[PATCH v5 0/8] KVM: arm64: Hypervisor stack enhancements

[PATCH v5 0/8] KVM: arm64: Hypervisor stack enhancements

[Kalesh Singh]

Hi all,

This is v5 of the nVHE hypervisor stack enhancements. The main changes in this
version are:
  - Align private allocations on based the order of their size
  - Allocate single private VA range for both stack and guard page
    (Don't rely on allocator providing separate allocations that are contiguous)
  - Rebase series on 5.17-rc7

Previous versions can be found at:
v4: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220225033548.1912117-1-kaleshsingh@google.com/
v3: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220224051439.640768-1-kaleshsingh@google.com/
v2: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220222165212.2005066-1-kaleshsingh@google.com/
v1: https://lore.kernel.org/r/20220210224220.4076151-1-kaleshsingh@google.com/

The previous cover letter has been copied below for convenience.

Thanks,
Kalesh

-----

This series is based on 5.17-rc7 and adds the following stack features to
the KVM nVHE hypervisor:

== Hyp Stack Guard Pages ==

Based on the technique used by arm64 VMAP_STACK to detect overflow.
i.e. the stack is aligned such that the 'stack shift' bit of any valid
SP is 1. The 'stack shift' bit can be tested in the exception entry to
detect overflow without corrupting GPRs.

== Hyp Stack Unwinder ==

Based on the arm64 kernel stack unwinder
(See: arch/arm64/kernel/stacktrace.c)

The unwinding and dumping of the hyp stack is not enabled by default and
depends on CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG to avoid potential information leaks.

When CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG is enabled the host stage 2 protection is
disabled, allowing the host to read the hypervisor stack pages and unwind
the stack from EL1. This allows us to print the hypervisor stacktrace
before panicking the host; as shown below.

Example call trace:

[   98.916444][  T426] kvm [426]: nVHE hyp panic at: [<ffffffc0096156fc>] __kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack+0x8/0x34!
[   98.918360][  T426] nVHE HYP call trace:
[   98.918692][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615aac>] __kvm_nvhe_cpu_prepare_nvhe_panic_info+0x4c/0x68
[   98.919545][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc0096159a4>] __kvm_nvhe_hyp_panic+0x2c/0xe8
[   98.920107][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615ad8>] __kvm_nvhe_hyp_panic_bad_stack+0x10/0x10
[   98.920665][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009610a4c>] __kvm_nvhe___kvm_hyp_host_vector+0x24c/0x794
[   98.921292][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615718>] __kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack+0x24/0x34
. . .

[   98.973382][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615718>] __kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack+0x24/0x34
[   98.973816][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc0096152f4>] __kvm_nvhe___kvm_vcpu_run+0x38/0x438
[   98.974255][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009616f80>] __kvm_nvhe_handle___kvm_vcpu_run+0x1c4/0x364
[   98.974719][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009616928>] __kvm_nvhe_handle_trap+0xa8/0x130
[   98.975152][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009610064>] __kvm_nvhe___host_exit+0x64/0x64
[   98.975588][  T426] ---- end of nVHE HYP call trace ----



Kalesh Singh (8):
  KVM: arm64: Introduce hyp_alloc_private_va_range()
  KVM: arm64: Introduce pkvm_alloc_private_va_range()
  KVM: arm64: Add guard pages for KVM nVHE hypervisor stack
  KVM: arm64: Add guard pages for pKVM (protected nVHE) hypervisor stack
  KVM: arm64: Detect and handle hypervisor stack overflows
  KVM: arm64: Add hypervisor overflow stack
  KVM: arm64: Unwind and dump nVHE HYP stacktrace
  KVM: arm64: Symbolize the nVHE HYP backtrace

 arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h     |  21 +++
 arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h     |   4 +
 arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace.h  |  12 ++
 arch/arm64/kernel/stacktrace.c       | 210 ++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 arch/arm64/kvm/Kconfig               |   5 +-
 arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c                 |  42 +++++-
 arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c         |  16 +-
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/include/nvhe/mm.h |   1 +
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S       |  29 ++++
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mm.c         |  56 ++++---
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c      |  31 +++-
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c     |  30 +++-
 arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c                 |  67 ++++++---
 scripts/kallsyms.c                   |   2 +-
 14 files changed, 440 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-)


base-commit: ffb217a13a2eaf6d5bd974fc83036a53ca69f1e2
-- 
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog


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http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

[PATCH v5 1/8] KVM: arm64: Introduce hyp_alloc_private_va_range()

[Kalesh Singh]

hyp_alloc_private_va_range() can be used to reserve private VA ranges
in the nVHE hypervisor. Allocations are aligned based on the order of
the requested size.

This will be used to implement stack guard pages for KVM nVHE hypervisor
(nVHE Hyp mode / not pKVM), in a subsequent patch in the series.

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v5:
  - Align private allocations based on the order of their size, per Marc

Changes in v4:
  - Handle null ptr in hyp_alloc_private_va_range() and replace
    IS_ERR_OR_NULL checks in callers with IS_ERR checks, per Fuad
  - Fix kernel-doc comments format, per Fuad

Changes in v3:
  - Handle null ptr in IS_ERR_OR_NULL checks, per Mark


 arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h |  1 +
 arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c             | 63 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h
index 81839e9a8a24..514cfee76597 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h
@@ -153,6 +153,7 @@ static __always_inline unsigned long __kern_hyp_va(unsigned long v)
 int kvm_share_hyp(void *from, void *to);
 void kvm_unshare_hyp(void *from, void *to);
 int create_hyp_mappings(void *from, void *to, enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot);
+unsigned long hyp_alloc_private_va_range(size_t size);
 int create_hyp_io_mappings(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
 			   void __iomem **kaddr,
 			   void __iomem **haddr);
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
index bc2aba953299..ccb2847ee2f4 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
@@ -457,22 +457,17 @@ int create_hyp_mappings(void *from, void *to, enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
 	return 0;
 }
 
-static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
-					unsigned long *haddr,
-					enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
+
+/**
+ * hyp_alloc_private_va_range - Allocates a private VA range.
+ * @size:	The size of the VA range to reserve.
+ *
+ * The private VA range is allocated below io_map_base and
+ * aligned based on the order of @size.
+ */
+unsigned long hyp_alloc_private_va_range(size_t size)
 {
 	unsigned long base;
-	int ret = 0;
-
-	if (!kvm_host_owns_hyp_mappings()) {
-		base = kvm_call_hyp_nvhe(__pkvm_create_private_mapping,
-					 phys_addr, size, prot);
-		if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL((void *)base))
-			return PTR_ERR((void *)base);
-		*haddr = base;
-
-		return 0;
-	}
 
 	mutex_lock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
 
@@ -484,29 +479,53 @@ static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
 	 *
 	 * The allocated size is always a multiple of PAGE_SIZE.
 	 */
-	size = PAGE_ALIGN(size + offset_in_page(phys_addr));
-	base = io_map_base - size;
+	base = io_map_base - PAGE_ALIGN(size);
+
+	/* Align the allocation based on the order of its size */
+	base = ALIGN_DOWN(base, PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size));
 
 	/*
 	 * Verify that BIT(VA_BITS - 1) hasn't been flipped by
 	 * allocating the new area, as it would indicate we've
 	 * overflowed the idmap/IO address range.
 	 */
-	if ((base ^ io_map_base) & BIT(VA_BITS - 1))
-		ret = -ENOMEM;
+	if (!base || (base ^ io_map_base) & BIT(VA_BITS - 1))
+		base = (unsigned long)ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
 	else
 		io_map_base = base;
 
 	mutex_unlock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
 
-	if (ret)
-		goto out;
+	return base;
+}
+
+static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
+					unsigned long *haddr,
+					enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
+{
+	unsigned long addr;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (!kvm_host_owns_hyp_mappings()) {
+		addr = kvm_call_hyp_nvhe(__pkvm_create_private_mapping,
+					 phys_addr, size, prot);
+		if (IS_ERR((void *)addr))
+			return PTR_ERR((void *)addr);
+		*haddr = addr;
+
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	size += offset_in_page(phys_addr);
+	addr = hyp_alloc_private_va_range(size);
+	if (IS_ERR((void *)addr))
+		return PTR_ERR((void *)addr);
 
-	ret = __create_hyp_mappings(base, size, phys_addr, prot);
+	ret = __create_hyp_mappings(addr, size, phys_addr, prot);
 	if (ret)
 		goto out;
 
-	*haddr = base + offset_in_page(phys_addr);
+	*haddr = addr + offset_in_page(phys_addr);
 out:
 	return ret;
 }
-- 
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog


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http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

[PATCH v5 2/8] KVM: arm64: Introduce pkvm_alloc_private_va_range()

[Kalesh Singh]

pkvm_hyp_alloc_private_va_range() can be used to reserve private VA ranges
in the pKVM nVHE hypervisor. Allocations are aligned based on the order of
the requested size.

This will be used to implement stack guard pages for pKVM nVHE hypervisor
(in a subsequent patch in the series).

Credits to Quentin Perret <qperret@google.com> for the idea of moving
private VA allocation out of __pkvm_create_private_mapping()

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v5:
  - Align private allocations based on the order of their size, per Marc

Changes in v4:
  - Handle null ptr in pkvm_alloc_private_va_range() and replace
    IS_ERR_OR_NULL checks in callers with IS_ERR checks, per Fuad
  - Fix kernel-doc comments format, per Fuad
  - Format __pkvm_create_private_mapping() prototype args (< 80 col), per Fuad

Changes in v3:
  - Handle null ptr in IS_ERR_OR_NULL checks, per Mark

Changes in v2:
  - Allow specifying an alignment for the private VA allocations, per Marc


 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/include/nvhe/mm.h |  1 +
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mm.c         | 56 ++++++++++++++++++----------
 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/include/nvhe/mm.h b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/include/nvhe/mm.h
index 2d08510c6cc1..4489c3c849de 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/include/nvhe/mm.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/include/nvhe/mm.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ int pkvm_create_mappings(void *from, void *to, enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot);
 int pkvm_create_mappings_locked(void *from, void *to, enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot);
 unsigned long __pkvm_create_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys, size_t size,
 					    enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot);
+unsigned long pkvm_alloc_private_va_range(size_t size);
 
 static inline void hyp_vmemmap_range(phys_addr_t phys, unsigned long size,
 				     unsigned long *start, unsigned long *end)
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mm.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mm.c
index 526a7d6fa86f..c0943e541a8d 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mm.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/mm.c
@@ -37,38 +37,54 @@ static int __pkvm_create_mappings(unsigned long start, unsigned long size,
 	return err;
 }
 
-unsigned long __pkvm_create_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys, size_t size,
-					    enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
+/**
+ * pkvm_alloc_private_va_range - Allocates a private VA range.
+ * @size:	The size of the VA range to reserve.
+ *
+ * The private VA range is allocated above __io_map_base and
+ * aligned based on the order of @size.
+ */
+unsigned long pkvm_alloc_private_va_range(size_t size)
 {
-	unsigned long addr;
-	int err;
+	unsigned long base, addr;
 
 	hyp_spin_lock(&pkvm_pgd_lock);
 
-	size = PAGE_ALIGN(size + offset_in_page(phys));
-	addr = __io_map_base;
-	__io_map_base += size;
+	/* Align the allocation based on the order of its size */
+	addr = ALIGN(__io_map_base, PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size));
+
+	/* The allocated size is always a multiple of PAGE_SIZE */
+	base = addr + PAGE_ALIGN(size);
 
 	/* Are we overflowing on the vmemmap ? */
-	if (__io_map_base > __hyp_vmemmap) {
-		__io_map_base -= size;
+	if (!addr || base > __hyp_vmemmap)
 		addr = (unsigned long)ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
-		goto out;
-	}
+	else
+		__io_map_base = base;
 
-	err = kvm_pgtable_hyp_map(&pkvm_pgtable, addr, size, phys, prot);
-	if (err) {
-		addr = (unsigned long)ERR_PTR(err);
-		goto out;
-	}
-
-	addr = addr + offset_in_page(phys);
-out:
 	hyp_spin_unlock(&pkvm_pgd_lock);
 
 	return addr;
 }
 
+unsigned long __pkvm_create_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys, size_t size,
+					    enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
+{
+	unsigned long addr;
+	int err;
+
+	size += offset_in_page(phys);
+	addr = pkvm_alloc_private_va_range(size);
+	if (IS_ERR((void *)addr))
+		return addr;
+
+	err = __pkvm_create_mappings(addr, size, phys, prot);
+	if (err)
+		return (unsigned long)ERR_PTR(err);
+
+	return addr + offset_in_page(phys);
+}
+
 int pkvm_create_mappings_locked(void *from, void *to, enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
 {
 	unsigned long start = (unsigned long)from;
@@ -155,7 +171,7 @@ int hyp_map_vectors(void)
 	bp_base = (void *)__pkvm_create_private_mapping(phys,
 							__BP_HARDEN_HYP_VECS_SZ,
 							PAGE_HYP_EXEC);
-	if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL(bp_base))
+	if (IS_ERR(bp_base))
 		return PTR_ERR(bp_base);
 
 	__hyp_bp_vect_base = bp_base;
-- 
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog


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[PATCH v5 3/8] KVM: arm64: Add guard pages for KVM nVHE hypervisor stack

[Kalesh Singh]

Map the stack pages in the flexible private VA range and allocate
guard pages below the stack as unbacked VA space. The stack is aligned
so that any valid stack address has PAGE_SHIFT bit as 1 - this is used
for overflow detection (implemented in a subsequent patch in the series).

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v5:
  - Use a single allocation for stack and guard pages to ensure they
    are contiguous, per Marc

Changes in v4:
  - Replace IS_ERR_OR_NULL check with IS_ERR check now that
    hyp_alloc_private_va_range() returns an error for null
    pointer, per Fuad
  - Format comments to < 80 cols, per Fuad

Changes in v3:
  - Handle null ptr in IS_ERR_OR_NULL checks, per Mark


 arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h |  1 +
 arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h |  3 +++
 arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c             | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c             |  4 ++--
 4 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h
index d5b0386ef765..2e277f2ed671 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h
@@ -169,6 +169,7 @@ struct kvm_nvhe_init_params {
 	unsigned long tcr_el2;
 	unsigned long tpidr_el2;
 	unsigned long stack_hyp_va;
+	unsigned long stack_pa;
 	phys_addr_t pgd_pa;
 	unsigned long hcr_el2;
 	unsigned long vttbr;
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h
index 514cfee76597..fe40cebe2be2 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_mmu.h
@@ -116,6 +116,9 @@ alternative_cb_end
 #include <asm/cacheflush.h>
 #include <asm/mmu_context.h>
 
+extern struct kvm_pgtable *hyp_pgtable;
+extern struct mutex kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex;
+
 void kvm_update_va_mask(struct alt_instr *alt,
 			__le32 *origptr, __le32 *updptr, int nr_inst);
 void kvm_compute_layout(void);
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
index ecc5958e27fe..cc712e421c5a 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
@@ -1541,7 +1541,6 @@ static void cpu_prepare_hyp_mode(int cpu)
 	tcr |= (idmap_t0sz & GENMASK(TCR_TxSZ_WIDTH - 1, 0)) << TCR_T0SZ_OFFSET;
 	params->tcr_el2 = tcr;
 
-	params->stack_hyp_va = kern_hyp_va(per_cpu(kvm_arm_hyp_stack_page, cpu) + PAGE_SIZE);
 	params->pgd_pa = kvm_mmu_get_httbr();
 	if (is_protected_kvm_enabled())
 		params->hcr_el2 = HCR_HOST_NVHE_PROTECTED_FLAGS;
@@ -1990,14 +1989,49 @@ static int init_hyp_mode(void)
 	 * Map the Hyp stack pages
 	 */
 	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
+		struct kvm_nvhe_init_params *params = per_cpu_ptr_nvhe_sym(kvm_init_params, cpu);
 		char *stack_page = (char *)per_cpu(kvm_arm_hyp_stack_page, cpu);
-		err = create_hyp_mappings(stack_page, stack_page + PAGE_SIZE,
-					  PAGE_HYP);
+		unsigned long hyp_addr;
 
+		/*
+		 * Allocate a contiguous HYP private VA range for the stack
+		 * and guard page. The allocation is also aligned based on
+		 * the order of its size.
+		 */
+		hyp_addr = hyp_alloc_private_va_range(PAGE_SIZE * 2);
+		if (IS_ERR((void *)hyp_addr)) {
+			err = PTR_ERR((void *)hyp_addr);
+			kvm_err("Cannot allocate hyp stack guard page\n");
+			goto out_err;
+		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Since the stack grows downwards, map the stack to the page
+		 * at the higher address and leave the lower guard page
+		 * unbacked.
+		 *
+		 * Any valid stack address now has the PAGE_SHIFT bit as 1
+		 * and addresses corresponding to the guard page have the
+		 * PAGE_SHIFT bit as 0 - this is used for overflow detection.
+		 */
+		mutex_lock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
+		err = kvm_pgtable_hyp_map(hyp_pgtable, hyp_addr + PAGE_SIZE,
+					PAGE_SIZE, __pa(stack_page), PAGE_HYP);
+		mutex_unlock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
 		if (err) {
 			kvm_err("Cannot map hyp stack\n");
 			goto out_err;
 		}
+
+		/*
+		 * Save the stack PA in nvhe_init_params. This will be needed
+		 * to recreate the stack mapping in protected nVHE mode.
+		 * __hyp_pa() won't do the right thing there, since the stack
+		 * has been mapped in the flexible private VA space.
+		 */
+		params->stack_pa = __pa(stack_page);
+
+		params->stack_hyp_va = hyp_addr + (2 * PAGE_SIZE);
 	}
 
 	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
index ccb2847ee2f4..dfdd8c21ed74 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@
 
 #include "trace.h"
 
-static struct kvm_pgtable *hyp_pgtable;
-static DEFINE_MUTEX(kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
+struct kvm_pgtable *hyp_pgtable;
+DEFINE_MUTEX(kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
 
 static unsigned long hyp_idmap_start;
 static unsigned long hyp_idmap_end;
-- 
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog


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http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

[PATCH v5 4/8] KVM: arm64: Add guard pages for pKVM (protected nVHE) hypervisor stack

[Kalesh Singh]

Map the stack pages in the flexible private VA range and allocate
guard pages below the stack as unbacked VA space. The stack is aligned
so that any valid stack address has PAGE_SHIFT bit as 1 - this is used
for overflow detection (implemented in a subsequent patch in the series)

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v5:
  - Use a single allocation for stack and guard pages to ensure they
    are contiguous, per Marc

Changes in v4:
  - Replace IS_ERR_OR_NULL check with IS_ERR check now that
    pkvm_alloc_private_va_range() returns an error for null
    pointer, per Fuad

Changes in v3:
  - Handle null ptr in IS_ERR_OR_NULL checks, per Mark


 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c | 31 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c
index 27af337f9fea..4bec3069b234 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/setup.c
@@ -99,17 +99,42 @@ static int recreate_hyp_mappings(phys_addr_t phys, unsigned long size,
 		return ret;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < hyp_nr_cpus; i++) {
+		struct kvm_nvhe_init_params *params = per_cpu_ptr(&kvm_init_params, i);
+		unsigned long hyp_addr;
+
 		start = (void *)kern_hyp_va(per_cpu_base[i]);
 		end = start + PAGE_ALIGN(hyp_percpu_size);
 		ret = pkvm_create_mappings(start, end, PAGE_HYP);
 		if (ret)
 			return ret;
 
-		end = (void *)per_cpu_ptr(&kvm_init_params, i)->stack_hyp_va;
-		start = end - PAGE_SIZE;
-		ret = pkvm_create_mappings(start, end, PAGE_HYP);
+		/*
+		 * Allocate a contiguous HYP private VA range for the stack
+		 * and guard page. The allocation is also aligned based on
+		 * the order of its size.
+		 */
+		hyp_addr = pkvm_alloc_private_va_range(PAGE_SIZE * 2);
+		if (IS_ERR((void *)hyp_addr))
+			return PTR_ERR((void *)hyp_addr);
+
+		/*
+		 * Since the stack grows downwards, map the stack to the page
+		 * at the higher address and leave the lower guard page
+		 * unbacked.
+		 *
+		 * Any valid stack address now has the PAGE_SHIFT bit as 1
+		 * and addresses corresponding to the guard page have the
+		 * PAGE_SHIFT bit as 0 - this is used for overflow detection.
+		 */
+		hyp_spin_lock(&pkvm_pgd_lock);
+		ret = kvm_pgtable_hyp_map(&pkvm_pgtable, hyp_addr + PAGE_SIZE,
+					PAGE_SIZE, params->stack_pa, PAGE_HYP);
+		hyp_spin_unlock(&pkvm_pgd_lock);
 		if (ret)
 			return ret;
+
+		/* Update stack_hyp_va to end of the stack's private VA range */
+		params->stack_hyp_va = hyp_addr + (2 * PAGE_SIZE);
 	}
 
 	/*
-- 
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog


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[PATCH v5 5/8] KVM: arm64: Detect and handle hypervisor stack overflows

[Kalesh Singh]

The hypervisor stacks (for both nVHE Hyp mode and nVHE protected mode)
are aligned such  that any valid stack address has PAGE_SHIFT bit as 1.
This allows us to conveniently check for overflow in the exception entry
without corrupting any GPRs. We won't recover from a stack overflow so
panic the hypervisor.

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v5:
  - Valid stack addresses now have PAGE_SHIFT bit as 1 instead of 0

Changes in v3:
  - Remove test_sp_overflow macro, per Mark
  - Add asmlinkage attribute for hyp_panic, hyp_panic_bad_stack, per Ard

 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S   | 24 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c |  7 ++++++-
 2 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S
index 3d613e721a75..be6d844279b1 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S
@@ -153,6 +153,18 @@ SYM_FUNC_END(__host_hvc)
 
 .macro invalid_host_el2_vect
 	.align 7
+
+	/*
+	 * Test whether the SP has overflowed, without corrupting a GPR.
+	 * nVHE hypervisor stacks are aligned so that the PAGE_SHIFT bit
+	 * of SP should always be 1.
+	 */
+	add	sp, sp, x0			// sp' = sp + x0
+	sub	x0, sp, x0			// x0' = sp' - x0 = (sp + x0) - x0 = sp
+	tbz	x0, #PAGE_SHIFT, .L__hyp_sp_overflow\@
+	sub	x0, sp, x0			// x0'' = sp' - x0' = (sp + x0) - sp = x0
+	sub	sp, sp, x0			// sp'' = sp' - x0 = (sp + x0) - x0 = sp
+
 	/* If a guest is loaded, panic out of it. */
 	stp	x0, x1, [sp, #-16]!
 	get_loaded_vcpu x0, x1
@@ -165,6 +177,18 @@ SYM_FUNC_END(__host_hvc)
 	 * been partially clobbered by __host_enter.
 	 */
 	b	hyp_panic
+
+.L__hyp_sp_overflow\@:
+	/*
+	 * Reset SP to the top of the stack, to allow handling the hyp_panic.
+	 * This corrupts the stack but is ok, since we won't be attempting
+	 * any unwinding here.
+	 */
+	ldr_this_cpu	x0, kvm_init_params + NVHE_INIT_STACK_HYP_VA, x1
+	mov	sp, x0
+
+	bl	hyp_panic_bad_stack
+	ASM_BUG()
 .endm
 
 .macro invalid_host_el1_vect
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
index 6410d21d8695..703a5d3f611b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ int __kvm_vcpu_run(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 	return exit_code;
 }
 
-void __noreturn hyp_panic(void)
+asmlinkage void __noreturn hyp_panic(void)
 {
 	u64 spsr = read_sysreg_el2(SYS_SPSR);
 	u64 elr = read_sysreg_el2(SYS_ELR);
@@ -369,6 +369,11 @@ void __noreturn hyp_panic(void)
 	unreachable();
 }
 
+asmlinkage void __noreturn hyp_panic_bad_stack(void)
+{
+	hyp_panic();
+}
+
 asmlinkage void kvm_unexpected_el2_exception(void)
 {
 	return __kvm_unexpected_el2_exception();
-- 
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[PATCH v5 6/8] KVM: arm64: Add hypervisor overflow stack

[Kalesh Singh]

Allocate and switch to 16-byte aligned secondary stack on overflow. This
provides us stack space to better handle overflows; and is used in
a subsequent patch to dump the hypervisor stacktrace. The overflow stack
is only allocated if CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG is enabled, as hypervisor
stacktraces is a debug feature dependent on CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG.

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v4:
  - Update comment to clarify resetting the SP to the top of the stack
    only happens if CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG is disabled, per Fuad


 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S   | 11 ++++++++---
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c |  5 +++++
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S
index be6d844279b1..a0c4b4f1549f 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/host.S
@@ -179,13 +179,18 @@ SYM_FUNC_END(__host_hvc)
 	b	hyp_panic
 
 .L__hyp_sp_overflow\@:
+#ifdef CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
+	/* Switch to the overflow stack */
+	adr_this_cpu sp, hyp_overflow_stack + PAGE_SIZE, x0
+#else
 	/*
-	 * Reset SP to the top of the stack, to allow handling the hyp_panic.
-	 * This corrupts the stack but is ok, since we won't be attempting
-	 * any unwinding here.
+	 * If !CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG, reset SP to the top of the stack, to
+	 * allow handling the hyp_panic. This corrupts the stack but is ok,
+	 * since we won't be attempting any unwinding here.
 	 */
 	ldr_this_cpu	x0, kvm_init_params + NVHE_INIT_STACK_HYP_VA, x1
 	mov	sp, x0
+#endif
 
 	bl	hyp_panic_bad_stack
 	ASM_BUG()
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
index 703a5d3f611b..efc20273a352 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kvm_host_data, kvm_host_data);
 DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kvm_cpu_context, kvm_hyp_ctxt);
 DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, kvm_hyp_vector);
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long [PAGE_SIZE/sizeof(long)], hyp_overflow_stack)
+	__aligned(16);
+#endif
+
 static void __activate_traps(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
 {
 	u64 val;
-- 
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[PATCH v5 7/8] KVM: arm64: Unwind and dump nVHE HYP stacktrace

[Kalesh Singh]

Unwind the stack in EL1, when CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG is enabled.
This is possible because CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG disables the host
stage-2 protection on hyp_panic(), allowing the host to access
the hypervisor stack pages in EL1.

A simple stack overflow test produces the following output:

[  580.376051][  T412] kvm: nVHE hyp panic at: ffffffc0116145c4!
[  580.378034][  T412] kvm [412]: nVHE HYP call trace:
[  580.378591][  T412] kvm [412]:  [<ffffffc011614934>]
[  580.378993][  T412] kvm [412]:  [<ffffffc01160fa48>]
[  580.379386][  T412] kvm [412]:  [<ffffffc0116145dc>]  // Non-terminating recursive call
[  580.379772][  T412] kvm [412]:  [<ffffffc0116145dc>]
[  580.380158][  T412] kvm [412]:  [<ffffffc0116145dc>]
[  580.380544][  T412] kvm [412]:  [<ffffffc0116145dc>]
[  580.380928][  T412] kvm [412]:  [<ffffffc0116145dc>]
. . .

Since nVHE hyp symbols are not included by kallsyms to avoid issues
with aliasing, we fallback to the vmlinux addresses. Symbolizing the
addresses is handled in the next patch in this series.

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v4:
  - Update commit text and struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info kernel-doc comment
    to clarify that CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG only disables the host stage-2
    protection on hyp_panic(), per Fuad
  - Update NVHE_EL2_DEBUG Kconfig description to clarify that the
    hypervisor stack trace is printed when hyp_panic() is called, per Fuad

Changes in v3:
  - The nvhe hyp stack unwinder now makes use of the core logic from the
    regular kernel unwinder to avoid duplication, per Mark

Changes in v2:
  - Add cpu_prepare_nvhe_panic_info()
  - Move updating the panic info to hyp_panic(), so that unwinding also
    works for conventional nVHE Hyp-mode.


 arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h    |  20 +++
 arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace.h |  12 ++
 arch/arm64/kernel/stacktrace.c      | 210 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 arch/arm64/kvm/Kconfig              |   5 +-
 arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c                |   2 +-
 arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c        |   3 +
 arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c    |  18 +++
 7 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h
index 2e277f2ed671..4abcf93c6662 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/kvm_asm.h
@@ -176,6 +176,26 @@ struct kvm_nvhe_init_params {
 	unsigned long vtcr;
 };
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
+/**
+ * struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info - nVHE hypervisor panic info.
+ * @hyp_stack_base:             hyp VA of the hyp_stack base.
+ * @hyp_overflow_stack_base:    hyp VA of the hyp_overflow_stack base.
+ * @fp:                         hyp FP where the backtrace begins.
+ * @pc:                         hyp PC where the backtrace begins.
+ *
+ * Used by the host in EL1 to dump the nVHE hypervisor backtrace on
+ * hyp_panic. This is possible because CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG disables
+ * the host stage 2 protection on hyp_panic(). See: __hyp_do_panic()
+ */
+struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info {
+	unsigned long hyp_stack_base;
+	unsigned long hyp_overflow_stack_base;
+	unsigned long fp;
+	unsigned long pc;
+};
+#endif /* CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG */
+
 /* Translate a kernel address @ptr into its equivalent linear mapping */
 #define kvm_ksym_ref(ptr)						\
 	({								\
diff --git a/arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace.h b/arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace.h
index e77cdef9ca29..18611a51cf14 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace.h
+++ b/arch/arm64/include/asm/stacktrace.h
@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@ enum stack_type {
 	STACK_TYPE_OVERFLOW,
 	STACK_TYPE_SDEI_NORMAL,
 	STACK_TYPE_SDEI_CRITICAL,
+#ifdef CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
+	STACK_TYPE_KVM_NVHE_HYP,
+	STACK_TYPE_KVM_NVHE_OVERFLOW,
+#endif /* CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG */
 	__NR_STACK_TYPES
 };
 
@@ -147,4 +151,12 @@ static inline bool on_accessible_stack(const struct task_struct *tsk,
 	return false;
 }
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
+void kvm_nvhe_dump_backtrace(unsigned long hyp_offset);
+#else
+static inline void kvm_nvhe_dump_backtrace(unsigned long hyp_offset)
+{
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG */
+
 #endif	/* __ASM_STACKTRACE_H */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kernel/stacktrace.c b/arch/arm64/kernel/stacktrace.c
index e4103e085681..6ec85cb69b1f 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kernel/stacktrace.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kernel/stacktrace.c
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@
 
 #include <asm/irq.h>
 #include <asm/pointer_auth.h>
+#include <asm/kvm_asm.h>
+#include <asm/kvm_hyp.h>
 #include <asm/stack_pointer.h>
 #include <asm/stacktrace.h>
 
@@ -64,26 +66,15 @@ NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(start_backtrace);
  * records (e.g. a cycle), determined based on the location and fp value of A
  * and the location (but not the fp value) of B.
  */
-static int notrace unwind_frame(struct task_struct *tsk,
-				struct stackframe *frame)
+static int notrace __unwind_frame(struct stackframe *frame, struct stack_info *info,
+		unsigned long (*translate_fp)(unsigned long, enum stack_type))
 {
 	unsigned long fp = frame->fp;
-	struct stack_info info;
-
-	if (!tsk)
-		tsk = current;
-
-	/* Final frame; nothing to unwind */
-	if (fp == (unsigned long)task_pt_regs(tsk)->stackframe)
-		return -ENOENT;
 
 	if (fp & 0x7)
 		return -EINVAL;
 
-	if (!on_accessible_stack(tsk, fp, 16, &info))
-		return -EINVAL;
-
-	if (test_bit(info.type, frame->stacks_done))
+	if (test_bit(info->type, frame->stacks_done))
 		return -EINVAL;
 
 	/*
@@ -94,28 +85,62 @@ static int notrace unwind_frame(struct task_struct *tsk,
 	 *
 	 * TASK -> IRQ -> OVERFLOW -> SDEI_NORMAL
 	 * TASK -> SDEI_NORMAL -> SDEI_CRITICAL -> OVERFLOW
+	 * KVM_NVHE_HYP -> KVM_NVHE_OVERFLOW
 	 *
 	 * ... but the nesting itself is strict. Once we transition from one
 	 * stack to another, it's never valid to unwind back to that first
 	 * stack.
 	 */
-	if (info.type == frame->prev_type) {
+	if (info->type == frame->prev_type) {
 		if (fp <= frame->prev_fp)
 			return -EINVAL;
 	} else {
 		set_bit(frame->prev_type, frame->stacks_done);
 	}
 
+	/* Record fp as prev_fp before attempting to get the next fp */
+	frame->prev_fp = fp;
+
+	/*
+	 * If fp is not from the current address space perform the
+	 * necessary translation before dereferencing it to get next fp.
+	 */
+	if (translate_fp)
+		fp = translate_fp(fp, info->type);
+	if (!fp)
+		return -EINVAL;
+
 	/*
 	 * Record this frame record's values and location. The prev_fp and
-	 * prev_type are only meaningful to the next unwind_frame() invocation.
+	 * prev_type are only meaningful to the next __unwind_frame() invocation.
 	 */
 	frame->fp = READ_ONCE_NOCHECK(*(unsigned long *)(fp));
 	frame->pc = READ_ONCE_NOCHECK(*(unsigned long *)(fp + 8));
-	frame->prev_fp = fp;
-	frame->prev_type = info.type;
-
 	frame->pc = ptrauth_strip_insn_pac(frame->pc);
+	frame->prev_type = info->type;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int notrace unwind_frame(struct task_struct *tsk, struct stackframe *frame)
+{
+	unsigned long fp = frame->fp;
+	struct stack_info info;
+	int err;
+
+	if (!tsk)
+		tsk = current;
+
+	/* Final frame; nothing to unwind */
+	if (fp == (unsigned long)task_pt_regs(tsk)->stackframe)
+		return -ENOENT;
+
+	if (!on_accessible_stack(tsk, fp, 16, &info))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	err = __unwind_frame(frame, &info, NULL);
+	if (err)
+		return err;
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
 	if (tsk->ret_stack &&
@@ -143,20 +168,27 @@ static int notrace unwind_frame(struct task_struct *tsk,
 }
 NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(unwind_frame);
 
-static void notrace walk_stackframe(struct task_struct *tsk,
-				    struct stackframe *frame,
-				    bool (*fn)(void *, unsigned long), void *data)
+static void notrace __walk_stackframe(struct task_struct *tsk, struct stackframe *frame,
+		bool (*fn)(void *, unsigned long), void *data,
+		int (*unwind_frame_fn)(struct task_struct *tsk, struct stackframe *frame))
 {
 	while (1) {
 		int ret;
 
 		if (!fn(data, frame->pc))
 			break;
-		ret = unwind_frame(tsk, frame);
+		ret = unwind_frame_fn(tsk, frame);
 		if (ret < 0)
 			break;
 	}
 }
+
+static void notrace walk_stackframe(struct task_struct *tsk,
+				    struct stackframe *frame,
+				    bool (*fn)(void *, unsigned long), void *data)
+{
+	__walk_stackframe(tsk, frame, fn, data, unwind_frame);
+}
 NOKPROBE_SYMBOL(walk_stackframe);
 
 static bool dump_backtrace_entry(void *arg, unsigned long where)
@@ -210,3 +242,135 @@ noinline notrace void arch_stack_walk(stack_trace_consume_fn consume_entry,
 
 	walk_stackframe(task, &frame, consume_entry, cookie);
 }
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
+DECLARE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, kvm_arm_hyp_stack_page);
+DECLARE_KVM_NVHE_PER_CPU(unsigned long [PAGE_SIZE/sizeof(long)], hyp_overflow_stack);
+DECLARE_KVM_NVHE_PER_CPU(struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info, kvm_panic_info);
+
+static inline bool kvm_nvhe_on_overflow_stack(unsigned long sp, unsigned long size,
+				 struct stack_info *info)
+{
+	struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info *panic_info = this_cpu_ptr_nvhe_sym(kvm_panic_info);
+	unsigned long low = (unsigned long)panic_info->hyp_overflow_stack_base;
+	unsigned long high = low + PAGE_SIZE;
+
+	return on_stack(sp, size, low, high, STACK_TYPE_KVM_NVHE_OVERFLOW, info);
+}
+
+static inline bool kvm_nvhe_on_hyp_stack(unsigned long sp, unsigned long size,
+				 struct stack_info *info)
+{
+	struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info *panic_info = this_cpu_ptr_nvhe_sym(kvm_panic_info);
+	unsigned long low = (unsigned long)panic_info->hyp_stack_base;
+	unsigned long high = low + PAGE_SIZE;
+
+	return on_stack(sp, size, low, high, STACK_TYPE_KVM_NVHE_HYP, info);
+}
+
+static inline bool kvm_nvhe_on_accessible_stack(unsigned long sp, unsigned long size,
+				       struct stack_info *info)
+{
+	if (info)
+		info->type = STACK_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
+
+	if (kvm_nvhe_on_hyp_stack(sp, size, info))
+		return true;
+	if (kvm_nvhe_on_overflow_stack(sp, size, info))
+		return true;
+
+	return false;
+}
+
+static unsigned long kvm_nvhe_hyp_stack_kern_va(unsigned long addr)
+{
+	struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info *panic_info = this_cpu_ptr_nvhe_sym(kvm_panic_info);
+	unsigned long hyp_base, kern_base, hyp_offset;
+
+	hyp_base = (unsigned long)panic_info->hyp_stack_base;
+	hyp_offset = addr - hyp_base;
+
+	kern_base = (unsigned long)*this_cpu_ptr(&kvm_arm_hyp_stack_page);
+
+	return kern_base + hyp_offset;
+}
+
+static unsigned long kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack_kern_va(unsigned long addr)
+{
+	struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info *panic_info = this_cpu_ptr_nvhe_sym(kvm_panic_info);
+	unsigned long hyp_base, kern_base, hyp_offset;
+
+	hyp_base = (unsigned long)panic_info->hyp_overflow_stack_base;
+	hyp_offset = addr - hyp_base;
+
+	kern_base = (unsigned long)this_cpu_ptr_nvhe_sym(hyp_overflow_stack);
+
+	return kern_base + hyp_offset;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Convert KVM nVHE hypervisor stack VA to a kernel VA.
+ *
+ * The nVHE hypervisor stack is mapped in the flexible 'private' VA range, to allow
+ * for guard pages below the stack. Consequently, the fixed offset address
+ * translation macros won't work here.
+ *
+ * The kernel VA is calculated as an offset from the kernel VA of the hypervisor
+ * stack base. See: kvm_nvhe_hyp_stack_kern_va(),  kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack_kern_va()
+ */
+static unsigned long kvm_nvhe_stack_kern_va(unsigned long addr,
+					enum stack_type type)
+{
+	switch (type) {
+	case STACK_TYPE_KVM_NVHE_HYP:
+		return kvm_nvhe_hyp_stack_kern_va(addr);
+	case STACK_TYPE_KVM_NVHE_OVERFLOW:
+		return kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack_kern_va(addr);
+	default:
+		return 0UL;
+	}
+}
+
+static int notrace kvm_nvhe_unwind_frame(struct task_struct *tsk,
+					struct stackframe *frame)
+{
+	struct stack_info info;
+
+	if (!kvm_nvhe_on_accessible_stack(frame->fp, 16, &info))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	return  __unwind_frame(frame, &info, kvm_nvhe_stack_kern_va);
+}
+
+static bool kvm_nvhe_dump_backtrace_entry(void *arg, unsigned long where)
+{
+	unsigned long va_mask = GENMASK_ULL(vabits_actual - 1, 0);
+	unsigned long hyp_offset = (unsigned long)arg;
+
+	where &= va_mask;	/* Mask tags */
+	where += hyp_offset;	/* Convert to kern addr */
+
+	kvm_err("[<%016lx>] %pB\n", where, (void *)where);
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+static void notrace kvm_nvhe_walk_stackframe(struct task_struct *tsk,
+				    struct stackframe *frame,
+				    bool (*fn)(void *, unsigned long), void *data)
+{
+	__walk_stackframe(tsk, frame, fn, data, kvm_nvhe_unwind_frame);
+}
+
+void kvm_nvhe_dump_backtrace(unsigned long hyp_offset)
+{
+	struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info *panic_info = this_cpu_ptr_nvhe_sym(kvm_panic_info);
+	struct stackframe frame;
+
+	start_backtrace(&frame, panic_info->fp, panic_info->pc);
+	pr_err("nVHE HYP call trace:\n");
+	kvm_nvhe_walk_stackframe(NULL, &frame, kvm_nvhe_dump_backtrace_entry,
+					(void *)hyp_offset);
+	pr_err("---- end of nVHE HYP call trace ----\n");
+}
+#endif /* CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG */
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/Kconfig b/arch/arm64/kvm/Kconfig
index 8a5fbbf084df..a7be4ef35fbf 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/Kconfig
@@ -51,8 +51,9 @@ config NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
 	depends on KVM
 	help
 	  Say Y here to enable the debug mode for the non-VHE KVM EL2 object.
-	  Failure reports will BUG() in the hypervisor. This is intended for
-	  local EL2 hypervisor development.
+	  Failure reports will BUG() in the hypervisor; and calls to hyp_panic()
+	  will result in printing the hypervisor call stack.
+	  This is intended for local EL2 hypervisor development.
 
 	  If unsure, say N.
 
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
index cc712e421c5a..3d9efcf4fbb5 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/arm.c
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ DEFINE_STATIC_KEY_FALSE(kvm_protected_mode_initialized);
 
 DECLARE_KVM_HYP_PER_CPU(unsigned long, kvm_hyp_vector);
 
-static DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, kvm_arm_hyp_stack_page);
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, kvm_arm_hyp_stack_page);
 unsigned long kvm_arm_hyp_percpu_base[NR_CPUS];
 DECLARE_KVM_NVHE_PER_CPU(struct kvm_nvhe_init_params, kvm_init_params);
 
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c
index e3140abd2e2e..ff69dff33700 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include <asm/kvm_emulate.h>
 #include <asm/kvm_mmu.h>
 #include <asm/debug-monitors.h>
+#include <asm/stacktrace.h>
 #include <asm/traps.h>
 
 #include <kvm/arm_hypercalls.h>
@@ -326,6 +327,8 @@ void __noreturn __cold nvhe_hyp_panic_handler(u64 esr, u64 spsr,
 		kvm_err("nVHE hyp panic at: %016llx!\n", elr_virt + hyp_offset);
 	}
 
+	kvm_nvhe_dump_backtrace(hyp_offset);
+
 	/*
 	 * Hyp has panicked and we're going to handle that by panicking the
 	 * kernel. The kernel offset will be revealed in the panic so we're
diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
index efc20273a352..b8ecffc47424 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/hyp/nvhe/switch.c
@@ -37,6 +37,22 @@ DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long, kvm_hyp_vector);
 #ifdef CONFIG_NVHE_EL2_DEBUG
 DEFINE_PER_CPU(unsigned long [PAGE_SIZE/sizeof(long)], hyp_overflow_stack)
 	__aligned(16);
+DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info, kvm_panic_info);
+
+static inline void cpu_prepare_nvhe_panic_info(void)
+{
+	struct kvm_nvhe_panic_info *panic_info = this_cpu_ptr(&kvm_panic_info);
+	struct kvm_nvhe_init_params *params = this_cpu_ptr(&kvm_init_params);
+
+	panic_info->hyp_stack_base = (unsigned long)(params->stack_hyp_va - PAGE_SIZE);
+	panic_info->hyp_overflow_stack_base = (unsigned long)this_cpu_ptr(hyp_overflow_stack);
+	panic_info->fp = (unsigned long)__builtin_frame_address(0);
+	panic_info->pc = _THIS_IP_;
+}
+ #else
+static inline void cpu_prepare_nvhe_panic_info(void)
+{
+}
 #endif
 
 static void __activate_traps(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
@@ -360,6 +376,8 @@ asmlinkage void __noreturn hyp_panic(void)
 	struct kvm_cpu_context *host_ctxt;
 	struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu;
 
+	cpu_prepare_nvhe_panic_info();
+
 	host_ctxt = &this_cpu_ptr(&kvm_host_data)->host_ctxt;
 	vcpu = host_ctxt->__hyp_running_vcpu;
 
-- 
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog


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[PATCH v5 8/8] KVM: arm64: Symbolize the nVHE HYP backtrace

[Kalesh Singh]

Reintroduce the __kvm_nvhe_ symbols in kallsyms, ignoring the local
symbols in this namespace. The local symbols are not informative and
can cause aliasing issues when symbolizing the addresses.

With the necessary symbols now in kallsyms we can symbolize nVHE
stacktrace addresses using the %pB print format specifier.

Example call trace:

[   98.916444][  T426] kvm [426]: nVHE hyp panic at: [<ffffffc0096156fc>] __kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack+0x8/0x34!
[   98.918360][  T426] nVHE HYP call trace:
[   98.918692][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615aac>] __kvm_nvhe_cpu_prepare_nvhe_panic_info+0x4c/0x68
[   98.919545][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc0096159a4>] __kvm_nvhe_hyp_panic+0x2c/0xe8
[   98.920107][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615ad8>] __kvm_nvhe_hyp_panic_bad_stack+0x10/0x10
[   98.920665][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009610a4c>] __kvm_nvhe___kvm_hyp_host_vector+0x24c/0x794
[   98.921292][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615718>] __kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack+0x24/0x34
. . .

[   98.973382][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009615718>] __kvm_nvhe_overflow_stack+0x24/0x34
[   98.973816][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc0096152f4>] __kvm_nvhe___kvm_vcpu_run+0x38/0x438
[   98.974255][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009616f80>] __kvm_nvhe_handle___kvm_vcpu_run+0x1c4/0x364
[   98.974719][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009616928>] __kvm_nvhe_handle_trap+0xa8/0x130
[   98.975152][  T426] kvm [426]: [<ffffffc009610064>] __kvm_nvhe___host_exit+0x64/0x64
[   98.975588][  T426] ---- end of nVHE HYP call trace ----

Signed-off-by: Kalesh Singh <kaleshsingh@google.com>
---

Changes in v2:
  - Fix printk warnings - %p expects (void *)


 arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c | 13 +++++--------
 scripts/kallsyms.c           |  2 +-
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c
index ff69dff33700..3a5c32017c6b 100644
--- a/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c
+++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/handle_exit.c
@@ -296,13 +296,8 @@ void __noreturn __cold nvhe_hyp_panic_handler(u64 esr, u64 spsr,
 	u64 elr_in_kimg = __phys_to_kimg(elr_phys);
 	u64 hyp_offset = elr_in_kimg - kaslr_offset() - elr_virt;
 	u64 mode = spsr & PSR_MODE_MASK;
+	u64 panic_addr = elr_virt + hyp_offset;
 
-	/*
-	 * The nVHE hyp symbols are not included by kallsyms to avoid issues
-	 * with aliasing. That means that the symbols cannot be printed with the
-	 * "%pS" format specifier, so fall back to the vmlinux address if
-	 * there's no better option.
-	 */
 	if (mode != PSR_MODE_EL2t && mode != PSR_MODE_EL2h) {
 		kvm_err("Invalid host exception to nVHE hyp!\n");
 	} else if (ESR_ELx_EC(esr) == ESR_ELx_EC_BRK64 &&
@@ -322,9 +317,11 @@ void __noreturn __cold nvhe_hyp_panic_handler(u64 esr, u64 spsr,
 		if (file)
 			kvm_err("nVHE hyp BUG at: %s:%u!\n", file, line);
 		else
-			kvm_err("nVHE hyp BUG at: %016llx!\n", elr_virt + hyp_offset);
+			kvm_err("nVHE hyp BUG at: [<%016llx>] %pB!\n", panic_addr,
+					(void *)panic_addr);
 	} else {
-		kvm_err("nVHE hyp panic at: %016llx!\n", elr_virt + hyp_offset);
+		kvm_err("nVHE hyp panic at: [<%016llx>] %pB!\n", panic_addr,
+				(void *)panic_addr);
 	}
 
 	kvm_nvhe_dump_backtrace(hyp_offset);
diff --git a/scripts/kallsyms.c b/scripts/kallsyms.c
index 54ad86d13784..19aba43d9da4 100644
--- a/scripts/kallsyms.c
+++ b/scripts/kallsyms.c
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ static bool is_ignored_symbol(const char *name, char type)
 		".LASANPC",		/* s390 kasan local symbols */
 		"__crc_",		/* modversions */
 		"__efistub_",		/* arm64 EFI stub namespace */
-		"__kvm_nvhe_",		/* arm64 non-VHE KVM namespace */
+		"__kvm_nvhe_$",		/* arm64 local symbols in non-VHE KVM namespace */
 		"__AArch64ADRPThunk_",	/* arm64 lld */
 		"__ARMV5PILongThunk_",	/* arm lld */
 		"__ARMV7PILongThunk_",
-- 
2.35.1.616.g0bdcbb4464-goog


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Re: [PATCH v5 1/8] KVM: arm64: Introduce hyp_alloc_private_va_range()

[Stephen Boyd]

Quoting Kalesh Singh (2022-03-07 10:48:59)
> diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
> index bc2aba953299..ccb2847ee2f4 100644
> --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
> +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
> @@ -457,22 +457,17 @@ int create_hyp_mappings(void *from, void *to, enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
>         return 0;
>  }
>
> -static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
> -                                       unsigned long *haddr,
> -                                       enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
> +
> +/**
> + * hyp_alloc_private_va_range - Allocates a private VA range.
> + * @size:      The size of the VA range to reserve.
> + *
> + * The private VA range is allocated below io_map_base and
> + * aligned based on the order of @size.

Add what it returns?

Return: Start address of allocated VA range or some error value... (I don't
understand this part).

It may also be a good idea to write out what VA is in the description:

The private virtual address (VA) range is allocated below io_map_base

> + */
> +unsigned long hyp_alloc_private_va_range(size_t size)
>  {
>         unsigned long base;
> -       int ret = 0;
> -
> -       if (!kvm_host_owns_hyp_mappings()) {
> -               base = kvm_call_hyp_nvhe(__pkvm_create_private_mapping,
> -                                        phys_addr, size, prot);
> -               if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL((void *)base))
> -                       return PTR_ERR((void *)base);
> -               *haddr = base;
> -
> -               return 0;
> -       }
>
>         mutex_lock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
>
> @@ -484,29 +479,53 @@ static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
>          *
>          * The allocated size is always a multiple of PAGE_SIZE.
>          */
> -       size = PAGE_ALIGN(size + offset_in_page(phys_addr));
> -       base = io_map_base - size;
> +       base = io_map_base - PAGE_ALIGN(size);
> +
> +       /* Align the allocation based on the order of its size */
> +       base = ALIGN_DOWN(base, PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size));
>
>         /*
>          * Verify that BIT(VA_BITS - 1) hasn't been flipped by
>          * allocating the new area, as it would indicate we've
>          * overflowed the idmap/IO address range.
>          */
> -       if ((base ^ io_map_base) & BIT(VA_BITS - 1))
> -               ret = -ENOMEM;
> +       if (!base || (base ^ io_map_base) & BIT(VA_BITS - 1))
> +               base = (unsigned long)ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);

It looks odd to use an error pointer casted to unsigned long to return
from an address allocation function. Why not pass a pointer for base
like the function was written before and return an int from this
function with 0 for success and negative error value? Otherwise some
sort of define should made like DMA_MAPPING_ERROR and that can be used
to indicate to the caller that the allocation failed, or a simple zero
may work?

>         else
>                 io_map_base = base;
>
>         mutex_unlock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
>
> -       if (ret)
> -               goto out;
> +       return base;
> +}
> +
> +static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
> +                                       unsigned long *haddr,
> +                                       enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
> +{
> +       unsigned long addr;
> +       int ret = 0;
> +
> +       if (!kvm_host_owns_hyp_mappings()) {
> +               addr = kvm_call_hyp_nvhe(__pkvm_create_private_mapping,
> +                                        phys_addr, size, prot);
> +               if (IS_ERR((void *)addr))

IS_ERR_VALUE()?

> +                       return PTR_ERR((void *)addr);
> +               *haddr = addr;
> +
> +               return 0;
> +       }
> +
> +       size += offset_in_page(phys_addr);
> +       addr = hyp_alloc_private_va_range(size);
> +       if (IS_ERR((void *)addr))

IS_ERR_VALUE()?

> +               return PTR_ERR((void *)addr);
>
> -       ret = __create_hyp_mappings(base, size, phys_addr, prot);
> +       ret = __create_hyp_mappings(addr, size, phys_addr, prot);
>         if (ret)
>                 goto out;
>
> -       *haddr = base + offset_in_page(phys_addr);
> +       *haddr = addr + offset_in_page(phys_addr);
>  out:
>         return ret;

Would be simpler to remove the goto, or return early.

	if (!ret)
		*haddr = addr + offset_in_page(phys_addr);

	return ret;

>  }

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Re: [PATCH v5 1/8] KVM: arm64: Introduce hyp_alloc_private_va_range()

[Kalesh Singh]

On Tue, Mar 8, 2022 at 12:21 PM Stephen Boyd <swboyd@chromium.org> wrote:
>
HI Stephen. Thanks for the review.

> Quoting Kalesh Singh (2022-03-07 10:48:59)
> > diff --git a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
> > index bc2aba953299..ccb2847ee2f4 100644
> > --- a/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
> > +++ b/arch/arm64/kvm/mmu.c
> > @@ -457,22 +457,17 @@ int create_hyp_mappings(void *from, void *to, enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
> >         return 0;
> >  }
> >
> > -static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
> > -                                       unsigned long *haddr,
> > -                                       enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
> > +
> > +/**
> > + * hyp_alloc_private_va_range - Allocates a private VA range.
> > + * @size:      The size of the VA range to reserve.
> > + *
> > + * The private VA range is allocated below io_map_base and
> > + * aligned based on the order of @size.
>
> Add what it returns?
>
> Return: Start address of allocated VA range or some error value... (I don't
> understand this part).
>
> It may also be a good idea to write out what VA is in the description:
>
> The private virtual address (VA) range is allocated below io_map_base
>

Ack

> > + */
> > +unsigned long hyp_alloc_private_va_range(size_t size)
> >  {
> >         unsigned long base;
> > -       int ret = 0;
> > -
> > -       if (!kvm_host_owns_hyp_mappings()) {
> > -               base = kvm_call_hyp_nvhe(__pkvm_create_private_mapping,
> > -                                        phys_addr, size, prot);
> > -               if (IS_ERR_OR_NULL((void *)base))
> > -                       return PTR_ERR((void *)base);
> > -               *haddr = base;
> > -
> > -               return 0;
> > -       }
> >
> >         mutex_lock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
> >
> > @@ -484,29 +479,53 @@ static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
> >          *
> >          * The allocated size is always a multiple of PAGE_SIZE.
> >          */
> > -       size = PAGE_ALIGN(size + offset_in_page(phys_addr));
> > -       base = io_map_base - size;
> > +       base = io_map_base - PAGE_ALIGN(size);
> > +
> > +       /* Align the allocation based on the order of its size */
> > +       base = ALIGN_DOWN(base, PAGE_SIZE << get_order(size));
> >
> >         /*
> >          * Verify that BIT(VA_BITS - 1) hasn't been flipped by
> >          * allocating the new area, as it would indicate we've
> >          * overflowed the idmap/IO address range.
> >          */
> > -       if ((base ^ io_map_base) & BIT(VA_BITS - 1))
> > -               ret = -ENOMEM;
> > +       if (!base || (base ^ io_map_base) & BIT(VA_BITS - 1))
> > +               base = (unsigned long)ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
>
> It looks odd to use an error pointer casted to unsigned long to return
> from an address allocation function. Why not pass a pointer for base
> like the function was written before and return an int from this
> function with 0 for success and negative error value?Otherwise some
> sort of define should made like DMA_MAPPING_ERROR and that can be used
> to indicate to the caller that the allocation failed, or a simple zero
> may work?

I wanted to keep consistent between the pkvm and traditional nvhe
code. I will refactor both *alloc_private_va_range() functions to take
a pointer and return an int error if that's preferred. There would
still be a case of this kind of cast in
__pkvm_create_private_mapping() which does return an unsigned long
address or ERR_PTR(...). It looks like it was made to return the
address to facilitate use as a hypercall (@Quentin CMIW).

>
> >         else
> >                 io_map_base = base;
> >
> >         mutex_unlock(&kvm_hyp_pgd_mutex);
> >
> > -       if (ret)
> > -               goto out;
> > +       return base;
> > +}
> > +
> > +static int __create_hyp_private_mapping(phys_addr_t phys_addr, size_t size,
> > +                                       unsigned long *haddr,
> > +                                       enum kvm_pgtable_prot prot)
> > +{
> > +       unsigned long addr;
> > +       int ret = 0;
> > +
> > +       if (!kvm_host_owns_hyp_mappings()) {
> > +               addr = kvm_call_hyp_nvhe(__pkvm_create_private_mapping,
> > +                                        phys_addr, size, prot);
> > +               if (IS_ERR((void *)addr))
>
> IS_ERR_VALUE()?

Good idea, will remove the extra cast.

>
> > +                       return PTR_ERR((void *)addr);
> > +               *haddr = addr;
> > +
> > +               return 0;
> > +       }
> > +
> > +       size += offset_in_page(phys_addr);
> > +       addr = hyp_alloc_private_va_range(size);
> > +       if (IS_ERR((void *)addr))
>
> IS_ERR_VALUE()?

Ack

>
> > +               return PTR_ERR((void *)addr);
> >
> > -       ret = __create_hyp_mappings(base, size, phys_addr, prot);
> > +       ret = __create_hyp_mappings(addr, size, phys_addr, prot);
> >         if (ret)
> >                 goto out;
> >
> > -       *haddr = base + offset_in_page(phys_addr);
> > +       *haddr = addr + offset_in_page(phys_addr);
> >  out:
> >         return ret;
>
> Would be simpler to remove the goto, or return early.
>
>         if (!ret)
>                 *haddr = addr + offset_in_page(phys_addr);
>
>         return ret;

Agreed, I'll remove the goto in the next version.

Thanks,
Kalesh
>
> >  }

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Re: [PATCH v5 1/8] KVM: arm64: Introduce hyp_alloc_private_va_range()

[Quentin Perret]

On Tuesday 08 Mar 2022 at 15:09:18 (-0800), Kalesh Singh wrote:
> On Tue, Mar 8, 2022 at 12:21 PM Stephen Boyd <swboyd@chromium.org> wrote:
> > It looks odd to use an error pointer casted to unsigned long to return
> > from an address allocation function. Why not pass a pointer for base
> > like the function was written before and return an int from this
> > function with 0 for success and negative error value?Otherwise some
> > sort of define should made like DMA_MAPPING_ERROR and that can be used
> > to indicate to the caller that the allocation failed, or a simple zero
> > may work?
> 
> I wanted to keep consistent between the pkvm and traditional nvhe
> code. I will refactor both *alloc_private_va_range() functions to take
> a pointer and return an int error if that's preferred. There would
> still be a case of this kind of cast in
> __pkvm_create_private_mapping() which does return an unsigned long
> address or ERR_PTR(...). It looks like it was made to return the
> address to facilitate use as a hypercall (@Quentin CMIW).

Yep, passing everything by value was much easier to cross the EL1/EL2
boundary as that avoids having the hypervisor map kernel memory and all
that fun. But Stephen's point is fair, so no objection from to keep this
little dance confined to the hypercall wrapper and make the function
signature nicer and easier to use for the rest of the code.

Cheers,
Quentin

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Re: [PATCH v5 1/8] KVM: arm64: Introduce hyp_alloc_private_va_range()

[Kalesh Singh]

On Wed, Mar 9, 2022 at 8:50 AM Quentin Perret <qperret@google.com> wrote:
>
> On Tuesday 08 Mar 2022 at 15:09:18 (-0800), Kalesh Singh wrote:
> > On Tue, Mar 8, 2022 at 12:21 PM Stephen Boyd <swboyd@chromium.org> wrote:
> > > It looks odd to use an error pointer casted to unsigned long to return
> > > from an address allocation function. Why not pass a pointer for base
> > > like the function was written before and return an int from this
> > > function with 0 for success and negative error value?Otherwise some
> > > sort of define should made like DMA_MAPPING_ERROR and that can be used
> > > to indicate to the caller that the allocation failed, or a simple zero
> > > may work?
> >
> > I wanted to keep consistent between the pkvm and traditional nvhe
> > code. I will refactor both *alloc_private_va_range() functions to take
> > a pointer and return an int error if that's preferred. There would
> > still be a case of this kind of cast in
> > __pkvm_create_private_mapping() which does return an unsigned long
> > address or ERR_PTR(...). It looks like it was made to return the
> > address to facilitate use as a hypercall (@Quentin CMIW).
>
> Yep, passing everything by value was much easier to cross the EL1/EL2
> boundary as that avoids having the hypervisor map kernel memory and all
> that fun. But Stephen's point is fair, so no objection from to keep this
> little dance confined to the hypercall wrapper and make the function
> signature nicer and easier to use for the rest of the code.

Thanks for clarifying Quentin. That sounds good to me.

- Kalesh

>
> Cheers,
> Quentin

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