* [PATCH] mm: do not grant +x by default in memfd_create()
@ 2019-05-04 11:41 Dima Krasner
2019-05-04 23:37 ` kbuild test robot
0 siblings, 1 reply; 3+ messages in thread
From: Dima Krasner @ 2019-05-04 11:41 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: dima; +Cc: linux-mm, Hugh Dickins
This syscall allows easy fileless execution, without calling chmod() first.
Thus, some security-related restrictions (like seccomp filters that deny
chmod +x) can by bypassed using memfd_create() if the policy author is
unaware of this.
Signed-off-by: Dima Krasner <dima@dimakrasner.com>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
---
fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c | 5 +++--
include/linux/hugetlb.h | 2 +-
include/linux/stat.h | 1 +
ipc/shm.c | 3 ++-
mm/memfd.c | 3 ++-
mm/mmap.c | 3 ++-
mm/shmem.c | 11 ++++++-----
7 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)
diff --git a/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c b/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c
index 9285dd4f4b1c..512ac8a226ef 100644
--- a/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c
+++ b/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c
@@ -1363,7 +1363,8 @@ static int get_hstate_idx(int page_size_log)
*/
struct file *hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size,
vm_flags_t acctflag, struct user_struct **user,
- int creat_flags, int page_size_log)
+ int creat_flags, int page_size_log,
+ umode_t mode)
{
struct inode *inode;
struct vfsmount *mnt;
@@ -1393,7 +1394,7 @@ struct file *hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size,
}
file = ERR_PTR(-ENOSPC);
- inode = hugetlbfs_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | S_IRWXUGO, 0);
+ inode = hugetlbfs_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | mode, 0);
if (!inode)
goto out;
if (creat_flags == HUGETLB_SHMFS_INODE)
diff --git a/include/linux/hugetlb.h b/include/linux/hugetlb.h
index 11943b60f208..ae17f6629e80 100644
--- a/include/linux/hugetlb.h
+++ b/include/linux/hugetlb.h
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ extern const struct file_operations hugetlbfs_file_operations;
extern const struct vm_operations_struct hugetlb_vm_ops;
struct file *hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size, vm_flags_t acct,
struct user_struct **user, int creat_flags,
- int page_size_log);
+ int page_size_log, umode_t mode);
static inline bool is_file_hugepages(struct file *file)
{
diff --git a/include/linux/stat.h b/include/linux/stat.h
index 765573dc17d6..efda7df06d6e 100644
--- a/include/linux/stat.h
+++ b/include/linux/stat.h
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
#define S_IRUGO (S_IRUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IROTH)
#define S_IWUGO (S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH)
#define S_IXUGO (S_IXUSR|S_IXGRP|S_IXOTH)
+#define S_IRWUGO (S_IRUGO|S_IWUGO)
#define UTIME_NOW ((1l << 30) - 1l)
#define UTIME_OMIT ((1l << 30) - 2l)
diff --git a/ipc/shm.c b/ipc/shm.c
index ce1ca9f7c6e9..a64a52e4ccf1 100644
--- a/ipc/shm.c
+++ b/ipc/shm.c
@@ -651,7 +651,8 @@ static int newseg(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct ipc_params *params)
acctflag = VM_NORESERVE;
file = hugetlb_file_setup(name, hugesize, acctflag,
&shp->mlock_user, HUGETLB_SHMFS_INODE,
- (shmflg >> SHM_HUGE_SHIFT) & SHM_HUGE_MASK);
+ (shmflg >> SHM_HUGE_SHIFT) & SHM_HUGE_MASK,
+ S_IRWXUGO);
} else {
/*
* Do not allow no accounting for OVERCOMMIT_NEVER, even
diff --git a/mm/memfd.c b/mm/memfd.c
index 650e65a46b9c..b680fae87240 100644
--- a/mm/memfd.c
+++ b/mm/memfd.c
@@ -300,7 +300,8 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE2(memfd_create,
file = hugetlb_file_setup(name, 0, VM_NORESERVE, &user,
HUGETLB_ANONHUGE_INODE,
(flags >> MFD_HUGE_SHIFT) &
- MFD_HUGE_MASK);
+ MFD_HUGE_MASK,
+ S_IRWUGO);
} else
file = shmem_file_setup(name, 0, VM_NORESERVE);
if (IS_ERR(file)) {
diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
index bd7b9f293b39..4494ce44ca5d 100644
--- a/mm/mmap.c
+++ b/mm/mmap.c
@@ -1600,7 +1600,8 @@ unsigned long ksys_mmap_pgoff(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
file = hugetlb_file_setup(HUGETLB_ANON_FILE, len,
VM_NORESERVE,
&user, HUGETLB_ANONHUGE_INODE,
- (flags >> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT) & MAP_HUGE_MASK);
+ (flags >> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT) & MAP_HUGE_MASK,
+ S_IRWXUGO);
if (IS_ERR(file))
return PTR_ERR(file);
}
diff --git a/mm/shmem.c b/mm/shmem.c
index 2275a0ff7c30..a903b9f783e2 100644
--- a/mm/shmem.c
+++ b/mm/shmem.c
@@ -3968,7 +3968,8 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_truncate_range);
/* common code */
static struct file *__shmem_file_setup(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name, loff_t size,
- unsigned long flags, unsigned int i_flags)
+ unsigned long flags, unsigned int i_flags,
+ umode_t mode)
{
struct inode *inode;
struct file *res;
@@ -3982,7 +3983,7 @@ static struct file *__shmem_file_setup(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name, l
if (shmem_acct_size(flags, size))
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
- inode = shmem_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | S_IRWXUGO, 0,
+ inode = shmem_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | mode, 0,
flags);
if (unlikely(!inode)) {
shmem_unacct_size(flags, size);
@@ -4012,7 +4013,7 @@ static struct file *__shmem_file_setup(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name, l
*/
struct file *shmem_kernel_file_setup(const char *name, loff_t size, unsigned long flags)
{
- return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, S_PRIVATE);
+ return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, S_PRIVATE, S_IRWXUGO);
}
/**
@@ -4023,7 +4024,7 @@ struct file *shmem_kernel_file_setup(const char *name, loff_t size, unsigned lon
*/
struct file *shmem_file_setup(const char *name, loff_t size, unsigned long flags)
{
- return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, 0);
+ return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, 0, S_IRWUGO);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_file_setup);
@@ -4037,7 +4038,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_file_setup);
struct file *shmem_file_setup_with_mnt(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name,
loff_t size, unsigned long flags)
{
- return __shmem_file_setup(mnt, name, size, flags, 0);
+ return __shmem_file_setup(mnt, name, size, flags, 0, S_IRWUGO);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_file_setup_with_mnt);
--
2.21.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 3+ messages in thread
* Re: [PATCH] mm: do not grant +x by default in memfd_create()
2019-05-04 11:41 [PATCH] mm: do not grant +x by default in memfd_create() Dima Krasner
@ 2019-05-04 23:37 ` kbuild test robot
2019-05-05 4:59 ` [PATCH v2] " Dima Krasner
0 siblings, 1 reply; 3+ messages in thread
From: kbuild test robot @ 2019-05-04 23:37 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: Dima Krasner; +Cc: kbuild-all, dima, linux-mm, Hugh Dickins
[-- Attachment #1: Type: text/plain, Size: 5300 bytes --]
Hi Dima,
Thank you for the patch! Yet something to improve:
[auto build test ERROR on linus/master]
[also build test ERROR on v5.1-rc7 next-20190503]
[if your patch is applied to the wrong git tree, please drop us a note to help improve the system]
url: https://github.com/0day-ci/linux/commits/Dima-Krasner/mm-do-not-grant-x-by-default-in-memfd_create/20190505-060301
config: i386-randconfig-x070-201918 (attached as .config)
compiler: gcc-7 (Debian 7.3.0-1) 7.3.0
reproduce:
# save the attached .config to linux build tree
make ARCH=i386
If you fix the issue, kindly add following tag
Reported-by: kbuild test robot <lkp@intel.com>
All errors (new ones prefixed by >>):
mm/memfd.c: In function '__do_sys_memfd_create':
>> mm/memfd.c:300:10: error: too many arguments to function 'hugetlb_file_setup'
file = hugetlb_file_setup(name, 0, VM_NORESERVE, &user,
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from mm/memfd.c:18:0:
include/linux/hugetlb.h:326:1: note: declared here
hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size, vm_flags_t acctflag,
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
--
ipc/shm.c: In function 'newseg':
>> ipc/shm.c:652:10: error: too many arguments to function 'hugetlb_file_setup'
file = hugetlb_file_setup(name, hugesize, acctflag,
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In file included from ipc/shm.c:30:0:
include/linux/hugetlb.h:326:1: note: declared here
hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size, vm_flags_t acctflag,
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
vim +/hugetlb_file_setup +300 mm/memfd.c
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 247
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 248 SYSCALL_DEFINE2(memfd_create,
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 249 const char __user *, uname,
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 250 unsigned int, flags)
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 251 {
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 252 unsigned int *file_seals;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 253 struct file *file;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 254 int fd, error;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 255 char *name;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 256 long len;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 257
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 258 if (!(flags & MFD_HUGETLB)) {
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 259 if (flags & ~(unsigned int)MFD_ALL_FLAGS)
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 260 return -EINVAL;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 261 } else {
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 262 /* Allow huge page size encoding in flags. */
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 263 if (flags & ~(unsigned int)(MFD_ALL_FLAGS |
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 264 (MFD_HUGE_MASK << MFD_HUGE_SHIFT)))
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 265 return -EINVAL;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 266 }
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 267
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 268 /* length includes terminating zero */
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 269 len = strnlen_user(uname, MFD_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1);
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 270 if (len <= 0)
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 271 return -EFAULT;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 272 if (len > MFD_NAME_MAX_LEN + 1)
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 273 return -EINVAL;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 274
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 275 name = kmalloc(len + MFD_NAME_PREFIX_LEN, GFP_KERNEL);
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 276 if (!name)
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 277 return -ENOMEM;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 278
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 279 strcpy(name, MFD_NAME_PREFIX);
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 280 if (copy_from_user(&name[MFD_NAME_PREFIX_LEN], uname, len)) {
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 281 error = -EFAULT;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 282 goto err_name;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 283 }
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 284
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 285 /* terminating-zero may have changed after strnlen_user() returned */
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 286 if (name[len + MFD_NAME_PREFIX_LEN - 1]) {
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 287 error = -EFAULT;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 288 goto err_name;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 289 }
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 290
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 291 fd = get_unused_fd_flags((flags & MFD_CLOEXEC) ? O_CLOEXEC : 0);
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 292 if (fd < 0) {
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 293 error = fd;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 294 goto err_name;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 295 }
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 296
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 297 if (flags & MFD_HUGETLB) {
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 298 struct user_struct *user = NULL;
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 299
5d752600 Mike Kravetz 2018-06-07 @300 file = hugetlb_file_setup(name, 0, VM_NORESERVE, &user,
:::::: The code at line 300 was first introduced by commit
:::::: 5d752600a8c373382264392f5b573b2fc9c0e8ea mm: restructure memfd code
:::::: TO: Mike Kravetz <mike.kravetz@oracle.com>
:::::: CC: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
---
0-DAY kernel test infrastructure Open Source Technology Center
https://lists.01.org/pipermail/kbuild-all Intel Corporation
[-- Attachment #2: .config.gz --]
[-- Type: application/gzip, Size: 29505 bytes --]
^ permalink raw reply [flat|nested] 3+ messages in thread
* [PATCH v2] mm: do not grant +x by default in memfd_create()
2019-05-04 23:37 ` kbuild test robot
@ 2019-05-05 4:59 ` Dima Krasner
0 siblings, 0 replies; 3+ messages in thread
From: Dima Krasner @ 2019-05-05 4:59 UTC (permalink / raw)
To: dima; +Cc: linux-kernel, linux-mm, Hugh Dickins
This syscall allows easy fileless execution, without calling chmod() first.
Thus, some security-related restrictions (like seccomp filters that deny
chmod +x) can by bypassed using memfd_create() if the policy author is
unaware of this.
Signed-off-by: Dima Krasner <dima@dimakrasner.com>
Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org
Cc: Hugh Dickins <hughd@google.com>
---
fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c | 5 +++--
include/linux/hugetlb.h | 4 ++--
include/linux/stat.h | 1 +
ipc/shm.c | 3 ++-
mm/memfd.c | 3 ++-
mm/mmap.c | 3 ++-
mm/shmem.c | 11 ++++++-----
7 files changed, 18 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-)
diff --git a/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c b/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c
index 9285dd4f4b1c..512ac8a226ef 100644
--- a/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c
+++ b/fs/hugetlbfs/inode.c
@@ -1363,7 +1363,8 @@ static int get_hstate_idx(int page_size_log)
*/
struct file *hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size,
vm_flags_t acctflag, struct user_struct **user,
- int creat_flags, int page_size_log)
+ int creat_flags, int page_size_log,
+ umode_t mode)
{
struct inode *inode;
struct vfsmount *mnt;
@@ -1393,7 +1394,7 @@ struct file *hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size,
}
file = ERR_PTR(-ENOSPC);
- inode = hugetlbfs_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | S_IRWXUGO, 0);
+ inode = hugetlbfs_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | mode, 0);
if (!inode)
goto out;
if (creat_flags == HUGETLB_SHMFS_INODE)
diff --git a/include/linux/hugetlb.h b/include/linux/hugetlb.h
index 11943b60f208..59486f5ea89f 100644
--- a/include/linux/hugetlb.h
+++ b/include/linux/hugetlb.h
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ extern const struct file_operations hugetlbfs_file_operations;
extern const struct vm_operations_struct hugetlb_vm_ops;
struct file *hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size, vm_flags_t acct,
struct user_struct **user, int creat_flags,
- int page_size_log);
+ int page_size_log, umode_t mode);
static inline bool is_file_hugepages(struct file *file)
{
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ static inline bool is_file_hugepages(struct file *file)
static inline struct file *
hugetlb_file_setup(const char *name, size_t size, vm_flags_t acctflag,
struct user_struct **user, int creat_flags,
- int page_size_log)
+ int page_size_log, umode_t mode)
{
return ERR_PTR(-ENOSYS);
}
diff --git a/include/linux/stat.h b/include/linux/stat.h
index 765573dc17d6..efda7df06d6e 100644
--- a/include/linux/stat.h
+++ b/include/linux/stat.h
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
#define S_IRUGO (S_IRUSR|S_IRGRP|S_IROTH)
#define S_IWUGO (S_IWUSR|S_IWGRP|S_IWOTH)
#define S_IXUGO (S_IXUSR|S_IXGRP|S_IXOTH)
+#define S_IRWUGO (S_IRUGO|S_IWUGO)
#define UTIME_NOW ((1l << 30) - 1l)
#define UTIME_OMIT ((1l << 30) - 2l)
diff --git a/ipc/shm.c b/ipc/shm.c
index ce1ca9f7c6e9..a64a52e4ccf1 100644
--- a/ipc/shm.c
+++ b/ipc/shm.c
@@ -651,7 +651,8 @@ static int newseg(struct ipc_namespace *ns, struct ipc_params *params)
acctflag = VM_NORESERVE;
file = hugetlb_file_setup(name, hugesize, acctflag,
&shp->mlock_user, HUGETLB_SHMFS_INODE,
- (shmflg >> SHM_HUGE_SHIFT) & SHM_HUGE_MASK);
+ (shmflg >> SHM_HUGE_SHIFT) & SHM_HUGE_MASK,
+ S_IRWXUGO);
} else {
/*
* Do not allow no accounting for OVERCOMMIT_NEVER, even
diff --git a/mm/memfd.c b/mm/memfd.c
index 650e65a46b9c..b680fae87240 100644
--- a/mm/memfd.c
+++ b/mm/memfd.c
@@ -300,7 +300,8 @@ SYSCALL_DEFINE2(memfd_create,
file = hugetlb_file_setup(name, 0, VM_NORESERVE, &user,
HUGETLB_ANONHUGE_INODE,
(flags >> MFD_HUGE_SHIFT) &
- MFD_HUGE_MASK);
+ MFD_HUGE_MASK,
+ S_IRWUGO);
} else
file = shmem_file_setup(name, 0, VM_NORESERVE);
if (IS_ERR(file)) {
diff --git a/mm/mmap.c b/mm/mmap.c
index bd7b9f293b39..4494ce44ca5d 100644
--- a/mm/mmap.c
+++ b/mm/mmap.c
@@ -1600,7 +1600,8 @@ unsigned long ksys_mmap_pgoff(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
file = hugetlb_file_setup(HUGETLB_ANON_FILE, len,
VM_NORESERVE,
&user, HUGETLB_ANONHUGE_INODE,
- (flags >> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT) & MAP_HUGE_MASK);
+ (flags >> MAP_HUGE_SHIFT) & MAP_HUGE_MASK,
+ S_IRWXUGO);
if (IS_ERR(file))
return PTR_ERR(file);
}
diff --git a/mm/shmem.c b/mm/shmem.c
index 2275a0ff7c30..a903b9f783e2 100644
--- a/mm/shmem.c
+++ b/mm/shmem.c
@@ -3968,7 +3968,8 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_truncate_range);
/* common code */
static struct file *__shmem_file_setup(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name, loff_t size,
- unsigned long flags, unsigned int i_flags)
+ unsigned long flags, unsigned int i_flags,
+ umode_t mode)
{
struct inode *inode;
struct file *res;
@@ -3982,7 +3983,7 @@ static struct file *__shmem_file_setup(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name, l
if (shmem_acct_size(flags, size))
return ERR_PTR(-ENOMEM);
- inode = shmem_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | S_IRWXUGO, 0,
+ inode = shmem_get_inode(mnt->mnt_sb, NULL, S_IFREG | mode, 0,
flags);
if (unlikely(!inode)) {
shmem_unacct_size(flags, size);
@@ -4012,7 +4013,7 @@ static struct file *__shmem_file_setup(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name, l
*/
struct file *shmem_kernel_file_setup(const char *name, loff_t size, unsigned long flags)
{
- return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, S_PRIVATE);
+ return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, S_PRIVATE, S_IRWXUGO);
}
/**
@@ -4023,7 +4024,7 @@ struct file *shmem_kernel_file_setup(const char *name, loff_t size, unsigned lon
*/
struct file *shmem_file_setup(const char *name, loff_t size, unsigned long flags)
{
- return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, 0);
+ return __shmem_file_setup(shm_mnt, name, size, flags, 0, S_IRWUGO);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_file_setup);
@@ -4037,7 +4038,7 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_file_setup);
struct file *shmem_file_setup_with_mnt(struct vfsmount *mnt, const char *name,
loff_t size, unsigned long flags)
{
- return __shmem_file_setup(mnt, name, size, flags, 0);
+ return __shmem_file_setup(mnt, name, size, flags, 0, S_IRWUGO);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(shmem_file_setup_with_mnt);
--
2.21.0
^ permalink raw reply related [flat|nested] 3+ messages in thread
end of thread, other threads:[~2019-05-05 4:57 UTC | newest]
Thread overview: 3+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed)
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2019-05-04 11:41 [PATCH] mm: do not grant +x by default in memfd_create() Dima Krasner
2019-05-04 23:37 ` kbuild test robot
2019-05-05 4:59 ` [PATCH v2] " Dima Krasner
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