From: Zhi Wang <zhi.wang.linux@gmail.com>
To: Michael Roth <michael.roth@amd.com>
Cc: <kvm@vger.kernel.org>, <linux-coco@lists.linux.dev>,
<linux-mm@kvack.org>, <linux-crypto@vger.kernel.org>,
<x86@kernel.org>, <linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org>,
<tglx@linutronix.de>, <mingo@redhat.com>, <jroedel@suse.de>,
<thomas.lendacky@amd.com>, <hpa@zytor.com>, <ardb@kernel.org>,
<pbonzini@redhat.com>, <seanjc@google.com>, <vkuznets@redhat.com>,
<jmattson@google.com>, <luto@kernel.org>,
<dave.hansen@linux.intel.com>, <slp@redhat.com>,
<pgonda@google.com>, <peterz@infradead.org>,
<srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com>, <rientjes@google.com>,
<dovmurik@linux.ibm.com>, <tobin@ibm.com>, <bp@alien8.de>,
<vbabka@suse.cz>, <kirill@shutemov.name>, <ak@linux.intel.com>,
<tony.luck@intel.com>, <marcorr@google.com>,
<sathyanarayanan.kuppuswamy@linux.intel.com>,
<alpergun@google.com>, <dgilbert@redhat.com>, <jarkko@kernel.org>,
<ashish.kalra@amd.com>, <nikunj.dadhania@amd.com>,
Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com>
Subject: Re: [PATCH RFC v8 31/56] KVM: SVM: Make AVIC backing, VMSA and VMCB memory allocation SNP safe
Date: Wed, 22 Feb 2023 22:42:53 +0200 [thread overview]
Message-ID: <20230222224253.00002740@gmail.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20230220183847.59159-32-michael.roth@amd.com>
On Mon, 20 Feb 2023 12:38:22 -0600
Michael Roth <michael.roth@amd.com> wrote:
> From: Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com>
>
> Implement a workaround for an SNP erratum where the CPU will incorrectly
> signal an RMP violation #PF if a hugepage (2mb or 1gb) collides with the
> RMP entry of a VMCB, VMSA or AVIC backing page.
>
> When SEV-SNP is globally enabled, the CPU marks the VMCB, VMSA, and AVIC
> backing pages as "in-use" in the RMP after a successful VMRUN. This
Is this "in-use" bit part of an RMP entry? If yes, better list its name
in APM.
> is done for _all_ VMs, not just SNP-Active VMs.
_All_ VMs? Do you mean SEV VMs and SEVSNP VMs? I guess legacy VM is not
affected, right?
>
> If the hypervisor accesses an in-use page through a writable
> translation, the CPU will throw an RMP violation #PF. On early SNP
> hardware, if an in-use page is 2mb aligned and software accesses any
> part of the associated 2mb region with a hupage, the CPU will
^hugepage
> incorrectly treat the entire 2mb region as in-use and signal a spurious
> RMP violation #PF.
>
> The recommended is to not use the hugepage for the VMCB, VMSA or
> AVIC backing page. Add a generic allocator that will ensure that the
> page returns is not hugepage (2mb or 1gb) and is safe to be used when
> SEV-SNP is enabled.
>
> Co-developed-by: Marc Orr <marcorr@google.com>
> Signed-off-by: Marc Orr <marcorr@google.com>
> Signed-off-by: Brijesh Singh <brijesh.singh@amd.com>
> Signed-off-by: Ashish Kalra <ashish.kalra@amd.com>
> Signed-off-by: Michael Roth <michael.roth@amd.com>
> ---
> arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h | 1 +
> arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h | 2 ++
> arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c | 5 ++++-
> arch/x86/kvm/svm/sev.c | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
> arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.c | 15 ++++++++++++--
> arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.h | 1 +
> 6 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)
>
> diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h
> index 6a885f024a00..e116405cbb5f 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm-x86-ops.h
> @@ -131,6 +131,7 @@ KVM_X86_OP(msr_filter_changed)
> KVM_X86_OP(complete_emulated_msr)
> KVM_X86_OP(vcpu_deliver_sipi_vector)
> KVM_X86_OP_OPTIONAL_RET0(vcpu_get_apicv_inhibit_reasons);
> +KVM_X86_OP_OPTIONAL(alloc_apic_backing_page)
> KVM_X86_OP_OPTIONAL_RET0(fault_is_private);
> KVM_X86_OP_OPTIONAL_RET0(update_mem_attr)
> KVM_X86_OP_OPTIONAL(invalidate_restricted_mem)
> diff --git a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> index 37c92412035f..a9363a6f779d 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/include/asm/kvm_host.h
> @@ -1729,6 +1729,8 @@ struct kvm_x86_ops {
> * Returns vCPU specific APICv inhibit reasons
> */
> unsigned long (*vcpu_get_apicv_inhibit_reasons)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
> +
> + void *(*alloc_apic_backing_page)(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
> };
>
> struct kvm_x86_nested_ops {
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
> index 80f92cbc4029..72e46d5b4201 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/lapic.c
> @@ -2740,7 +2740,10 @@ int kvm_create_lapic(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, int timer_advance_ns)
>
> vcpu->arch.apic = apic;
>
> - apic->regs = (void *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT);
> + if (kvm_x86_ops.alloc_apic_backing_page)
> + apic->regs = static_call(kvm_x86_alloc_apic_backing_page)(vcpu);
> + else
> + apic->regs = (void *)get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT);
> if (!apic->regs) {
> printk(KERN_ERR "malloc apic regs error for vcpu %x\n",
> vcpu->vcpu_id);
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/svm/sev.c b/arch/x86/kvm/svm/sev.c
> index c1f0d4898ce3..9e9efb42a766 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/svm/sev.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/svm/sev.c
> @@ -3241,3 +3241,36 @@ void sev_vcpu_deliver_sipi_vector(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u8 vector)
> break;
> }
> }
> +
> +struct page *snp_safe_alloc_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> +{
> + unsigned long pfn;
> + struct page *p;
> +
> + if (!cpu_feature_enabled(X86_FEATURE_SEV_SNP))
> + return alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_ZERO);
> +
> + /*
> + * Allocate an SNP safe page to workaround the SNP erratum where
> + * the CPU will incorrectly signal an RMP violation #PF if a
> + * hugepage (2mb or 1gb) collides with the RMP entry of VMCB, VMSA
> + * or AVIC backing page. The recommeded workaround is to not use the
> + * hugepage.
> + *
> + * Allocate one extra page, use a page which is not 2mb aligned
> + * and free the other.
> + */
> + p = alloc_pages(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_ZERO, 1);
> + if (!p)
> + return NULL;
> +
> + split_page(p, 1);
> +
> + pfn = page_to_pfn(p);
> + if (IS_ALIGNED(pfn, PTRS_PER_PMD))
> + __free_page(p++);
> + else
> + __free_page(p + 1);
> +
> + return p;
> +}
The duplicate allocation routine in snp_alloc_vmsa_page() in sev.c can
be replaced with snp_safe_alloc_page().
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.c b/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.c
> index 213593dbd7a1..1061aaf66f0a 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.c
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.c
> @@ -1372,7 +1372,7 @@ static int svm_vcpu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> svm = to_svm(vcpu);
>
> err = -ENOMEM;
> - vmcb01_page = alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_ZERO);
> + vmcb01_page = snp_safe_alloc_page(vcpu);
> if (!vmcb01_page)
> goto out;
>
> @@ -1381,7 +1381,7 @@ static int svm_vcpu_create(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> * SEV-ES guests require a separate VMSA page used to contain
> * the encrypted register state of the guest.
> */
> - vmsa_page = alloc_page(GFP_KERNEL_ACCOUNT | __GFP_ZERO);
> + vmsa_page = snp_safe_alloc_page(vcpu);
> if (!vmsa_page)
> goto error_free_vmcb_page;
>
> @@ -4696,6 +4696,16 @@ static int svm_vm_init(struct kvm *kvm)
> return 0;
> }
>
> +static void *svm_alloc_apic_backing_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu)
> +{
> + struct page *page = snp_safe_alloc_page(vcpu);
> +
> + if (!page)
> + return NULL;
> +
> + return page_address(page);
> +}
> +
> static struct kvm_x86_ops svm_x86_ops __initdata = {
> .name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
>
> @@ -4824,6 +4834,7 @@ static struct kvm_x86_ops svm_x86_ops __initdata = {
>
> .vcpu_deliver_sipi_vector = svm_vcpu_deliver_sipi_vector,
> .vcpu_get_apicv_inhibit_reasons = avic_vcpu_get_apicv_inhibit_reasons,
> + .alloc_apic_backing_page = svm_alloc_apic_backing_page,
> };
>
> /*
> diff --git a/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.h b/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.h
> index c249c360fe36..5efcf036ccad 100644
> --- a/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.h
> +++ b/arch/x86/kvm/svm/svm.h
> @@ -692,6 +692,7 @@ void sev_es_vcpu_reset(struct vcpu_svm *svm);
> void sev_vcpu_deliver_sipi_vector(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu, u8 vector);
> void sev_es_prepare_switch_to_guest(struct sev_es_save_area *hostsa);
> void sev_es_unmap_ghcb(struct vcpu_svm *svm);
> +struct page *snp_safe_alloc_page(struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu);
>
> /* vmenter.S */
>
next prev parent reply other threads:[~2023-02-22 20:43 UTC|newest]
Thread overview: 147+ messages / expand[flat|nested] mbox.gz Atom feed top
2023-02-20 18:37 [PATCH RFC v8 00/56] Add AMD Secure Nested Paging (SEV-SNP) Hypervisor Support Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 01/56] KVM: x86: Add 'fault_is_private' x86 op Michael Roth
2023-03-01 10:25 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-18 4:51 ` Isaku Yamahata
2023-03-20 17:46 ` Michael Roth
2023-03-18 4:53 ` Isaku Yamahata
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 02/56] KVM: x86: Add 'update_mem_attr' " Michael Roth
2023-03-18 4:56 ` Isaku Yamahata
2023-03-20 18:05 ` Michael Roth
2023-03-21 11:21 ` Zhi Wang
[not found] ` <20230322015838.z3bwcrvi4gqag3q6@amd.com>
2023-03-23 18:17 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-28 4:36 ` Michael Roth
2023-03-28 23:00 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-29 23:50 ` Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 03/56] KVM: x86: Add platform hooks for private memory invalidations Michael Roth
2023-03-18 5:13 ` Isaku Yamahata
2023-03-20 18:09 ` Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 04/56] KVM: Add HVA range operator Michael Roth
2023-02-20 21:37 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-27 0:34 ` Michael Roth
2023-04-04 14:40 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 05/56] KVM: SEV: Require KVM_PROTECTED_VM when AMD_MEM_ENCRYPT is enabled Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 06/56] KVM: Split out memory attribute xarray updates to helper function Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 07/56] KVM: SEV: Populate private memory fd during LAUNCH_UPDATE_DATA Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:37 ` [PATCH RFC v8 08/56] KVM: SEV: Rename sev_{pin,unpin}_memory Michael Roth
2023-03-03 14:00 ` Vlastimil Babka
2023-03-06 11:01 ` Nikunj A. Dadhania
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 09/56] KVM: SEV: Handle memory backed by restricted memfd Michael Roth
2023-03-03 14:05 ` Vlastimil Babka
2023-03-06 11:03 ` Nikunj A. Dadhania
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 10/56] x86/cpufeatures: Add SEV-SNP CPU feature Michael Roth
2023-02-21 21:21 ` Sathyanarayanan Kuppuswamy
2023-02-22 23:27 ` Kalra, Ashish
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 11/56] x86/sev: Add the host SEV-SNP initialization support Michael Roth
2023-02-20 20:12 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 12/56] x86/sev: Add RMP entry lookup helpers Michael Roth
2023-03-03 15:28 ` Vlastimil Babka
2023-03-29 22:59 ` Michael Roth
2023-04-20 16:31 ` Vlastimil Babka
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 13/56] x86/fault: Add helper for dumping RMP entries Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 14/56] x86/sev: Add helper functions for RMPUPDATE and PSMASH instruction Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 15/56] x86/sev: Invalidate pages from the direct map when adding them to the RMP table Michael Roth
2023-03-01 12:07 ` Tom Dohrmann
2023-03-01 16:15 ` Dave Hansen
2023-03-28 22:12 ` Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 16/56] x86/traps: Define RMP violation #PF error code Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 17/56] x86/fault: Add support to handle the RMP fault for user address Michael Roth
2023-03-01 16:21 ` Dave Hansen
2023-03-28 23:31 ` Michael Roth
2023-04-11 18:27 ` Dave Hansen
2023-03-03 15:31 ` Vlastimil Babka
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 18/56] x86/fault: fix handle_split_page_fault() to work with memfd backed pages Michael Roth
2023-02-20 19:57 ` Hugh Dickins
2023-02-20 20:31 ` Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 19/56] x86/fault: Return pfn from dump_pagetable() for SEV-specific fault handling Michael Roth
2023-02-20 21:13 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-28 10:53 ` Wu Zongyong
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 20/56] crypto:ccp: Define the SEV-SNP commands Michael Roth
2023-04-17 14:54 ` Sabin Rapan
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 21/56] crypto: ccp: Add support to initialize the AMD-SP for SEV-SNP Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 22/56] crypto:ccp: Provide API to issue SEV and SNP commands Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 23/56] crypto: ccp: Introduce snp leaked pages list Michael Roth
2023-03-03 15:54 ` Vlastimil Babka
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 24/56] crypto: ccp: Handle the legacy TMR allocation when SNP is enabled Michael Roth
2023-02-21 9:28 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-21 15:31 ` Kalra, Ashish
2023-02-21 21:15 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-21 22:06 ` Kalra, Ashish
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 25/56] crypto: ccp: Handle the legacy SEV command " Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 26/56] crypto: ccp: Add the SNP_PLATFORM_STATUS command Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 27/56] crypto: ccp: Add the SNP_{SET,GET}_EXT_CONFIG command Michael Roth
2023-02-22 12:32 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-22 16:50 ` Tom Lendacky
2023-02-22 22:43 ` Kalra, Ashish
2023-02-23 6:38 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-23 14:19 ` Tom Lendacky
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 28/56] crypto: ccp: Provide APIs to query extended attestation report Michael Roth
2023-02-22 20:24 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-22 22:35 ` Kalra, Ashish
2023-02-23 8:14 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 29/56] KVM: SVM: Add support to handle AP reset MSR protocol Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 30/56] KVM: SVM: Provide the Hypervisor Feature support VMGEXIT Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 31/56] KVM: SVM: Make AVIC backing, VMSA and VMCB memory allocation SNP safe Michael Roth
2023-02-22 20:42 ` Zhi Wang [this message]
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 32/56] KVM: SVM: Add initial SEV-SNP support Michael Roth
2023-02-23 17:46 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 33/56] KVM: SVM: Add KVM_SNP_INIT command Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 34/56] KVM: SVM: Add KVM_SEV_SNP_LAUNCH_START command Michael Roth
2023-02-23 21:41 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-24 16:22 ` Tom Lendacky
2023-04-26 17:06 ` Sabin Rapan
2023-04-26 18:02 ` Tom Lendacky
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 35/56] KVM: SVM: Add KVM_SEV_SNP_LAUNCH_UPDATE command Michael Roth
2023-02-24 11:55 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 36/56] KVM: SVM: Add KVM_SEV_SNP_LAUNCH_FINISH command Michael Roth
2023-03-24 14:40 ` Alexander Graf
2023-04-17 13:42 ` Alexander Graf
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 37/56] KVM: X86: Keep the NPT and RMP page level in sync Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 38/56] KVM: x86: Define RMP page fault error bits for #NPF Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 39/56] KVM: SVM: Add support to handle GHCB GPA register VMGEXIT Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 40/56] KVM: SVM: Add KVM_EXIT_VMGEXIT Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 41/56] KVM: SVM: Add support to handle MSR based Page State Change VMGEXIT Michael Roth
2023-02-24 15:06 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 42/56] KVM: SVM: Add support to handle " Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 43/56] KVM: x86: Export the kvm_zap_gfn_range() for the SNP use Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 44/56] KVM: SVM: Add support to handle the RMP nested page fault Michael Roth
2023-02-28 19:11 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 45/56] KVM: SVM: Provide support for SNP_GUEST_REQUEST NAE event Michael Roth
2023-02-24 11:01 ` Alexander Graf
2023-02-28 19:34 ` Zhi Wang
2023-04-17 13:05 ` Alexander Graf
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 46/56] KVM: SVM: Use a VMSA physical address variable for populating VMCB Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 47/56] KVM: SVM: Support SEV-SNP AP Creation NAE event Michael Roth
2023-02-24 12:37 ` Alexander Graf
2023-02-28 20:47 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-01 21:14 ` Alexander Graf
2023-04-05 0:54 ` Michael Roth
2023-04-04 22:48 ` Michael Roth
2023-04-05 15:20 ` Tom Lendacky
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 48/56] KVM: SVM: Add SNP-specific handling for memory attribute updates Michael Roth
2023-03-01 23:37 ` Dave Hansen
2023-04-05 23:48 ` Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 49/56] KVM: SVM: Implement .fault_is_private callback for SNP Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 50/56] KVM: SEV: Handle restricted memory invalidations " Michael Roth
2023-03-01 10:41 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 51/56] KVM: SVM: Add module parameter to enable the SEV-SNP Michael Roth
2023-03-01 10:45 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 52/56] ccp: Add support to decrypt the page Michael Roth
2023-03-01 21:20 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-02 5:59 ` Dov Murik
2023-03-02 14:33 ` Tom Lendacky
2023-03-02 21:11 ` Dov Murik
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 53/56] KVM: SVM: Make VMSAVE target area memory allocation SNP safe Michael Roth
2023-03-01 21:23 ` Zhi Wang
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 54/56] x86/sev: Add KVM commands for instance certs Michael Roth
2023-02-21 12:40 ` Dov Murik
2023-03-02 0:02 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-02 1:41 ` Dionna Amalie Glaze
2023-03-02 11:27 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-02 11:34 ` Dov Murik
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 55/56] x86/sev: Document KVM_SEV_SNP_{G,S}ET_CERTS Michael Roth
2023-02-20 18:38 ` [PATCH RFC v8 56/56] iommu/amd: Add IOMMU_SNP_SHUTDOWN support Michael Roth
2023-03-01 16:56 ` [PATCH RFC v8 00/56] Add AMD Secure Nested Paging (SEV-SNP) Hypervisor Support Dave Hansen
2023-03-01 22:59 ` Zhi Wang
2023-03-01 23:39 ` Dave Hansen
2023-08-03 18:27 ` Schander, Johanna 'Mimoja' Amelie
2023-08-04 1:01 ` Kalra, Ashish
Reply instructions:
You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:
* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
and reply-to-all from there: mbox
Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
switches of git-send-email(1):
git send-email \
--in-reply-to=20230222224253.00002740@gmail.com \
--to=zhi.wang.linux@gmail.com \
--cc=ak@linux.intel.com \
--cc=alpergun@google.com \
--cc=ardb@kernel.org \
--cc=ashish.kalra@amd.com \
--cc=bp@alien8.de \
--cc=brijesh.singh@amd.com \
--cc=dave.hansen@linux.intel.com \
--cc=dgilbert@redhat.com \
--cc=dovmurik@linux.ibm.com \
--cc=hpa@zytor.com \
--cc=jarkko@kernel.org \
--cc=jmattson@google.com \
--cc=jroedel@suse.de \
--cc=kirill@shutemov.name \
--cc=kvm@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-coco@lists.linux.dev \
--cc=linux-crypto@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
--cc=linux-mm@kvack.org \
--cc=luto@kernel.org \
--cc=marcorr@google.com \
--cc=michael.roth@amd.com \
--cc=mingo@redhat.com \
--cc=nikunj.dadhania@amd.com \
--cc=pbonzini@redhat.com \
--cc=peterz@infradead.org \
--cc=pgonda@google.com \
--cc=rientjes@google.com \
--cc=sathyanarayanan.kuppuswamy@linux.intel.com \
--cc=seanjc@google.com \
--cc=slp@redhat.com \
--cc=srinivas.pandruvada@linux.intel.com \
--cc=tglx@linutronix.de \
--cc=thomas.lendacky@amd.com \
--cc=tobin@ibm.com \
--cc=tony.luck@intel.com \
--cc=vbabka@suse.cz \
--cc=vkuznets@redhat.com \
--cc=x86@kernel.org \
/path/to/YOUR_REPLY
https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html
* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line
before the message body.
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for NNTP newsgroup(s).