* Need basics of booting process
@ 2011-07-11 7:28 Rigved Rakshit
2011-07-11 8:02 ` Mandeep Sandhu
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Rigved Rakshit @ 2011-07-11 7:28 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
>
> I want to know the basics linux booting process. I googled for this but i
> didn't find the detailed things anywhere. I want to know the boot process
> including the hardware work flow. Can anyone give me the detailed tutorial
> to learn about this.
>
> First, when you power up the system the bios goes through a POST, which is
> power-on self test. This just checks that hardware is working, etc. Then it
> looks for a boot sektor, which must be 512 bytes long and end with a magic
> number, and loads the kernel. From there, you can look at the head.s
> assembly, and I think someone posted a tutorial here a while back--maybe
> they'll post that again.
>
1. The POST (Power-On-Self-Test) is done. POST checks all the processors
that are connected, the amount of RAM available, disks that are connected,
network cards available etc.
2. Then the BIOS (Basic Input/Output Services) program is loaded. The
BIOS searches for IDE, SCSI, PATA drives. Then it searches for active
(bootable) partition(s). Using this knowledge, it checks the information in
the Master Boot Record (MBR) of the drive (that has the active
partition(s)). Then, it loads the bootloader (mostly GRUB - Grand Unified
Bootloader) from the MBR.
3. Grub knows how to read all kinds of partitions. So, it can boot from
any file system.
1. It checks and loads the settings in /boot/grub/grub.conf. This file
contains path for root = (hd0,0), kernel = vmlinuz, initrd = initrd.img
(cpio archive).
2. The Linux kernel is loaded into the RAM. It knows how to unpack the
cpio archive which was specified by initrd parameter in grub.conf. The
kernel loads this unpacked initial RAM disk and root file system (also
called initramfs) into the RAM. Then it starts executing the
/etc/init file
present in this initramfs.
1. initrd: It contains the initial RAM disk and the initial root
file system. These are loaded into the RAM before the actual root file
system from the hard disk is loaded.
2. ntldr: In case another bootloader is required to be loaded, then
the 'chainloader+1' command tells grub to load the bootloader
mentioned.
ntldr is the Windows bootloader. In Windows, all drives are loaded in
user-space.
4. init starts populating /dev with the devices that are connected.
init inserts kernel modules (.ko files) to detect the connected hardware.
1. init loads the hard disk. Then, init "switches root" to the root
file system in the hard disk. Finally, before terminating, this
init file of
the initramfs passes control to the init file in the hard disk.
2. init loads the partitions which are mentioned in /etc/fstab.
3. Then, all the files up to and including the required "init level"
are executed.
1. These include rc.sysinit, rc.local (directory) and rcX.d
(directory - where X refers to a whole number).
2. If you check the /etc/rc0.d directory, you will find symlinks
starting with either a 'K' or a 'S'. This is followed by a
number. This
convention is followed purposely. All symlinks with a
starting K are 'kill'
commands. All symlinks with a starting S are start commands. All the
symlinks are followed in lexicographic order. So, all the
kill commands are
executed first (K00*, K01* etc.), followed by the start
commands (S00*, S01*
etc.).
3. So, if you want to boot to init level 1, then all the commands
in /etc/rc1.d directory are executed. If you want a Graphical
Environment
(i.e., init level 5), then all commands from rc1.d up to
rc5.d are executed.
4. init level 0 is for shutdown and init level 6 is for restart (i
think; not sure about init level 6).
This is a brief introduction to the boot process. Modern OSs require much
more than these basic things. Also, this boot process refers to the SysVInit
model. Then is another model used by Upstart, which Ubuntu uses. Watch this
video to learn more about Upstart:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssnZBQqnze8
Hope this helps!
Rigved Rakshit
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* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-11 7:28 Need basics of booting process Rigved Rakshit
@ 2011-07-11 8:02 ` Mandeep Sandhu
0 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Mandeep Sandhu @ 2011-07-11 8:02 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
> video to learn more about Upstart:
> http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ssnZBQqnze8
Thanks for this link.
-mandeep
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-12 19:41 ` Pavan Kandepet
@ 2011-07-13 13:03 ` Tapas Mishra
0 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Tapas Mishra @ 2011-07-13 13:03 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
On Wed, Jul 13, 2011 at 1:11 AM, Pavan Kandepet <pavankp@gmail.com> wrote:
> Check this one out:
> http://milindchoudhary.wordpress.com/2009/03/30/linux-boot-process/
>
> Another one:
>
> http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process
>
> Hope this helps,
> Pavan
>
>
>
> On Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 11:07 AM, Mulyadi Santosa <
> mulyadi.santosa at gmail.com> wrote:
>
>> On Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 21:04, Niamathullah sharief <newbiesha@gmail.com>
>> wrote:
>> > Its getting confusion for me..I am telling what i understood
>> >
>> > BIOS------->POST--------->MBR----------->Bootloader---------->Kernel.
>>
>> Roughly, yeah something like that....mind you, POST is a procedure
>> that is part of BIOS initialization
>>
>> --
>> regards,
>>
>> Mulyadi Santosa
>> Freelance Linux trainer and consultant
>>
>> blog: the-hydra.blogspot.com
>> training: mulyaditraining.blogspot.com
>
>
Can any one share the process of Xen bootstrapping.It is hypervisor which
starts.Any link etc.
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* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-12 18:07 ` Mulyadi Santosa
@ 2011-07-12 19:41 ` Pavan Kandepet
2011-07-13 13:03 ` Tapas Mishra
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Pavan Kandepet @ 2011-07-12 19:41 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
Check this one out:
http://milindchoudhary.wordpress.com/2009/03/30/linux-boot-process/
Another one:
http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process
Hope this helps,
Pavan
On Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 11:07 AM, Mulyadi Santosa <mulyadi.santosa@gmail.com
> wrote:
> On Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 21:04, Niamathullah sharief <newbiesha@gmail.com>
> wrote:
> > Its getting confusion for me..I am telling what i understood
> >
> > BIOS------->POST--------->MBR----------->Bootloader---------->Kernel.
>
> Roughly, yeah something like that....mind you, POST is a procedure
> that is part of BIOS initialization
>
> --
> regards,
>
> Mulyadi Santosa
> Freelance Linux trainer and consultant
>
> blog: the-hydra.blogspot.com
> training: mulyaditraining.blogspot.com
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>
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* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-12 14:04 ` Niamathullah sharief
@ 2011-07-12 18:07 ` Mulyadi Santosa
2011-07-12 19:41 ` Pavan Kandepet
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Mulyadi Santosa @ 2011-07-12 18:07 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
On Tue, Jul 12, 2011 at 21:04, Niamathullah sharief <newbiesha@gmail.com> wrote:
> Its getting confusion for me..I am telling what i understood
>
> BIOS------->POST--------->MBR----------->Bootloader---------->Kernel.
Roughly, yeah something like that....mind you, POST is a procedure
that is part of BIOS initialization
--
regards,
Mulyadi Santosa
Freelance Linux trainer and consultant
blog: the-hydra.blogspot.com
training: mulyaditraining.blogspot.com
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-11 8:32 ` amit mehta
@ 2011-07-12 14:04 ` Niamathullah sharief
2011-07-12 18:07 ` Mulyadi Santosa
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Niamathullah sharief @ 2011-07-12 14:04 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
Its getting confusion for me..I am telling what i understood
BIOS------->POST--------->MBR----------->Bootloader---------->Kernel.
I thinks the above hierarchy is correct?
On Mon, Jul 11, 2011 at 2:02 PM, amit mehta <gmate.amit@gmail.com> wrote:
> I find these two articles on this topic by the same guy extremely helpful:
>
> http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/how-computers-boot-up
> http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process
>
> -Amit
>
> On Sun, Jul 10, 2011 at 10:07 PM, Niamathullah sharief
> <newbiesha@gmail.com> wrote:
> > Dear friends,
> >
> > I want to know the basics linux booting process. I googled for this but i
> > didn't find the detailed things anywhere. I want to know the boot process
> > including the hardware work flow. Can anyone give me the detailed
> tutorial
> > to learn about this.
> >
> > Thank you
> >
> > _______________________________________________
> > Kernelnewbies mailing list
> > Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> > http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
> >
> >
>
>
>
> --
> Life is elsewhere. Cross Frontiers. Fly away.
>
> - Salman Rushdie
>
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* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-10 16:37 Niamathullah sharief
2011-07-10 16:41 ` Littlefield, Tyler
2011-07-11 3:16 ` Mulyadi Santosa
@ 2011-07-11 8:32 ` amit mehta
2011-07-12 14:04 ` Niamathullah sharief
2 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: amit mehta @ 2011-07-11 8:32 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
I find these two articles on this topic by the same guy extremely helpful:
http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/how-computers-boot-up
http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/kernel-boot-process
-Amit
On Sun, Jul 10, 2011 at 10:07 PM, Niamathullah sharief
<newbiesha@gmail.com> wrote:
> Dear friends,
>
> I want to know the basics linux booting process. I googled for this but i
> didn't find the detailed things anywhere. I want to know the boot process
> including the hardware work flow. Can anyone give me the detailed tutorial
> to learn about this.
>
> Thank you
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
>
>
--
Life is elsewhere. Cross Frontiers. Fly away.
- Salman Rushdie
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-10 16:37 Niamathullah sharief
2011-07-10 16:41 ` Littlefield, Tyler
@ 2011-07-11 3:16 ` Mulyadi Santosa
2011-07-11 8:32 ` amit mehta
2 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Mulyadi Santosa @ 2011-07-11 3:16 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
On Sun, Jul 10, 2011 at 23:37, Niamathullah sharief <newbiesha@gmail.com> wrote:
> Dear friends,
>
> I want to know the basics linux booting process. I googled for this but i
> didn't find the detailed things anywhere. I want to know the boot process
> including the hardware work flow. Can anyone give me the detailed tutorial
> to learn about this.
try to check:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-linuxboot/index.html
--
regards,
Mulyadi Santosa
Freelance Linux trainer and consultant
blog: the-hydra.blogspot.com
training: mulyaditraining.blogspot.com
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Need basics of booting process
2011-07-10 16:37 Niamathullah sharief
@ 2011-07-10 16:41 ` Littlefield, Tyler
2011-07-11 3:16 ` Mulyadi Santosa
2011-07-11 8:32 ` amit mehta
2 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Littlefield, Tyler @ 2011-07-10 16:41 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
On 7/10/2011 10:37 AM, Niamathullah sharief wrote:
> Dear friends,
>
> I want to know the basics linux booting process. I googled for this
> but i didn't find the detailed things anywhere. I want to know the
> boot process including the hardware work flow. Can anyone give me the
> detailed tutorial to learn about this.
>
First, when you power up the system the bios goes through a POST, which
is power-on self test. This just checks that hardware is working, etc.
Then it looks for a boot sektor, which must be 512 bytes long and end
with a magic number, and loads the kernel. From there, you can look at
the head.s assembly, and I think someone posted a tutorial here a while
back--maybe they'll post that again.
> Thank you
>
>
> _______________________________________________
> Kernelnewbies mailing list
> Kernelnewbies at kernelnewbies.org
> http://lists.kernelnewbies.org/mailman/listinfo/kernelnewbies
--
Take care,
Ty
my website:
http://tds-solutions.net
my blog:
http://tds-solutions.net/blog
skype: st8amnd127
My programs don't have bugs; they're randomly added features!
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* Need basics of booting process
@ 2011-07-10 16:37 Niamathullah sharief
2011-07-10 16:41 ` Littlefield, Tyler
` (2 more replies)
0 siblings, 3 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Niamathullah sharief @ 2011-07-10 16:37 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: kernelnewbies
Dear friends,
I want to know the basics linux booting process. I googled for this but i
didn't find the detailed things anywhere. I want to know the boot process
including the hardware work flow. Can anyone give me the detailed tutorial
to learn about this.
Thank you
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2011-07-11 7:28 Need basics of booting process Rigved Rakshit
2011-07-11 8:02 ` Mandeep Sandhu
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2011-07-10 16:37 Niamathullah sharief
2011-07-10 16:41 ` Littlefield, Tyler
2011-07-11 3:16 ` Mulyadi Santosa
2011-07-11 8:32 ` amit mehta
2011-07-12 14:04 ` Niamathullah sharief
2011-07-12 18:07 ` Mulyadi Santosa
2011-07-12 19:41 ` Pavan Kandepet
2011-07-13 13:03 ` Tapas Mishra
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