All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
* [PATCH v2 0/2] Configure dmtimers for am65
@ 2022-08-30  7:07 ` Tony Lindgren
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:07 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

Hi all,

Here's v2 series for adding the dmtimers for am65. The device tree binding
and related driver related changes have been already merged.

Regards,

Tony

Changes since v1:

- Update to use the mux clock and configure it for 25 mHz source clock with
  assigned-clocks

- Update patch descriptions

Tony Lindgren (2):
  arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Configure pinctrl for timer IO pads
  arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65

 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi | 150 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi  |  59 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 209 insertions(+)

-- 
2.37.1

_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v2 0/2] Configure dmtimers for am65
@ 2022-08-30  7:07 ` Tony Lindgren
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:07 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

Hi all,

Here's v2 series for adding the dmtimers for am65. The device tree binding
and related driver related changes have been already merged.

Regards,

Tony

Changes since v1:

- Update to use the mux clock and configure it for 25 mHz source clock with
  assigned-clocks

- Update patch descriptions

Tony Lindgren (2):
  arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Configure pinctrl for timer IO pads
  arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65

 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi | 150 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi  |  59 +++++++++
 2 files changed, 209 insertions(+)

-- 
2.37.1

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v2 1/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Configure pinctrl for timer IO pads
  2022-08-30  7:07 ` Tony Lindgren
@ 2022-08-30  7:07   ` Tony Lindgren
  -1 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:07 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

Compared to the earlier TI SoCs, am65 has an additional level of dedicated
multiplexing registers for the timer IO pads.

There are timer IO pads in the MCU domain, and in the MAIN domain. These
pads can be muxed for the related timers.

There are timer IO control registers for input and output. The registers
for CTRLMMR_TIMER*_CTRL and CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMER*_CTRL are used to control
the input. The registers for CTCTRLMMR_TIMERIO*_CTRL and
CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMERIO*_CTRL the output.

The multiplexing is documented in TRM "5.1.2.3.1.4 Timer IO Muxing Control
Registers" and "5.1.3.3.1.5 Timer IO Muxing Control Registers", and the
CASCADE_EN bit is documented in TRM "12.8.3.1 Timers Overview".

For chaining timers, the timer IO control registers also have a CASCADE_EN
input bit in the CTRLMMR_TIMER*_CTRL in the registers. The CASCADE_EN bit
muxes the previous timer output, or possibly and external TIMER_IO pad
source, to the input clock of the selected timer instance for odd numered
timers. For the even numbered timers, the CASCADE_EN bit does not do
anything. The timer cascade input routing options are shown in TRM
"Figure 12-3632. Timers Overview". For handling beyond multiplexing, the
driver support for timer cascading should be likely be handled via the
clock framework.

Cc: Keerthy <j-keerthy@ti.com>
Cc: Nishanth Menon <nm@ti.com>
Cc: Vignesh Raghavendra <vigneshr@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
---
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi  | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
@@ -130,6 +130,24 @@ rng: rng@4e10000 {
 		};
 	};
 
+	/* TIMERIO pad input CTRLMMR_TIMER*_CTRL registers */
+	main_timerio_input: pinctrl@104200 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x104200 0x0 0x30>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x0000001ff>;
+	};
+
+	/* TIMERIO pad output CTCTRLMMR_TIMERIO*_CTRL registers */
+	main_timerio_output: pinctrl@104280 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x104280 0x0 0x20>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x0000000f>;
+	};
+
 	main_pmx0: pinctrl@11c000 {
 		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
 		reg = <0x0 0x11c000 0x0 0x2e4>;
diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
@@ -20,6 +20,24 @@ phy_gmii_sel: phy@4040 {
 		};
 	};
 
+	/* MCU_TIMERIO pad input CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMER*_CTRL registers */
+	mcu_timerio_input: pinctrl@40f04200 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x40f04200 0x0 0x10>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x00000101>;
+	};
+
+	/* MCU_TIMERIO pad output CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMERIO*_CTRL registers */
+	mcu_timerio_output: pinctrl@40f04280 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x40f04280 0x0 0x8>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x00000003>;
+	};
+
 	mcu_uart0: serial@40a00000 {
 		compatible = "ti,am654-uart";
 			reg = <0x00 0x40a00000 0x00 0x100>;
-- 
2.37.1

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v2 1/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Configure pinctrl for timer IO pads
@ 2022-08-30  7:07   ` Tony Lindgren
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:07 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

Compared to the earlier TI SoCs, am65 has an additional level of dedicated
multiplexing registers for the timer IO pads.

There are timer IO pads in the MCU domain, and in the MAIN domain. These
pads can be muxed for the related timers.

There are timer IO control registers for input and output. The registers
for CTRLMMR_TIMER*_CTRL and CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMER*_CTRL are used to control
the input. The registers for CTCTRLMMR_TIMERIO*_CTRL and
CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMERIO*_CTRL the output.

The multiplexing is documented in TRM "5.1.2.3.1.4 Timer IO Muxing Control
Registers" and "5.1.3.3.1.5 Timer IO Muxing Control Registers", and the
CASCADE_EN bit is documented in TRM "12.8.3.1 Timers Overview".

For chaining timers, the timer IO control registers also have a CASCADE_EN
input bit in the CTRLMMR_TIMER*_CTRL in the registers. The CASCADE_EN bit
muxes the previous timer output, or possibly and external TIMER_IO pad
source, to the input clock of the selected timer instance for odd numered
timers. For the even numbered timers, the CASCADE_EN bit does not do
anything. The timer cascade input routing options are shown in TRM
"Figure 12-3632. Timers Overview". For handling beyond multiplexing, the
driver support for timer cascading should be likely be handled via the
clock framework.

Cc: Keerthy <j-keerthy@ti.com>
Cc: Nishanth Menon <nm@ti.com>
Cc: Vignesh Raghavendra <vigneshr@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
---
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi  | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
@@ -130,6 +130,24 @@ rng: rng@4e10000 {
 		};
 	};
 
+	/* TIMERIO pad input CTRLMMR_TIMER*_CTRL registers */
+	main_timerio_input: pinctrl@104200 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x104200 0x0 0x30>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x0000001ff>;
+	};
+
+	/* TIMERIO pad output CTCTRLMMR_TIMERIO*_CTRL registers */
+	main_timerio_output: pinctrl@104280 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x104280 0x0 0x20>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x0000000f>;
+	};
+
 	main_pmx0: pinctrl@11c000 {
 		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
 		reg = <0x0 0x11c000 0x0 0x2e4>;
diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
@@ -20,6 +20,24 @@ phy_gmii_sel: phy@4040 {
 		};
 	};
 
+	/* MCU_TIMERIO pad input CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMER*_CTRL registers */
+	mcu_timerio_input: pinctrl@40f04200 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x40f04200 0x0 0x10>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x00000101>;
+	};
+
+	/* MCU_TIMERIO pad output CTRLMMR_MCU_TIMERIO*_CTRL registers */
+	mcu_timerio_output: pinctrl@40f04280 {
+		compatible = "pinctrl-single";
+		reg = <0x0 0x40f04280 0x0 0x8>;
+		#pinctrl-cells = <1>;
+		pinctrl-single,register-width = <32>;
+		pinctrl-single,function-mask = <0x00000003>;
+	};
+
 	mcu_uart0: serial@40a00000 {
 		compatible = "ti,am654-uart";
 			reg = <0x00 0x40a00000 0x00 0x100>;
-- 
2.37.1

_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v2 2/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65
  2022-08-30  7:07 ` Tony Lindgren
@ 2022-08-30  7:07   ` Tony Lindgren
  -1 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:07 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

There are 12 general purpose timers on am65 that can be used for things
like PWM using pwm-omap-dmtimer driver. There are also additional four
timers in the MCU domain that do not have interrupts routable for Linux.

We configure the timers with the 25 MHz input clock by default as the
32.768 kHz clock may not be wired on the device. We leave the MCU domain
timers clock mux unconfigured, and mark the MCU domain timers reserved.
The MCU domain timers are likely reserved by the software for the ESM
module.

Compared to am64, the timer clocks are different on am65. And the MCU
timers are at a different IO address. Then j72 adds more timers compared
to am65 with a total of 30 timers. And the j72 clocks are different.

To avoid duplication for dtsi files, eventually we may want to consider
adding timer specific shared dtsi files with the timer clocks mapped
using SoC specific files in include/dt-bindings/clock. But let's get
am65 timers usable first.

Cc: Keerthy <j-keerthy@ti.com>
Cc: Nishanth Menon <nm@ti.com>
Cc: Vignesh Raghavendra <vigneshr@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
---
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi  |  41 +++++++
 2 files changed, 173 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
@@ -271,6 +271,138 @@ main_spi4: spi@2140000 {
 		#size-cells = <0>;
 	};
 
+	main_timer0: timer@2400000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2400000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 224 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 23 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer1: timer@2410000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2410000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 225 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 24 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 24 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 24 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer2: timer@2420000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2420000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 226 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 27 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 27 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 27 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer3: timer@2430000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2430000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 227 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 28 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 28 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 28 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer4: timer@2440000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2440000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 228 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 29 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 29 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 29 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer5: timer@2450000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2450000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 229 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 30 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 30 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 30 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer6: timer@2460000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2460000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 230 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 31 0>;
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 31 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 31 1>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer7: timer@2470000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2470000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 231 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 32 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 32 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 32 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer8: timer@2480000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2480000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 232 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 33 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 33 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 33 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer9: timer@2490000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2490000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 233 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 34 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 34 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 34 1>;
+	};
+
+	main_timer10: timer@24a0000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x24a0000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 234 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 25 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 25 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 25 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer11: timer@24b0000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x24b0000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 235 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 26 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 26 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 26 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
 	sdhci0: mmc@4f80000 {
 		compatible = "ti,am654-sdhci-5.1";
 		reg = <0x0 0x4f80000 0x0 0x260>, <0x0 0x4f90000 0x0 0x134>;
diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
@@ -132,6 +132,47 @@ adc {
 		};
 	};
 
+	/*
+	 * The MCU domain timer interrupts are routed only to the ESM module,
+	 * and not currently available for Linux. The MCU domain timers are
+	 * of limited use without interrupts, and likely reserved by the ESM.
+	 */
+	mcu_timer0: timer@40400000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40400000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 35 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
+	mcu_timer1: timer@40410000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40410000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 36 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
+	mcu_timer2: timer@40420000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40420000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 37 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
+	mcu_timer3: timer@40430000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40430000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 38 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
 	mcu_navss: bus@28380000 {
 		compatible = "simple-mfd";
 		#address-cells = <2>;
-- 
2.37.1

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* [PATCH v2 2/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65
@ 2022-08-30  7:07   ` Tony Lindgren
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:07 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

There are 12 general purpose timers on am65 that can be used for things
like PWM using pwm-omap-dmtimer driver. There are also additional four
timers in the MCU domain that do not have interrupts routable for Linux.

We configure the timers with the 25 MHz input clock by default as the
32.768 kHz clock may not be wired on the device. We leave the MCU domain
timers clock mux unconfigured, and mark the MCU domain timers reserved.
The MCU domain timers are likely reserved by the software for the ESM
module.

Compared to am64, the timer clocks are different on am65. And the MCU
timers are at a different IO address. Then j72 adds more timers compared
to am65 with a total of 30 timers. And the j72 clocks are different.

To avoid duplication for dtsi files, eventually we may want to consider
adding timer specific shared dtsi files with the timer clocks mapped
using SoC specific files in include/dt-bindings/clock. But let's get
am65 timers usable first.

Cc: Keerthy <j-keerthy@ti.com>
Cc: Nishanth Menon <nm@ti.com>
Cc: Vignesh Raghavendra <vigneshr@ti.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
---
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi | 132 +++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi  |  41 +++++++
 2 files changed, 173 insertions(+)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
@@ -271,6 +271,138 @@ main_spi4: spi@2140000 {
 		#size-cells = <0>;
 	};
 
+	main_timer0: timer@2400000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2400000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 224 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 23 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer1: timer@2410000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2410000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 225 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 24 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 24 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 24 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer2: timer@2420000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2420000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 226 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 27 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 27 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 27 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer3: timer@2430000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2430000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 227 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 28 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 28 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 28 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer4: timer@2440000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2440000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 228 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 29 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 29 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 29 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer5: timer@2450000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2450000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 229 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 30 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 30 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 30 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer6: timer@2460000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2460000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 230 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 31 0>;
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 31 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 31 1>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer7: timer@2470000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2470000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 231 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 32 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 32 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 32 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer8: timer@2480000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2480000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 232 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 33 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 33 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 33 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer9: timer@2490000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x2490000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 233 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 34 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 34 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 34 1>;
+	};
+
+	main_timer10: timer@24a0000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x24a0000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 234 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 25 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 25 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 25 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
+	main_timer11: timer@24b0000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x24b0000 0x00 0x400>;
+		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 235 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 26 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 26 0>;
+		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 26 1>;
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+	};
+
 	sdhci0: mmc@4f80000 {
 		compatible = "ti,am654-sdhci-5.1";
 		reg = <0x0 0x4f80000 0x0 0x260>, <0x0 0x4f90000 0x0 0x134>;
diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-mcu.dtsi
@@ -132,6 +132,47 @@ adc {
 		};
 	};
 
+	/*
+	 * The MCU domain timer interrupts are routed only to the ESM module,
+	 * and not currently available for Linux. The MCU domain timers are
+	 * of limited use without interrupts, and likely reserved by the ESM.
+	 */
+	mcu_timer0: timer@40400000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40400000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 35 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
+	mcu_timer1: timer@40410000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40410000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 36 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
+	mcu_timer2: timer@40420000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40420000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 37 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
+	mcu_timer3: timer@40430000 {
+		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
+		reg = <0x00 0x40430000 0x00 0x400>;
+		clocks = <&k3_clks 38 0>;
+		clock-names = "fck";
+		ti,timer-pwm;
+		status = "reserved";
+	};
+
 	mcu_navss: bus@28380000 {
 		compatible = "simple-mfd";
 		#address-cells = <2>;
-- 
2.37.1

_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* Re: [PATCH v2 0/2] Configure dmtimers for am65
  2022-08-30  7:07 ` Tony Lindgren
@ 2022-08-30  7:22   ` Tony Lindgren
  -1 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:22 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

* Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> [220830 07:08]:
> Here's v2 series for adding the dmtimers for am65. The device tree binding
> and related driver related changes have been already merged.

FYI, something like the patch below can be used to configure the main
timer0 for PWM. It uses TIMERIO0 for output, and muxes TIMERIO0 pad to
a k3-am654-base-board header pin.

Just for reference only, not for merging, as the k3-am654-base-board header
usage may vary.

Regards,

Tony


diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts
@@ -86,6 +86,14 @@ switch-6 {
 		};
 	};
 
+	main_pwm0: dmtimer-main-pwm-0 {
+		pinctrl-0 = <&main_timer0_outsel_pins_default>, <&main_timer0_pins_default>;
+		pinctrl-names = "default";
+		compatible = "ti,omap-dmtimer-pwm";
+		#pwm-cells = <3>;
+		ti,timers = <&main_timer0>;
+	};
+
 	evm_12v0: fixedregulator-evm12v0 {
 		/* main supply */
 		compatible = "regulator-fixed";
@@ -119,6 +127,13 @@ vdd_mmc1_sd: fixedregulator-sd {
 	};
 };
 
+&main_timerio_output {
+	main_timer0_outsel_pins_default: main-timer0-outsel-pins-default {
+		/* CTRLMMR_TIMERIO0_CTRL 0x00104280 OUT_SEL.TIMERIO0 */
+		pinctrl-single,pins = <0 0>;
+	};
+};
+
 &wkup_pmx0 {
 	wkup_i2c0_pins_default: wkup-i2c0-pins-default {
 		pinctrl-single,pins = <
@@ -264,6 +279,13 @@ ecap0_pins_default: ecap0-pins-default {
 			AM65X_IOPAD(0x0010, PIN_INPUT, 0) /* (D21) ECAP0_IN_APWM_OUT */
 		>;
 	};
+
+	main_timer0_pins_default: main-timer0-pins-default {
+		pinctrl-single,pins = <
+			/* CTRLMMR_PADCONFIG192 0x0011c300 TIMER_IO0 */
+			AM65X_IOPAD(0x0018, PIN_OUTPUT, 0)
+		>;
+	};
 };
 
 &wkup_uart0 {
-- 
2.37.1

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* Re: [PATCH v2 0/2] Configure dmtimers for am65
@ 2022-08-30  7:22   ` Tony Lindgren
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-30  7:22 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

* Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> [220830 07:08]:
> Here's v2 series for adding the dmtimers for am65. The device tree binding
> and related driver related changes have been already merged.

FYI, something like the patch below can be used to configure the main
timer0 for PWM. It uses TIMERIO0 for output, and muxes TIMERIO0 pad to
a k3-am654-base-board header pin.

Just for reference only, not for merging, as the k3-am654-base-board header
usage may vary.

Regards,

Tony


diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts
--- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts
+++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am654-base-board.dts
@@ -86,6 +86,14 @@ switch-6 {
 		};
 	};
 
+	main_pwm0: dmtimer-main-pwm-0 {
+		pinctrl-0 = <&main_timer0_outsel_pins_default>, <&main_timer0_pins_default>;
+		pinctrl-names = "default";
+		compatible = "ti,omap-dmtimer-pwm";
+		#pwm-cells = <3>;
+		ti,timers = <&main_timer0>;
+	};
+
 	evm_12v0: fixedregulator-evm12v0 {
 		/* main supply */
 		compatible = "regulator-fixed";
@@ -119,6 +127,13 @@ vdd_mmc1_sd: fixedregulator-sd {
 	};
 };
 
+&main_timerio_output {
+	main_timer0_outsel_pins_default: main-timer0-outsel-pins-default {
+		/* CTRLMMR_TIMERIO0_CTRL 0x00104280 OUT_SEL.TIMERIO0 */
+		pinctrl-single,pins = <0 0>;
+	};
+};
+
 &wkup_pmx0 {
 	wkup_i2c0_pins_default: wkup-i2c0-pins-default {
 		pinctrl-single,pins = <
@@ -264,6 +279,13 @@ ecap0_pins_default: ecap0-pins-default {
 			AM65X_IOPAD(0x0010, PIN_INPUT, 0) /* (D21) ECAP0_IN_APWM_OUT */
 		>;
 	};
+
+	main_timer0_pins_default: main-timer0-pins-default {
+		pinctrl-single,pins = <
+			/* CTRLMMR_PADCONFIG192 0x0011c300 TIMER_IO0 */
+			AM65X_IOPAD(0x0018, PIN_OUTPUT, 0)
+		>;
+	};
 };
 
 &wkup_uart0 {
-- 
2.37.1

_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* Re: [PATCH v2 2/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65
  2022-08-30  7:07   ` Tony Lindgren
@ 2022-08-31  5:05     ` Tony Lindgren
  -1 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-31  5:05 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

* Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> [220830 07:09]:
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
> --- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
> +++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
> @@ -271,6 +271,138 @@ main_spi4: spi@2140000 {
>  		#size-cells = <0>;
>  	};
>  
> +	main_timer0: timer@2400000 {
> +		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
> +		reg = <0x00 0x2400000 0x00 0x400>;
> +		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 224 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
> +		clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
> +		clock-names = "fck";
> +		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
> +		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 23 1>;
> +		ti,timer-pwm;
> +	};

Oops the power-domains are missing for the timers. This should
have power-domains = <&k3_pds 23 TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE>.

Can we tag all the timers with TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE, or do some
always need to be TI_SCI_PD_SHARED?

Regards,

Tony


^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* Re: [PATCH v2 2/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65
@ 2022-08-31  5:05     ` Tony Lindgren
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Tony Lindgren @ 2022-08-31  5:05 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon, Vignesh Raghavendra

* Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> [220830 07:09]:
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
> --- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
> +++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
> @@ -271,6 +271,138 @@ main_spi4: spi@2140000 {
>  		#size-cells = <0>;
>  	};
>  
> +	main_timer0: timer@2400000 {
> +		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
> +		reg = <0x00 0x2400000 0x00 0x400>;
> +		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 224 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
> +		clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
> +		clock-names = "fck";
> +		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
> +		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 23 1>;
> +		ti,timer-pwm;
> +	};

Oops the power-domains are missing for the timers. This should
have power-domains = <&k3_pds 23 TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE>.

Can we tag all the timers with TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE, or do some
always need to be TI_SCI_PD_SHARED?

Regards,

Tony


_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* Re: [PATCH v2 2/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65
  2022-08-31  5:05     ` Tony Lindgren
@ 2022-09-01 10:37       ` Vignesh Raghavendra
  -1 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Vignesh Raghavendra @ 2022-09-01 10:37 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Tony Lindgren, devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon



On 31/08/22 10:35, Tony Lindgren wrote:
> * Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> [220830 07:09]:
>> diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
>> --- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
>> +++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
>> @@ -271,6 +271,138 @@ main_spi4: spi@2140000 {
>>  		#size-cells = <0>;
>>  	};
>>  
>> +	main_timer0: timer@2400000 {
>> +		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
>> +		reg = <0x00 0x2400000 0x00 0x400>;
>> +		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 224 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
>> +		clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
>> +		clock-names = "fck";
>> +		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
>> +		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 23 1>;
>> +		ti,timer-pwm;
>> +	};
> 
> Oops the power-domains are missing for the timers. This should
> have power-domains = <&k3_pds 23 TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE>.
> 
> Can we tag all the timers with TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE, or do some
> always need to be TI_SCI_PD_SHARED?
> 

Please tag TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE for main domain timers. Individual boards
can override based on need basis

-- 
Regards
Vignesh

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

* Re: [PATCH v2 2/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65
@ 2022-09-01 10:37       ` Vignesh Raghavendra
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 12+ messages in thread
From: Vignesh Raghavendra @ 2022-09-01 10:37 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Tony Lindgren, devicetree; +Cc: linux-arm-kernel, Keerthy, Nishanth Menon



On 31/08/22 10:35, Tony Lindgren wrote:
> * Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com> [220830 07:09]:
>> diff --git a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
>> --- a/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
>> +++ b/arch/arm64/boot/dts/ti/k3-am65-main.dtsi
>> @@ -271,6 +271,138 @@ main_spi4: spi@2140000 {
>>  		#size-cells = <0>;
>>  	};
>>  
>> +	main_timer0: timer@2400000 {
>> +		compatible = "ti,am654-timer";
>> +		reg = <0x00 0x2400000 0x00 0x400>;
>> +		interrupts = <GIC_SPI 224 IRQ_TYPE_LEVEL_HIGH>;
>> +		clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
>> +		clock-names = "fck";
>> +		assigned-clocks = <&k3_clks 23 0>;
>> +		assigned-clock-parents = <&k3_clks 23 1>;
>> +		ti,timer-pwm;
>> +	};
> 
> Oops the power-domains are missing for the timers. This should
> have power-domains = <&k3_pds 23 TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE>.
> 
> Can we tag all the timers with TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE, or do some
> always need to be TI_SCI_PD_SHARED?
> 

Please tag TI_SCI_PD_EXCLUSIVE for main domain timers. Individual boards
can override based on need basis

-- 
Regards
Vignesh

_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 12+ messages in thread

end of thread, other threads:[~2022-09-01 10:38 UTC | newest]

Thread overview: 12+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed)
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2022-08-30  7:07 [PATCH v2 0/2] Configure dmtimers for am65 Tony Lindgren
2022-08-30  7:07 ` Tony Lindgren
2022-08-30  7:07 ` [PATCH v2 1/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Configure pinctrl for timer IO pads Tony Lindgren
2022-08-30  7:07   ` Tony Lindgren
2022-08-30  7:07 ` [PATCH v2 2/2] arm64: dts: ti: k3-am65: Add general purpose timers for am65 Tony Lindgren
2022-08-30  7:07   ` Tony Lindgren
2022-08-31  5:05   ` Tony Lindgren
2022-08-31  5:05     ` Tony Lindgren
2022-09-01 10:37     ` Vignesh Raghavendra
2022-09-01 10:37       ` Vignesh Raghavendra
2022-08-30  7:22 ` [PATCH v2 0/2] Configure dmtimers " Tony Lindgren
2022-08-30  7:22   ` Tony Lindgren

This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.