* Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
@ 2020-04-14 10:40 Jörg Otte
2020-04-14 10:50 ` Ard Biesheuvel
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Jörg Otte @ 2020-04-14 10:40 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Linux Kernel Mailing List, Ard Biesheuvel, Linus Torvalds
Booting my notebook with kernel V57-rc1 I get following
display:
exit_boot() failed!
efi_main() failed!
StartImage failed: Buffer Too Small
Booting Kernel V5.6 works well.
From dmesg (kernel V5.6):
efi: EFI v2.31 by Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
efi: ACPI=0xdcffe000 ACPI 2.0=0xdcffe014 SMBIOS=0xdce80000 RNG=0xdc3cd198
efi: seeding entropy pool
efi: [Firmware Bug]: Invalid EFI memory map entries:
efi: mem47: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
efi: mem48: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
efi: mem49: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
efi: mem50: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
efi: mem51: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
efi: Removing 5 invalid memory map entries.
Thanks, Jörg
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 10:40 Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?) Jörg Otte
@ 2020-04-14 10:50 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-14 16:32 ` Jörg Otte
2020-04-14 18:27 ` Linus Torvalds
0 siblings, 2 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Ard Biesheuvel @ 2020-04-14 10:50 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jörg Otte, linux-efi, Arvind Sankar
Cc: Linux Kernel Mailing List, Linus Torvalds
On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 12:40, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Booting my notebook with kernel V57-rc1 I get following
> display:
>
> exit_boot() failed!
> efi_main() failed!
> StartImage failed: Buffer Too Small
>
> Booting Kernel V5.6 works well.
>
> From dmesg (kernel V5.6):
> efi: EFI v2.31 by Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
> efi: ACPI=0xdcffe000 ACPI 2.0=0xdcffe014 SMBIOS=0xdce80000 RNG=0xdc3cd198
> efi: seeding entropy pool
> efi: [Firmware Bug]: Invalid EFI memory map entries:
> efi: mem47: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> efi: mem48: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> efi: mem49: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> efi: mem50: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> efi: mem51: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> efi: Removing 5 invalid memory map entries.
>
Thanks for the report.
Can you try booting with efi=no_disable_early_pci_dma passed via the
kernel command line? [*]
If that does not help, can you try to reproduce with this branch?
https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip.git/log/?h=efi/urgent
If it still does not work, please share your exact kernel config, and
the version of your distro, GRUB, shim, systemd-boot, etc
[*] GRUB on x86 turns out not to zero initialize BSS when it invokes
the EFI stub as a PE/COFF executable, resulting in the 'disable early
PCI DMA' feature to get enabled spuriously, which breaks the boot on
buggy firmware. systemd-boot is even worse, as it ignores the PE/COFF
metadata entirely in some cases, and just assumes it can invoke the
PE/COFF entrypoint after copying the kernel image into memory.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 10:50 ` Ard Biesheuvel
@ 2020-04-14 16:32 ` Jörg Otte
2020-04-14 16:35 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-14 18:27 ` Linus Torvalds
1 sibling, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Jörg Otte @ 2020-04-14 16:32 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ard Biesheuvel
Cc: linux-efi, Arvind Sankar, Linux Kernel Mailing List, Linus Torvalds
Am Di., 14. Apr. 2020 um 12:50 Uhr schrieb Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>:
>
> On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 12:40, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > Booting my notebook with kernel V57-rc1 I get following
> > display:
> >
> > exit_boot() failed!
> > efi_main() failed!
> > StartImage failed: Buffer Too Small
> >
> > Booting Kernel V5.6 works well.
> >
> > From dmesg (kernel V5.6):
> > efi: EFI v2.31 by Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
> > efi: ACPI=0xdcffe000 ACPI 2.0=0xdcffe014 SMBIOS=0xdce80000 RNG=0xdc3cd198
> > efi: seeding entropy pool
> > efi: [Firmware Bug]: Invalid EFI memory map entries:
> > efi: mem47: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > efi: mem48: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > efi: mem49: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > efi: mem50: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > efi: mem51: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > efi: Removing 5 invalid memory map entries.
> >
>
> Thanks for the report.
>
> Can you try booting with efi=no_disable_early_pci_dma passed via the
> kernel command line? [*]
>
Yes, that works!
> If that does not help, can you try to reproduce with this branch?
>
> https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip.git/log/?h=efi/urgent
Should I give that branch a try anyway?
Thanks, Jörg
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 16:32 ` Jörg Otte
@ 2020-04-14 16:35 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-15 7:45 ` Ingo Molnar
2020-04-15 8:35 ` Jörg Otte
0 siblings, 2 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Ard Biesheuvel @ 2020-04-14 16:35 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jörg Otte
Cc: linux-efi, Arvind Sankar, Linux Kernel Mailing List, Linus Torvalds
On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 18:32, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Am Di., 14. Apr. 2020 um 12:50 Uhr schrieb Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>:
> >
> > On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 12:40, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> > >
> > > Booting my notebook with kernel V57-rc1 I get following
> > > display:
> > >
> > > exit_boot() failed!
> > > efi_main() failed!
> > > StartImage failed: Buffer Too Small
> > >
> > > Booting Kernel V5.6 works well.
> > >
> > > From dmesg (kernel V5.6):
> > > efi: EFI v2.31 by Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
> > > efi: ACPI=0xdcffe000 ACPI 2.0=0xdcffe014 SMBIOS=0xdce80000 RNG=0xdc3cd198
> > > efi: seeding entropy pool
> > > efi: [Firmware Bug]: Invalid EFI memory map entries:
> > > efi: mem47: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > efi: mem48: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > efi: mem49: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > efi: mem50: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > efi: mem51: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > efi: Removing 5 invalid memory map entries.
> > >
> >
> > Thanks for the report.
> >
> > Can you try booting with efi=no_disable_early_pci_dma passed via the
> > kernel command line? [*]
> >
> Yes, that works!
>
> > If that does not help, can you try to reproduce with this branch?
> >
> > https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip.git/log/?h=efi/urgent
>
> Should I give that branch a try anyway?
>
Your test proves that BSS is not being cleared correctly, so I have
the answer I was looking for. However, I would appreciate it if you
could test that branch, just to double check.
Thanks,
Ard.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 10:50 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-14 16:32 ` Jörg Otte
@ 2020-04-14 18:27 ` Linus Torvalds
2020-04-14 18:32 ` Ard Biesheuvel
1 sibling, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Linus Torvalds @ 2020-04-14 18:27 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ard Biesheuvel
Cc: Jörg Otte, linux-efi, Arvind Sankar, Linux Kernel Mailing List
On Tue, Apr 14, 2020 at 3:50 AM Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> [*] GRUB on x86 turns out not to zero initialize BSS when it invokes
> the EFI stub as a PE/COFF executable
The fix seems to be to put all globals in the .data section, even if
they don't have initializers.
That seems very fragile. Very easy to forget to not declare some
static variable with __efistub_global.
Could we not make the EFI stub code zero out the BSS itself? Perhaps
setting a warning flag (for a later printout) if it wasn't already
zero, so that people could point fingers are buggy loaders..
Linus
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 18:27 ` Linus Torvalds
@ 2020-04-14 18:32 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-14 18:44 ` Linus Torvalds
0 siblings, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Ard Biesheuvel @ 2020-04-14 18:32 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Linus Torvalds
Cc: Jörg Otte, linux-efi, Arvind Sankar, Linux Kernel Mailing List
On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 20:27, Linus Torvalds
<torvalds@linux-foundation.org> wrote:
>
> On Tue, Apr 14, 2020 at 3:50 AM Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> wrote:
> >
> > [*] GRUB on x86 turns out not to zero initialize BSS when it invokes
> > the EFI stub as a PE/COFF executable
>
> The fix seems to be to put all globals in the .data section, even if
> they don't have initializers.
>
> That seems very fragile. Very easy to forget to not declare some
> static variable with __efistub_global.
>
> Could we not make the EFI stub code zero out the BSS itself? Perhaps
> setting a warning flag (for a later printout) if it wasn't already
> zero, so that people could point fingers are buggy loaders..
>
That is the quick fix, but Arvind is working on getting rid of
__efistub_global entirely, and use the right linker foo to put .bss in
.data. This gives a tiny bit of bloat, but we are talking about a
handful of bools here.
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 18:32 ` Ard Biesheuvel
@ 2020-04-14 18:44 ` Linus Torvalds
0 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Linus Torvalds @ 2020-04-14 18:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ard Biesheuvel
Cc: Jörg Otte, linux-efi, Arvind Sankar, Linux Kernel Mailing List
On Tue, Apr 14, 2020 at 11:32 AM Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> wrote:
>
> That is the quick fix, but Arvind is working on getting rid of
> __efistub_global entirely, and use the right linker foo to put .bss in
> .data.
Oh, that sounds even better. Yeah, a linker script fix to just make
.bss be in the executable is the right thing to do if we have
unreliable loaders.
Thanks,
Linus
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 16:35 ` Ard Biesheuvel
@ 2020-04-15 7:45 ` Ingo Molnar
2020-04-15 8:35 ` Jörg Otte
1 sibling, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Ingo Molnar @ 2020-04-15 7:45 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ard Biesheuvel
Cc: Jörg Otte, linux-efi, Arvind Sankar,
Linux Kernel Mailing List, Linus Torvalds
* Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org> wrote:
> On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 18:32, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > Am Di., 14. Apr. 2020 um 12:50 Uhr schrieb Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>:
> > >
> > > On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 12:40, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > >
> > > > Booting my notebook with kernel V57-rc1 I get following
> > > > display:
> > > >
> > > > exit_boot() failed!
> > > > efi_main() failed!
> > > > StartImage failed: Buffer Too Small
> > > >
> > > > Booting Kernel V5.6 works well.
> > > >
> > > > From dmesg (kernel V5.6):
> > > > efi: EFI v2.31 by Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
> > > > efi: ACPI=0xdcffe000 ACPI 2.0=0xdcffe014 SMBIOS=0xdce80000 RNG=0xdc3cd198
> > > > efi: seeding entropy pool
> > > > efi: [Firmware Bug]: Invalid EFI memory map entries:
> > > > efi: mem47: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem48: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem49: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem50: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem51: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: Removing 5 invalid memory map entries.
> > > >
> > >
> > > Thanks for the report.
> > >
> > > Can you try booting with efi=no_disable_early_pci_dma passed via the
> > > kernel command line? [*]
> > >
> > Yes, that works!
> >
> > > If that does not help, can you try to reproduce with this branch?
> > >
> > > https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip.git/log/?h=efi/urgent
> >
> > Should I give that branch a try anyway?
> >
>
> Your test proves that BSS is not being cleared correctly, so I have
> the answer I was looking for. However, I would appreciate it if you
> could test that branch, just to double check.
I'll send efi/urgent to Linus within the next couple of hours, to get the
fix to Linus:
105cb9544b16: ("efi/x86: Move efi stub globals from .bss to .data")
Thanks,
Ingo
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-14 16:35 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-15 7:45 ` Ingo Molnar
@ 2020-04-15 8:35 ` Jörg Otte
2020-04-15 9:58 ` Ard Biesheuvel
1 sibling, 1 reply; 10+ messages in thread
From: Jörg Otte @ 2020-04-15 8:35 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Ard Biesheuvel
Cc: linux-efi, Arvind Sankar, Linux Kernel Mailing List, Linus Torvalds
Am Di., 14. Apr. 2020 um 18:35 Uhr schrieb Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>:
>
> On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 18:32, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> >
> > Am Di., 14. Apr. 2020 um 12:50 Uhr schrieb Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>:
> > >
> > > On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 12:40, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > >
> > > > Booting my notebook with kernel V57-rc1 I get following
> > > > display:
> > > >
> > > > exit_boot() failed!
> > > > efi_main() failed!
> > > > StartImage failed: Buffer Too Small
> > > >
> > > > Booting Kernel V5.6 works well.
> > > >
> > > > From dmesg (kernel V5.6):
> > > > efi: EFI v2.31 by Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
> > > > efi: ACPI=0xdcffe000 ACPI 2.0=0xdcffe014 SMBIOS=0xdce80000 RNG=0xdc3cd198
> > > > efi: seeding entropy pool
> > > > efi: [Firmware Bug]: Invalid EFI memory map entries:
> > > > efi: mem47: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem48: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem49: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem50: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: mem51: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > efi: Removing 5 invalid memory map entries.
> > > >
> > >
> > > Thanks for the report.
> > >
> > > Can you try booting with efi=no_disable_early_pci_dma passed via the
> > > kernel command line? [*]
> > >
> > Yes, that works!
> >
> > > If that does not help, can you try to reproduce with this branch?
> > >
> > > https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip.git/log/?h=efi/urgent
> >
> > Should I give that branch a try anyway?
> >
>
> Your test proves that BSS is not being cleared correctly, so I have
> the answer I was looking for. However, I would appreciate it if you
> could test that branch, just to double check.
>
> Thanks,
> Ard.
The branch works for me too!
Thanks, Jörg
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
* Re: Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?)
2020-04-15 8:35 ` Jörg Otte
@ 2020-04-15 9:58 ` Ard Biesheuvel
0 siblings, 0 replies; 10+ messages in thread
From: Ard Biesheuvel @ 2020-04-15 9:58 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Jörg Otte
Cc: linux-efi, Arvind Sankar, Linux Kernel Mailing List, Linus Torvalds
On Wed, 15 Apr 2020 at 10:35, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
>
> Am Di., 14. Apr. 2020 um 18:35 Uhr schrieb Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>:
> >
> > On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 18:32, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> > >
> > > Am Di., 14. Apr. 2020 um 12:50 Uhr schrieb Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>:
> > > >
> > > > On Tue, 14 Apr 2020 at 12:40, Jörg Otte <jrg.otte@gmail.com> wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > Booting my notebook with kernel V57-rc1 I get following
> > > > > display:
> > > > >
> > > > > exit_boot() failed!
> > > > > efi_main() failed!
> > > > > StartImage failed: Buffer Too Small
> > > > >
> > > > > Booting Kernel V5.6 works well.
> > > > >
> > > > > From dmesg (kernel V5.6):
> > > > > efi: EFI v2.31 by Phoenix Technologies Ltd.
> > > > > efi: ACPI=0xdcffe000 ACPI 2.0=0xdcffe014 SMBIOS=0xdce80000 RNG=0xdc3cd198
> > > > > efi: seeding entropy pool
> > > > > efi: [Firmware Bug]: Invalid EFI memory map entries:
> > > > > efi: mem47: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > > efi: mem48: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > > efi: mem49: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > > efi: mem50: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > > efi: mem51: [Reserved | | | | | | | | | | | |
> > > > > | ] range=[0x0000000000000000-0x0000000000000000] (invalid)
> > > > > efi: Removing 5 invalid memory map entries.
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > Thanks for the report.
> > > >
> > > > Can you try booting with efi=no_disable_early_pci_dma passed via the
> > > > kernel command line? [*]
> > > >
> > > Yes, that works!
> > >
> > > > If that does not help, can you try to reproduce with this branch?
> > > >
> > > > https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/tip/tip.git/log/?h=efi/urgent
> > >
> > > Should I give that branch a try anyway?
> > >
> >
> > Your test proves that BSS is not being cleared correctly, so I have
> > the answer I was looking for. However, I would appreciate it if you
> > could test that branch, just to double check.
> >
> > Thanks,
> > Ard.
>
> The branch works for me too!
>
Thanks for testing!
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 10+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2020-04-15 9:59 UTC | newest]
Thread overview: 10+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed)
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2020-04-14 10:40 Kernel V5.7-rc1 doesn't boot (EFI?) Jörg Otte
2020-04-14 10:50 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-14 16:32 ` Jörg Otte
2020-04-14 16:35 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-15 7:45 ` Ingo Molnar
2020-04-15 8:35 ` Jörg Otte
2020-04-15 9:58 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-14 18:27 ` Linus Torvalds
2020-04-14 18:32 ` Ard Biesheuvel
2020-04-14 18:44 ` Linus Torvalds
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