried to
>> >>> >> press
>> >>> >> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after compiling I
>> >>> >> get
>> >>> >> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it takes too
>> >>> >> long
>> >>> >> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
>> >>> >> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and select
>> >>> >> the
>> >>> >> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather prefer
>> >>> >> just a
>> >>> >> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
>> >>> >> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop
>> >>> >> kernel
>> >>> >> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
>> >>> >> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
>> >>> >> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it only
>> >>> >> provides
>> >>> >> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git
>> >>> >> sources of
>> >>> >> course).
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and
>> >>> >> compile.
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> Greetings,
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >>                                                        Abel
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >> _______________________________________________
>> >>> >> Kernelnewbies mailing list
>> >>> >> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>> >>> >> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>> >>> >>
>> >>> >
>> >>> > _______________________________________________
>> >>> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
>> >>> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>> >>> > https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>> >>>
>> >>> Hi Abel,
>> >>>
>> >>> To add to what Ozgur said, you may first copy the existing .config
>> >>> file that comes along with your Linux distribution to your kernel
>> >>> tree, and then use:
>> >>>
>> >>> $ make localmodconfig
>> >>>
>> >>> instead of defconfig. A quick Google search should tell you the
>> >>> differences between the two - and from what I've read, localmodconfig
>> >>> is preferred to defconfig.
>> >>>
>> >>> Hope this helps.
>> >>>
>> >>>
>> >>> Guru Das Srinagesh.
>> >>
>> >>
>> >
>>
>>
>>
>> _______________________________________________
>> Kernelnewbies mailing list
>> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
>> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>>
>
>
>
> --
>         ---P.K.S
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies

How do you generate the config file?

[Abel]

I'd start saying that you should open a new thread for this issue, but,
doesn't matter...

What's that greg kroah repo you're talking about?

rc3+ looks like it's the kernel version you've already built, which is
likely the default configured kernel that doesn't work for you.
Try to boot the most recent generic kernel, they come with your linux
distro and they should work.
To change the default kernel that boots, search for help/tutorials about
grub configuration in Internet.



Saludos,

*                                                        Abel.*

On 30 January 2017 at 22:51, srishti sharma <srishtishar@gmail.com> wrote:

> After cloning greg kroah hartman's repository from the tutorial , I am
> not able to boot into any kernel by default and have to choose from
> advanced ubuntu options  from the grub menu . In the advanced ubuntu
> options I see generic kernels ,and one rc3+ kernel . I think that's
> the one I need to boot in . Am I wrong ? Also when I am trying to boot
> in the rc3+ kernel my computer gets stuck and I am unable to boot .
> What do I do ? Please help me .
>
> On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 9:34 AM, Pranay Srivastava <pranjas@gmail.com>
> wrote:
> > On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 6:04 AM, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
> >>
> >> Yes, similar procedure I've followed.
> >> I didn't forget step 4. I actually always did `sudo make
> install_modules`. I'm not sure what's going on.
> >>
> >> Maybe it has sth to do with Ubuntu, that's why specifically mention I
> was using Ubuntu.
> >>
> >> Maybe I can try with some other distro. Probably Manjaro has better
> support for latest kernel releases.
> >>
> >> It's late here. I'll keep trying and let you know in case I figure out
> sth.
> >
> > Ok so probably some modules got missed while building your custom kernel.
> > Perhaps you can zcat /boot/config-$(uname -r)
> > and store it as .config to your custom
> > kernel source location?
> >
> > Then probably try and remove what you don't need? and see if it works.
> >
> >>
> >> On Jan 30, 2017 1:27 AM, "Guru Das S" <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
> >>
> >> On 29 January 2017 at 16:19, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
> >> > I've posted a mail with the screenshot (waiting for moderation) when
> I try
> >> > to boot from make defconfig built kernel. Basically the kernel
> doesn't boot
> >> > because "Missing modules (cat /proc/modules; ls /dev " it says...It's
> the
> >> > same screen that appeared when I tried using make oldconfig pressing
> enter
> >> > for default values.
> >> >
> >> > I tried using make localmodconfig but It again asks for many config
> params
> >> > that I don't know anything about.
> >> >
> >> > Saludos,
> >> >
> >> >                                                        Abel.
> >>
> >> Hi Abel,
> >>
> >> The procedure I followed in order to compile, install and boot my
> >> custom compiled kernel is:
> >>
> >> 1. Copy .config from existing distribution to kernel tree.
> >>
> >> 2. Run make localmodconfig (I also got a bunch of prompts for
> >> parameters I had no idea about. I just pressed down Enter till the
> >> stream of options stopped flowing!)
> >>
> >> 3. Run make -j<N> where N is a good number for your system.
> >>
> >> 4. Run make modules_install
> >>
> >> 5. Run make install (This ran update-grub for me at the end, though,
> >> which was convenient)
> >>
> >> That's it. I was able to boot into this newly compiled kernel via
> >> grub's selection menu upon rebooting. I think you may have missed
> >> doing Step 4 above.
> >>
> >>
> >> Guru Das Srinagesh.
> >>
> >>
> >> >
> >> > On 30 January 2017 at 01:11, Abel <akronix5@gmail.com> wrote:
> >> >>
> >> >> Hi.
> >> >>
> >> >> I just built using make defconfig and it, again, doesn't boot.
> Instead it
> >> >> displays the error that I've described before (sorry I forgot to
> attach the
> >> >> screenshot, I attach it here).
> >> >>
> >> >> As I already stated, neither /boot/${uname -r} nor make oldconfig
> work for
> >> >> me, they both show the screen above.
> >> >>
> >> >> Saludos,
> >> >>
> >> >>                                                        Abel.
> >> >>
> >> >> On 30 January 2017 at 01:08, Guru Das S <gurooodas@gmail.com> wrote:
> >> >>>
> >> >>> On 29 January 2017 at 15:32, ??? <mudongliangabcd@gmail.com> wrote:
> >> >>> > Hello,
> >> >>> >     If you want to reuse the config of current kernel, you can use
> >> >>> > `make oldconfig` to generate config file.
> >> >>> >
> >> >>> > --
> >> >>> > My best regards to you.
> >> >>> >
> >> >>> >      No System Is Safe!
> >> >>> >      Dongliang Mu
> >> >>> >
> >> >>> > 2017-01-29 18:24 GMT-05:00 Ozgur Karatas <mueddib@goosey.org>:
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> Hello,
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> you can get .config files in two ways, firstly get the existing
> >> >>> >> .config file
> >> >>> >> and compile to kernel.
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> $ cp /boot/config-x.x.x /bla/linux/.config
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> Second, use the generate command:
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> $ make defconfig
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> Regards,
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> ~Ozgur
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> 30.01.2017, 01:18, "Abel" <akronix5@gmail.com>:
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> Hi!
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> Where do you get the config file from? or do you generate it
> yourself?
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> I'm using xUbuntu 16.04 in a VM inside VMWare, following the
> >> >>> >> instructions
> >> >>> >> described in kernelnewbies wiki. (By the way, the download links
> to
> >> >>> >> the iso
> >> >>> >> images of Ubuntu don't work for me)
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> If I copy the latest config file in /boot, kernel 4.4.0, it
> starts to
> >> >>> >> ask me
> >> >>> >> many config parameters that I don't know what to answer. I tried
> to
> >> >>> >> press
> >> >>> >> always <enter> to set up the default parameters, but after
> compiling I
> >> >>> >> get
> >> >>> >> an error trying to boot from that kernel (see atachment).
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> I tried with make menuconfig and that seems to work, but it
> takes too
> >> >>> >> long
> >> >>> >> because it builds and includes many many drivers modules.
> >> >>> >> Yeah, I know I could navigate through the ncurses window and
> select
> >> >>> >> the
> >> >>> >> stuff I want and deselect what I don't want, but I'd rather
> prefer
> >> >>> >> just a
> >> >>> >> simple config file that builds and works and don't waste time in
> >> >>> >> understanding all the stuff that it's in there.
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> So, isn't there a way to get a simple config file just to develop
> >> >>> >> kernel
> >> >>> >> stuff for an Ubuntu image?
> >> >>> >> I've even gone to the kernel ppa sources for Ubuntu:
> >> >>> >> http://kernel.ubuntu.com/~kernel-ppa/mainline/v4.9.5/; but it
> only
> >> >>> >> provides
> >> >>> >> a patch using the debian config files (which don't come from git
> >> >>> >> sources of
> >> >>> >> course).
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> I just want a config file, copy it to the kernel root code and
> >> >>> >> compile.
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> Greetings,
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >>                                                        Abel
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >> _______________________________________________
> >> >>> >> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> >> >>> >> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> >> >>> >> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
> >> >>> >>
> >> >>> >
> >> >>> > _______________________________________________
> >> >>> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
> >> >>> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> >> >>> > https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
> >> >>>
> >> >>> Hi Abel,
> >> >>>
> >> >>> To add to what Ozgur said, you may first copy the existing .config
> >> >>> file that comes along with your Linux distribution to your kernel
> >> >>> tree, and then use:
> >> >>>
> >> >>> $ make localmodconfig
> >> >>>
> >> >>> instead of defconfig. A quick Google search should tell you the
> >> >>> differences between the two - and from what I've read,
> localmodconfig
> >> >>> is preferred to defconfig.
> >> >>>
> >> >>> Hope this helps.
> >> >>>
> >> >>>
> >> >>> Guru Das Srinagesh.
> >> >>
> >> >>
> >> >
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> _______________________________________________
> >> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> >> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> >> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
> >>
> >
> >
> >
> > --
> >         ---P.K.S
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> > https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> https://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>
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How do you generate the config file?

[Jim Davis]

On Mon, Jan 30, 2017 at 2:51 PM, srishti sharma <srishtishar@gmail.com> wrote:
> After cloning greg kroah hartman's repository from the tutorial , I am
> not able to boot into any kernel by default and have to choose from
> advanced ubuntu options  from the grub menu . In the advanced ubuntu
> options I see generic kernels ,and one rc3+ kernel . I think that's
> the one I need to boot in . Am I wrong ? Also when I am trying to boot
> in the rc3+ kernel my computer gets stuck and I am unable to boot .
> What do I do ? Please help me .

A couple of minor things -- well, maybe not so minor: Top posting, and
thread hijacking, won't go over well on most kernel mailing lists.

If you're really stuck I'd try to go back to basics and make sure a
standard kernel build-n-boot works before trying anything fancier.  On
an Ubuntu system that could be

sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install libssl-dev
sudo apt-get install git
git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git
linux-rc
cd linux-rc
cp `ls -t /boot/config* | head -1` .config  # or whatever your latest
vendor config file is
yes "" | make oldconfig
make bindeb-pkg >/tmp/make-bindeb.out 2>/tmp/make-bindeb.err

which, if all goes well, will leave a deb file in the parent directory
with an unwieldy name like
linux-image-4.10.0-rc6+_4.10.0-rc6+-1_i386.deb.  If you can't build a
kernel with the standard linux source repo and your vendor's latest
config file then something needs to be fixed before going any further.

If the build worked, running sudo dpkg -i
linux-image-whatever-the-name-is.deb in the parent directory, and
rebooting, should start the new kernel running, as you can check with
uname -r.

Actually I ran those commands on a Debian Jessie VM but I think the
Ubuntu steps would be virtually identical.  It is handy to do all that
in a virtual environment -- the cool kids use kvm; I use Virtualbox.


-- 
Jim