[PATCH memory-model 0/7] LKMM updates for v5.1

[PATCH memory-model 0/7] LKMM updates for v5.1

[Paul E. McKenney]

Hello, Ingo,

This series contains updates for the Linux-kernel memory model, which
are ready for inclusion into -tip:

1-5.	Add support for SRCU, courtesy of Alan Stern.

6.	Dynamically check SRCU lock-to-unlock matching, courtesy of
	Luc Maranget.

7.	Avoid duplicating herdtools versions in documentation, courtesy
	of Andrea Parri.

							Thanx, Paul

------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Documentation/explanation.txt |  289 ++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 README                        |   33 ++++
 linux-kernel.bell             |   37 ++++-
 linux-kernel.cat              |   57 +++++---
 linux-kernel.def              |    7 -
 lock.cat                      |    3 
 6 files changed, 254 insertions(+), 172 deletions(-)

[PATCH memory-model 1/7] tools/memory-model: Rename some RCU relations

[Paul E. McKenney]

From: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>

In preparation for adding support for SRCU, rename "crit" to
"rcu-rscs", rename "rscs" to "rcu-rscsi", and remove the restriction
to only the outermost level of nesting.

The name change is needed for disambiguating RCU read-side critical
sections from SRCU read-side critical sections.  Adding the "i" at the
end of "rcu-rscsi" emphasizes that the relation is inverted; it links
rcu_read_unlock() events to their corresponding preceding
rcu_read_lock() events.

The restriction to outermost nesting levels was never essential; it
was included mostly to show that it could be done.  Rather than add
equivalent unnecessary code for SRCU lock nesting, it seemed better to
remove the existing code.

Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
---
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell |  9 +++------
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat  | 10 +++++-----
 2 files changed, 8 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
index 796513362c05..353c8d68e030 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ enum Barriers = 'wmb (*smp_wmb*) ||
 instructions F[Barriers]
 
 (* Compute matching pairs of nested Rcu-lock and Rcu-unlock *)
-let matched = let rec
+let rcu-rscs = let rec
 	    unmatched-locks = Rcu-lock \ domain(matched)
 	and unmatched-unlocks = Rcu-unlock \ range(matched)
 	and unmatched = unmatched-locks | unmatched-unlocks
@@ -46,8 +46,5 @@ let matched = let rec
 	in matched
 
 (* Validate nesting *)
-flag ~empty Rcu-lock \ domain(matched) as unbalanced-rcu-locking
-flag ~empty Rcu-unlock \ range(matched) as unbalanced-rcu-locking
-
-(* Outermost level of nesting only *)
-let crit = matched \ (po^-1 ; matched ; po^-1)
+flag ~empty Rcu-lock \ domain(rcu-rscs) as unbalanced-rcu-locking
+flag ~empty Rcu-unlock \ range(rcu-rscs) as unbalanced-rcu-locking
diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
index 8f23c74a96fd..ab9de9c1234b 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ acyclic pb as propagation
  * onward on the one hand and from the rcu_read_unlock() backwards on the
  * other hand.
  *)
-let rscs = po ; crit^-1 ; po?
+let rcu-rscsi = po ; rcu-rscs^-1 ; po?
 
 (*
  * The synchronize_rcu() strong fence is special in that it can order not
@@ -109,10 +109,10 @@ let rcu-link = hb* ; pb* ; prop
  * critical sections (joined by rcu-link) acts as a generalized strong fence.
  *)
 let rec rcu-fence = gp |
-	(gp ; rcu-link ; rscs) |
-	(rscs ; rcu-link ; gp) |
-	(gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rscs) |
-	(rscs ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; gp) |
+	(gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
+	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; gp) |
+	(gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
+	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; gp) |
 	(rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence)
 
 (* rb orders instructions just as pb does *)
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH memory-model 2/7] tools/memory-model: Refactor some RCU relations

[Paul E. McKenney]

From: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>

In preparation for adding support for SRCU, refactor the definitions
of rcu-fence, rcu-rscsi, rcu-link, and rb by moving the po and po?
terms from the first two to the second two.  An rcu-gp relation is
added; it is equivalent to gp with the po and po? terms removed.

This is necessary because for SRCU, we will have to use the loc
relation to check that the terms at the start and end of each disjunct
in the definition of rcu-fence refer to the same srcu_struct
location.  If these terms are hidden behind po and po?, there's no way
to carry out this check.

Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
---
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat | 25 +++++++++++++++----------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
index ab9de9c1234b..b8e6197f05af 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
@@ -91,32 +91,37 @@ acyclic pb as propagation
 (*******)
 
 (*
- * Effect of read-side critical section proceeds from the rcu_read_lock()
- * onward on the one hand and from the rcu_read_unlock() backwards on the
+ * Effects of read-side critical sections proceed from the rcu_read_unlock()
+ * backwards on the one hand, and from the rcu_read_lock() forwards on the
  * other hand.
+ *
+ * In the definition of rcu-fence below, the po term at the left-hand side
+ * of each disjunct and the po? term at the right-hand end have been factored
+ * out.  They have been moved into the definitions of rcu-link and rb.
  *)
-let rcu-rscsi = po ; rcu-rscs^-1 ; po?
+let rcu-gp = [Sync-rcu]		(* Compare with gp *)
+let rcu-rscsi = rcu-rscs^-1
 
 (*
  * The synchronize_rcu() strong fence is special in that it can order not
  * one but two non-rf relations, but only in conjunction with an RCU
  * read-side critical section.
  *)
-let rcu-link = hb* ; pb* ; prop
+let rcu-link = po? ; hb* ; pb* ; prop ; po
 
 (*
  * Any sequence containing at least as many grace periods as RCU read-side
  * critical sections (joined by rcu-link) acts as a generalized strong fence.
  *)
-let rec rcu-fence = gp |
-	(gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
-	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; gp) |
-	(gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
-	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; gp) |
+let rec rcu-fence = rcu-gp |
+	(rcu-gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
+	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; rcu-gp) |
+	(rcu-gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
+	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-gp) |
 	(rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence)
 
 (* rb orders instructions just as pb does *)
-let rb = prop ; rcu-fence ; hb* ; pb*
+let rb = prop ; po ; rcu-fence ; po? ; hb* ; pb*
 
 irreflexive rb as rcu
 
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH memory-model 3/7] tools/memory-model: Add SRCU support

[Paul E. McKenney]

From: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>

Add support for SRCU.  Herd creates srcu events and linux-kernel.def
associates them with three possible annotations (srcu-lock,
srcu-unlock, and sync-srcu) corresponding to the API routines
srcu_read_lock(), srcu_read_unlock(), and synchronize_srcu().

The linux-kernel.bell file now declares the annotations
and determines matching lock/unlock pairs delimiting SRCU read-side
critical sections, and it also checks for synchronize_srcu() calls
inside an RCU critical section (which would generate a "sleeping in
atomic context" error in real kernel code).  The linux-kernel.cat file
now adds SRCU-induced ordering, analogous to the existing RCU-induced
ordering, to the gp and rcu-fence relations.

Curiously enough, these small changes to the model's .cat code are all
that is needed to describe SRCU.

Portions of this patch (linux-kernel.def and the first hunk in
linux-kernel.bell) were written by Luc Maranget.

Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
CC: Luc Maranget <luc.maranget@inria.fr>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Tested-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
---
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat  | 18 ++++++++++++++----
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def  |  5 +++++
 3 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
index 353c8d68e030..9c42cd9ddcb4 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
@@ -33,6 +33,12 @@ enum Barriers = 'wmb (*smp_wmb*) ||
 		'after-unlock-lock (*smp_mb__after_unlock_lock*)
 instructions F[Barriers]
 
+(* SRCU *)
+enum SRCU = 'srcu-lock || 'srcu-unlock || 'sync-srcu
+instructions SRCU[SRCU]
+(* All srcu events *)
+let Srcu = Srcu-lock | Srcu-unlock | Sync-srcu
+
 (* Compute matching pairs of nested Rcu-lock and Rcu-unlock *)
 let rcu-rscs = let rec
 	    unmatched-locks = Rcu-lock \ domain(matched)
@@ -48,3 +54,22 @@ let rcu-rscs = let rec
 (* Validate nesting *)
 flag ~empty Rcu-lock \ domain(rcu-rscs) as unbalanced-rcu-locking
 flag ~empty Rcu-unlock \ range(rcu-rscs) as unbalanced-rcu-locking
+
+(* Compute matching pairs of nested Srcu-lock and Srcu-unlock *)
+let srcu-rscs = let rec
+	    unmatched-locks = Srcu-lock \ domain(matched)
+	and unmatched-unlocks = Srcu-unlock \ range(matched)
+	and unmatched = unmatched-locks | unmatched-unlocks
+	and unmatched-po = ([unmatched] ; po ; [unmatched]) & loc
+	and unmatched-locks-to-unlocks =
+		([unmatched-locks] ; po ; [unmatched-unlocks]) & loc
+	and matched = matched | (unmatched-locks-to-unlocks \
+		(unmatched-po ; unmatched-po))
+	in matched
+
+(* Validate nesting *)
+flag ~empty Srcu-lock \ domain(srcu-rscs) as unbalanced-srcu-locking
+flag ~empty Srcu-unlock \ range(srcu-rscs) as unbalanced-srcu-locking
+
+(* Check for use of synchronize_srcu() inside an RCU critical section *)
+flag ~empty rcu-rscs & (po ; [Sync-srcu] ; po) as invalid-sleep
diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
index b8e6197f05af..8dcb37835b61 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ let mb = ([M] ; fencerel(Mb) ; [M]) |
 	([M] ; po? ; [LKW] ; fencerel(After-spinlock) ; [M]) |
 	([M] ; po ; [UL] ; (co | po) ; [LKW] ;
 		fencerel(After-unlock-lock) ; [M])
-let gp = po ; [Sync-rcu] ; po?
+let gp = po ; [Sync-rcu | Sync-srcu] ; po?
 
 let strong-fence = mb | gp
 
@@ -92,15 +92,18 @@ acyclic pb as propagation
 
 (*
  * Effects of read-side critical sections proceed from the rcu_read_unlock()
- * backwards on the one hand, and from the rcu_read_lock() forwards on the
- * other hand.
+ * or srcu_read_unlock() backwards on the one hand, and from the
+ * rcu_read_lock() or srcu_read_lock() forwards on the other hand.
  *
  * In the definition of rcu-fence below, the po term at the left-hand side
  * of each disjunct and the po? term at the right-hand end have been factored
  * out.  They have been moved into the definitions of rcu-link and rb.
+ * This was necessary in order to apply the "& loc" tests correctly.
  *)
 let rcu-gp = [Sync-rcu]		(* Compare with gp *)
+let srcu-gp = [Sync-srcu]
 let rcu-rscsi = rcu-rscs^-1
+let srcu-rscsi = srcu-rscs^-1
 
 (*
  * The synchronize_rcu() strong fence is special in that it can order not
@@ -112,12 +115,19 @@ let rcu-link = po? ; hb* ; pb* ; prop ; po
 (*
  * Any sequence containing at least as many grace periods as RCU read-side
  * critical sections (joined by rcu-link) acts as a generalized strong fence.
+ * Likewise for SRCU grace periods and read-side critical sections, provided
+ * the synchronize_srcu() and srcu_read_[un]lock() calls refer to the same
+ * struct srcu_struct location.
  *)
-let rec rcu-fence = rcu-gp |
+let rec rcu-fence = rcu-gp | srcu-gp |
 	(rcu-gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
+	((srcu-gp ; rcu-link ; srcu-rscsi) & loc) |
 	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; rcu-gp) |
+	((srcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; srcu-gp) & loc) |
 	(rcu-gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-rscsi) |
+	((srcu-gp ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; srcu-rscsi) & loc) |
 	(rcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-gp) |
+	((srcu-rscsi ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; srcu-gp) & loc) |
 	(rcu-fence ; rcu-link ; rcu-fence)
 
 (* rb orders instructions just as pb does *)
diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def
index b27911cc087d..1d6a120cde14 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def
@@ -47,6 +47,11 @@ rcu_read_unlock() { __fence{rcu-unlock}; }
 synchronize_rcu() { __fence{sync-rcu}; }
 synchronize_rcu_expedited() { __fence{sync-rcu}; }
 
+// SRCU
+srcu_read_lock(X)  __srcu{srcu-lock}(X)
+srcu_read_unlock(X,Y) { __srcu{srcu-unlock}(X); }
+synchronize_srcu(X)  { __srcu{sync-srcu}(X); }
+
 // Atomic
 atomic_read(X) READ_ONCE(*X)
 atomic_set(X,V) { WRITE_ONCE(*X,V); }
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH memory-model 4/7] tools/memory-model: Update README for addition of SRCU

[Paul E. McKenney]

This commit updates the section on LKMM limitations to no longer say
that SRCU is not modeled, but instead describe how LKMM's modeling of
SRCU departs from the Linux-kernel implementation.

TL;DR:  There is no known valid use case that cares about the Linux
kernel's ability to have partially overlapping SRCU read-side critical
sections.

Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
---
 tools/memory-model/README | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/memory-model/README b/tools/memory-model/README
index 0f2c366518c6..9d7d4f23503f 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/README
+++ b/tools/memory-model/README
@@ -221,8 +221,29 @@ The Linux-kernel memory model has the following limitations:
 		additional call_rcu() process to the site of the
 		emulated rcu-barrier().
 
-	e.	Sleepable RCU (SRCU) is not modeled.  It can be
-		emulated, but perhaps not simply.
+	e.	Although sleepable RCU (SRCU) is now modeled, there
+		are some subtle differences between its semantics and
+		those in the Linux kernel.  For example, the kernel
+		might interpret the following sequence as two partially
+		overlapping SRCU read-side critical sections:
+
+			 1  r1 = srcu_read_lock(&my_srcu);
+			 2  do_something_1();
+			 3  r2 = srcu_read_lock(&my_srcu);
+			 4  do_something_2();
+			 5  srcu_read_unlock(&my_srcu, r1);
+			 6  do_something_3();
+			 7  srcu_read_unlock(&my_srcu, r2);
+
+		In contrast, LKMM will interpret this as a nested pair of
+		SRCU read-side critical sections, with the outer critical
+		section spanning lines 1-7 and the inner critical section
+		spanning lines 3-5.
+
+		This difference would be more of a concern had anyone
+		identified a reasonable use case for partially overlapping
+		SRCU read-side critical sections.  For more information,
+		please see: https://paulmck.livejournal.com/40593.html
 
 	f.	Reader-writer locking is not modeled.  It can be
 		emulated in litmus tests using atomic read-modify-write
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH memory-model 5/7] tools/memory-model: Update Documentation/explanation.txt to include SRCU support

[Paul E. McKenney]

From: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>

The recent commit adding support for SRCU to the Linux Kernel Memory
Model ended up changing the names and meanings of several relations.
This patch updates the explanation.txt documentation file to reflect
those changes.

It also revises the statement of the RCU Guarantee to a more accurate
form, and it adds a short paragraph mentioning the new support for SRCU.

Signed-off-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
Cc: Akira Yokosawa <akiyks@gmail.com>
Cc: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
Cc: Boqun Feng <boqun.feng@gmail.com>
Cc: Daniel Lustig <dlustig@nvidia.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Jade Alglave <j.alglave@ucl.ac.uk>
Cc: Luc Maranget <luc.maranget@inria.fr>
Cc: Nicholas Piggin <npiggin@gmail.com>
Cc: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Cc: Peter Zijlstra <peterz@infradead.org>
Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
---
 .../Documentation/explanation.txt             | 289 +++++++++---------
 1 file changed, 152 insertions(+), 137 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt b/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
index 35bff92cc773..68caa9a976d0 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
+++ b/tools/memory-model/Documentation/explanation.txt
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Explanation of the Linux-Kernel Memory Consistency Model
   19. AND THEN THERE WAS ALPHA
   20. THE HAPPENS-BEFORE RELATION: hb
   21. THE PROPAGATES-BEFORE RELATION: pb
-  22. RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, gp, rscs, rcu-fence, and rb
+  22. RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, rcu-gp, rcu-rscsi, rcu-fence, and rb
   23. LOCKING
   24. ODDS AND ENDS
 
@@ -1430,8 +1430,8 @@ they execute means that it cannot have cycles.  This requirement is
 the content of the LKMM's "propagation" axiom.
 
 
-RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, gp, rscs, rcu-fence, and rb
-----------------------------------------------------
+RCU RELATIONS: rcu-link, rcu-gp, rcu-rscsi, rcu-fence, and rb
+-------------------------------------------------------------
 
 RCU (Read-Copy-Update) is a powerful synchronization mechanism.  It
 rests on two concepts: grace periods and read-side critical sections.
@@ -1446,17 +1446,19 @@ As far as memory models are concerned, RCU's main feature is its
 Grace-Period Guarantee, which states that a critical section can never
 span a full grace period.  In more detail, the Guarantee says:
 
-	If a critical section starts before a grace period then it
-	must end before the grace period does.  In addition, every
-	store that propagates to the critical section's CPU before the
-	end of the critical section must propagate to every CPU before
-	the end of the grace period.
+	For any critical section C and any grace period G, at least
+	one of the following statements must hold:
 
-	If a critical section ends after a grace period ends then it
-	must start after the grace period does.  In addition, every
-	store that propagates to the grace period's CPU before the
-	start of the grace period must propagate to every CPU before
-	the start of the critical section.
+(1)	C ends before G does, and in addition, every store that
+	propagates to C's CPU before the end of C must propagate to
+	every CPU before G ends.
+
+(2)	G starts before C does, and in addition, every store that
+	propagates to G's CPU before the start of G must propagate
+	to every CPU before C starts.
+
+In particular, it is not possible for a critical section to both start
+before and end after a grace period.
 
 Here is a simple example of RCU in action:
 
@@ -1483,10 +1485,11 @@ The Grace Period Guarantee tells us that when this code runs, it will
 never end with r1 = 1 and r2 = 0.  The reasoning is as follows.  r1 = 1
 means that P0's store to x propagated to P1 before P1 called
 synchronize_rcu(), so P0's critical section must have started before
-P1's grace period.  On the other hand, r2 = 0 means that P0's store to
-y, which occurs before the end of the critical section, did not
-propagate to P1 before the end of the grace period, violating the
-Guarantee.
+P1's grace period, contrary to part (2) of the Guarantee.  On the
+other hand, r2 = 0 means that P0's store to y, which occurs before the
+end of the critical section, did not propagate to P1 before the end of
+the grace period, contrary to part (1).  Together the results violate
+the Guarantee.
 
 In the kernel's implementations of RCU, the requirements for stores
 to propagate to every CPU are fulfilled by placing strong fences at
@@ -1504,11 +1507,11 @@ before" or "ends after" a grace period?  Some aspects of the meaning
 are pretty obvious, as in the example above, but the details aren't
 entirely clear.  The LKMM formalizes this notion by means of the
 rcu-link relation.  rcu-link encompasses a very general notion of
-"before": Among other things, X ->rcu-link Z includes cases where X
-happens-before or is equal to some event Y which is equal to or comes
-before Z in the coherence order.  When Y = Z this says that X ->rfe Z
-implies X ->rcu-link Z.  In addition, when Y = X it says that X ->fr Z
-and X ->co Z each imply X ->rcu-link Z.
+"before": If E and F are RCU fence events (i.e., rcu_read_lock(),
+rcu_read_unlock(), or synchronize_rcu()) then among other things,
+E ->rcu-link F includes cases where E is po-before some memory-access
+event X, F is po-after some memory-access event Y, and we have any of
+X ->rfe Y, X ->co Y, or X ->fr Y.
 
 The formal definition of the rcu-link relation is more than a little
 obscure, and we won't give it here.  It is closely related to the pb
@@ -1516,171 +1519,173 @@ relation, and the details don't matter unless you want to comb through
 a somewhat lengthy formal proof.  Pretty much all you need to know
 about rcu-link is the information in the preceding paragraph.
 
-The LKMM also defines the gp and rscs relations.  They bring grace
-periods and read-side critical sections into the picture, in the
+The LKMM also defines the rcu-gp and rcu-rscsi relations.  They bring
+grace periods and read-side critical sections into the picture, in the
 following way:
 
-	E ->gp F means there is a synchronize_rcu() fence event S such
-	that E ->po S and either S ->po F or S = F.  In simple terms,
-	there is a grace period po-between E and F.
+	E ->rcu-gp F means that E and F are in fact the same event,
+	and that event is a synchronize_rcu() fence (i.e., a grace
+	period).
 
-	E ->rscs F means there is a critical section delimited by an
-	rcu_read_lock() fence L and an rcu_read_unlock() fence U, such
-	that E ->po U and either L ->po F or L = F.  You can think of
-	this as saying that E and F are in the same critical section
-	(in fact, it also allows E to be po-before the start of the
-	critical section and F to be po-after the end).
+	E ->rcu-rscsi F means that E and F are the rcu_read_unlock()
+	and rcu_read_lock() fence events delimiting some read-side
+	critical section.  (The 'i' at the end of the name emphasizes
+	that this relation is "inverted": It links the end of the
+	critical section to the start.)
 
 If we think of the rcu-link relation as standing for an extended
-"before", then X ->gp Y ->rcu-link Z says that X executes before a
-grace period which ends before Z executes.  (In fact it covers more
-than this, because it also includes cases where X executes before a
-grace period and some store propagates to Z's CPU before Z executes
-but doesn't propagate to some other CPU until after the grace period
-ends.)  Similarly, X ->rscs Y ->rcu-link Z says that X is part of (or
-before the start of) a critical section which starts before Z
-executes.
-
-The LKMM goes on to define the rcu-fence relation as a sequence of gp
-and rscs links separated by rcu-link links, in which the number of gp
-links is >= the number of rscs links.  For example:
+"before", then X ->rcu-gp Y ->rcu-link Z roughly says that X is a
+grace period which ends before Z begins.  (In fact it covers more than
+this, because it also includes cases where some store propagates to
+Z's CPU before Z begins but doesn't propagate to some other CPU until
+after X ends.)  Similarly, X ->rcu-rscsi Y ->rcu-link Z says that X is
+the end of a critical section which starts before Z begins.
+
+The LKMM goes on to define the rcu-fence relation as a sequence of
+rcu-gp and rcu-rscsi links separated by rcu-link links, in which the
+number of rcu-gp links is >= the number of rcu-rscsi links.  For
+example:
 
-	X ->gp Y ->rcu-link Z ->rscs T ->rcu-link U ->gp V
+	X ->rcu-gp Y ->rcu-link Z ->rcu-rscsi T ->rcu-link U ->rcu-gp V
 
 would imply that X ->rcu-fence V, because this sequence contains two
-gp links and only one rscs link.  (It also implies that X ->rcu-fence T
-and Z ->rcu-fence V.)  On the other hand:
+rcu-gp links and one rcu-rscsi link.  (It also implies that
+X ->rcu-fence T and Z ->rcu-fence V.)  On the other hand:
 
-	X ->rscs Y ->rcu-link Z ->rscs T ->rcu-link U ->gp V
+	X ->rcu-rscsi Y ->rcu-link Z ->rcu-rscsi T ->rcu-link U ->rcu-gp V
 
 does not imply X ->rcu-fence V, because the sequence contains only
-one gp link but two rscs links.
+one rcu-gp link but two rcu-rscsi links.
 
 The rcu-fence relation is important because the Grace Period Guarantee
 means that rcu-fence acts kind of like a strong fence.  In particular,
-if W is a write and we have W ->rcu-fence Z, the Guarantee says that W
-will propagate to every CPU before Z executes.
+E ->rcu-fence F implies not only that E begins before F ends, but also
+that any write po-before E will propagate to every CPU before any
+instruction po-after F can execute.  (However, it does not imply that
+E must execute before F; in fact, each synchronize_rcu() fence event
+is linked to itself by rcu-fence as a degenerate case.)
 
 To prove this in full generality requires some intellectual effort.
 We'll consider just a very simple case:
 
-	W ->gp X ->rcu-link Y ->rscs Z.
+	G ->rcu-gp W ->rcu-link Z ->rcu-rscsi F.
 
-This formula means that there is a grace period G and a critical
-section C such that:
+This formula means that G and W are the same event (a grace period),
+and there are events X, Y and a read-side critical section C such that:
 
-	1. W is po-before G;
+	1. G = W is po-before or equal to X;
 
-	2. X is equal to or po-after G;
+	2. X comes "before" Y in some sense (including rfe, co and fr);
 
-	3. X comes "before" Y in some sense;
+	2. Y is po-before Z;
 
-	4. Y is po-before the end of C;
+	4. Z is the rcu_read_unlock() event marking the end of C;
 
-	5. Z is equal to or po-after the start of C.
+	5. F is the rcu_read_lock() event marking the start of C.
 
-From 2 - 4 we deduce that the grace period G ends before the critical
-section C.  Then the second part of the Grace Period Guarantee says
-not only that G starts before C does, but also that W (which executes
-on G's CPU before G starts) must propagate to every CPU before C
-starts.  In particular, W propagates to every CPU before Z executes
-(or finishes executing, in the case where Z is equal to the
-rcu_read_lock() fence event which starts C.)  This sort of reasoning
-can be expanded to handle all the situations covered by rcu-fence.
+From 1 - 4 we deduce that the grace period G ends before the critical
+section C.  Then part (2) of the Grace Period Guarantee says not only
+that G starts before C does, but also that any write which executes on
+G's CPU before G starts must propagate to every CPU before C starts.
+In particular, the write propagates to every CPU before F finishes
+executing and hence before any instruction po-after F can execute.
+This sort of reasoning can be extended to handle all the situations
+covered by rcu-fence.
 
 Finally, the LKMM defines the RCU-before (rb) relation in terms of
 rcu-fence.  This is done in essentially the same way as the pb
 relation was defined in terms of strong-fence.  We will omit the
-details; the end result is that E ->rb F implies E must execute before
-F, just as E ->pb F does (and for much the same reasons).
+details; the end result is that E ->rb F implies E must execute
+before F, just as E ->pb F does (and for much the same reasons).
 
 Putting this all together, the LKMM expresses the Grace Period
 Guarantee by requiring that the rb relation does not contain a cycle.
-Equivalently, this "rcu" axiom requires that there are no events E and
-F with E ->rcu-link F ->rcu-fence E.  Or to put it a third way, the
-axiom requires that there are no cycles consisting of gp and rscs
-alternating with rcu-link, where the number of gp links is >= the
-number of rscs links.
+Equivalently, this "rcu" axiom requires that there are no events E
+and F with E ->rcu-link F ->rcu-fence E.  Or to put it a third way,
+the axiom requires that there are no cycles consisting of rcu-gp and
+rcu-rscsi alternating with rcu-link, where the number of rcu-gp links
+is >= the number of rcu-rscsi links.
 
 Justifying the axiom isn't easy, but it is in fact a valid
 formalization of the Grace Period Guarantee.  We won't attempt to go
 through the detailed argument, but the following analysis gives a
-taste of what is involved.  Suppose we have a violation of the first
-part of the Guarantee: A critical section starts before a grace
-period, and some store propagates to the critical section's CPU before
-the end of the critical section but doesn't propagate to some other
-CPU until after the end of the grace period.
+taste of what is involved.  Suppose both parts of the Guarantee are
+violated: A critical section starts before a grace period, and some
+store propagates to the critical section's CPU before the end of the
+critical section but doesn't propagate to some other CPU until after
+the end of the grace period.
 
 Putting symbols to these ideas, let L and U be the rcu_read_lock() and
 rcu_read_unlock() fence events delimiting the critical section in
 question, and let S be the synchronize_rcu() fence event for the grace
 period.  Saying that the critical section starts before S means there
-are events E and F where E is po-after L (which marks the start of the
-critical section), E is "before" F in the sense of the rcu-link
-relation, and F is po-before the grace period S:
+are events Q and R where Q is po-after L (which marks the start of the
+critical section), Q is "before" R in the sense used by the rcu-link
+relation, and R is po-before the grace period S.  Thus we have:
 
-	L ->po E ->rcu-link F ->po S.
+	L ->rcu-link S.
 
-Let W be the store mentioned above, let Z come before the end of the
+Let W be the store mentioned above, let Y come before the end of the
 critical section and witness that W propagates to the critical
-section's CPU by reading from W, and let Y on some arbitrary CPU be a
-witness that W has not propagated to that CPU, where Y happens after
+section's CPU by reading from W, and let Z on some arbitrary CPU be a
+witness that W has not propagated to that CPU, where Z happens after
 some event X which is po-after S.  Symbolically, this amounts to:
 
-	S ->po X ->hb* Y ->fr W ->rf Z ->po U.
+	S ->po X ->hb* Z ->fr W ->rf Y ->po U.
 
-The fr link from Y to W indicates that W has not propagated to Y's CPU
-at the time that Y executes.  From this, it can be shown (see the
-discussion of the rcu-link relation earlier) that X and Z are related
-by rcu-link, yielding:
+The fr link from Z to W indicates that W has not propagated to Z's CPU
+at the time that Z executes.  From this, it can be shown (see the
+discussion of the rcu-link relation earlier) that S and U are related
+by rcu-link:
 
-	S ->po X ->rcu-link Z ->po U.
+	S ->rcu-link U.
 
-The formulas say that S is po-between F and X, hence F ->gp X.  They
-also say that Z comes before the end of the critical section and E
-comes after its start, hence Z ->rscs E.  From all this we obtain:
+Since S is a grace period we have S ->rcu-gp S, and since L and U are
+the start and end of the critical section C we have U ->rcu-rscsi L.
+From this we obtain:
 
-	F ->gp X ->rcu-link Z ->rscs E ->rcu-link F,
+	S ->rcu-gp S ->rcu-link U ->rcu-rscsi L ->rcu-link S,
 
 a forbidden cycle.  Thus the "rcu" axiom rules out this violation of
 the Grace Period Guarantee.
 
 For something a little more down-to-earth, let's see how the axiom
 works out in practice.  Consider the RCU code example from above, this
-time with statement labels added to the memory access instructions:
+time with statement labels added:
 
 	int x, y;
 
 	P0()
 	{
-		rcu_read_lock();
-		W: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
-		X: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
-		rcu_read_unlock();
+		L: rcu_read_lock();
+		X: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
+		Y: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
+		U: rcu_read_unlock();
 	}
 
 	P1()
 	{
 		int r1, r2;
 
-		Y: r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
-		synchronize_rcu();
-		Z: r2 = READ_ONCE(y);
+		Z: r1 = READ_ONCE(x);
+		S: synchronize_rcu();
+		W: r2 = READ_ONCE(y);
 	}
 
 
-If r2 = 0 at the end then P0's store at X overwrites the value that
-P1's load at Z reads from, so we have Z ->fre X and thus Z ->rcu-link X.
-In addition, there is a synchronize_rcu() between Y and Z, so therefore
-we have Y ->gp Z.
+If r2 = 0 at the end then P0's store at Y overwrites the value that
+P1's load at W reads from, so we have W ->fre Y.  Since S ->po W and
+also Y ->po U, we get S ->rcu-link U.  In addition, S ->rcu-gp S
+because S is a grace period.
 
-If r1 = 1 at the end then P1's load at Y reads from P0's store at W,
-so we have W ->rcu-link Y.  In addition, W and X are in the same critical
-section, so therefore we have X ->rscs W.
+If r1 = 1 at the end then P1's load at Z reads from P0's store at X,
+so we have X ->rfe Z.  Together with L ->po X and Z ->po S, this
+yields L ->rcu-link S.  And since L and U are the start and end of a
+critical section, we have U ->rcu-rscsi L.
 
-Then X ->rscs W ->rcu-link Y ->gp Z ->rcu-link X is a forbidden cycle,
-violating the "rcu" axiom.  Hence the outcome is not allowed by the
-LKMM, as we would expect.
+Then U ->rcu-rscsi L ->rcu-link S ->rcu-gp S ->rcu-link U is a
+forbidden cycle, violating the "rcu" axiom.  Hence the outcome is not
+allowed by the LKMM, as we would expect.
 
 For contrast, let's see what can happen in a more complicated example:
 
@@ -1690,51 +1695,52 @@ For contrast, let's see what can happen in a more complicated example:
 	{
 		int r0;
 
-		rcu_read_lock();
-		W: r0 = READ_ONCE(x);
-		X: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
-		rcu_read_unlock();
+		L0: rcu_read_lock();
+		    r0 = READ_ONCE(x);
+		    WRITE_ONCE(y, 1);
+		U0: rcu_read_unlock();
 	}
 
 	P1()
 	{
 		int r1;
 
-		Y: r1 = READ_ONCE(y);
-		synchronize_rcu();
-		Z: WRITE_ONCE(z, 1);
+		    r1 = READ_ONCE(y);
+		S1: synchronize_rcu();
+		    WRITE_ONCE(z, 1);
 	}
 
 	P2()
 	{
 		int r2;
 
-		rcu_read_lock();
-		U: r2 = READ_ONCE(z);
-		V: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
-		rcu_read_unlock();
+		L2: rcu_read_lock();
+		    r2 = READ_ONCE(z);
+		    WRITE_ONCE(x, 1);
+		U2: rcu_read_unlock();
 	}
 
 If r0 = r1 = r2 = 1 at the end, then similar reasoning to before shows
-that W ->rscs X ->rcu-link Y ->gp Z ->rcu-link U ->rscs V ->rcu-link W.
-However this cycle is not forbidden, because the sequence of relations
-contains fewer instances of gp (one) than of rscs (two).  Consequently
-the outcome is allowed by the LKMM.  The following instruction timing
-diagram shows how it might actually occur:
+that U0 ->rcu-rscsi L0 ->rcu-link S1 ->rcu-gp S1 ->rcu-link U2 ->rcu-rscsi
+L2 ->rcu-link U0.  However this cycle is not forbidden, because the
+sequence of relations contains fewer instances of rcu-gp (one) than of
+rcu-rscsi (two).  Consequently the outcome is allowed by the LKMM.
+The following instruction timing diagram shows how it might actually
+occur:
 
 P0			P1			P2
 --------------------	--------------------	--------------------
 rcu_read_lock()
-X: WRITE_ONCE(y, 1)
-			Y: r1 = READ_ONCE(y)
+WRITE_ONCE(y, 1)
+			r1 = READ_ONCE(y)
 			synchronize_rcu() starts
 			.			rcu_read_lock()
-			.			V: WRITE_ONCE(x, 1)
-W: r0 = READ_ONCE(x)	.
+			.			WRITE_ONCE(x, 1)
+r0 = READ_ONCE(x)	.
 rcu_read_unlock()	.
 			synchronize_rcu() ends
-			Z: WRITE_ONCE(z, 1)
-						U: r2 = READ_ONCE(z)
+			WRITE_ONCE(z, 1)
+						r2 = READ_ONCE(z)
 						rcu_read_unlock()
 
 This requires P0 and P2 to execute their loads and stores out of
@@ -1744,6 +1750,15 @@ section in P0 both starts before P1's grace period does and ends
 before it does, and the critical section in P2 both starts after P1's
 grace period does and ends after it does.
 
+Addendum: The LKMM now supports SRCU (Sleepable Read-Copy-Update) in
+addition to normal RCU.  The ideas involved are much the same as
+above, with new relations srcu-gp and srcu-rscsi added to represent
+SRCU grace periods and read-side critical sections.  There is a
+restriction on the srcu-gp and srcu-rscsi links that can appear in an
+rcu-fence sequence (the srcu-rscsi links must be paired with srcu-gp
+links having the same SRCU domain with proper nesting); the details
+are relatively unimportant.
+
 
 LOCKING
 -------
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH memory-model 6/7] tools/memory-model: Dynamically check SRCU lock-to-unlock matching

[Paul E. McKenney]

From: Luc Maranget <Luc.Maranget@inria.fr>

This commit checks that the return value of srcu_read_lock() is passed
to the matching srcu_read_unlock(), where "matching" is determined by
nesting.  This check operates as follows:

   1. srcu_read_lock() creates an integer token, which is stored into
      the generated events.
   2. srcu_read_unlock() records its second (token) argument into the
      generated event.
   3. A new herd primitive 'different-values' filters out pairs of events
      with identical values from the relation passed as its argument.
   4. The bell file applies the above primitive to the (srcu)
      read-side-critical-section relation 'srcu-rscs' and flags non-empty
      results.

BEWARE: Works only with herd version 7.51+6 and onwards.

Signed-off-by: Luc Maranget <Luc.Maranget@inria.fr>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
[ paulmck: Apply Andrea Parri's off-list feedback. ]
Acked-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
---
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell | 3 +++
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat  | 2 ++
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def  | 2 +-
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
index 9c42cd9ddcb4..def9131d3d8e 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.bell
@@ -73,3 +73,6 @@ flag ~empty Srcu-unlock \ range(srcu-rscs) as unbalanced-srcu-locking
 
 (* Check for use of synchronize_srcu() inside an RCU critical section *)
 flag ~empty rcu-rscs & (po ; [Sync-srcu] ; po) as invalid-sleep
+
+(* Validate SRCU dynamic match *)
+flag ~empty different-values(srcu-rscs) as srcu-bad-nesting
diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
index 8dcb37835b61..95bf45f1215f 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
 (*
+ * Requires herd version 7.51+6 or higher.
+ *
  * Copyright (C) 2015 Jade Alglave <j.alglave@ucl.ac.uk>,
  * Copyright (C) 2016 Luc Maranget <luc.maranget@inria.fr> for Inria
  * Copyright (C) 2017 Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>,
diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def
index 1d6a120cde14..0c3f0ef486f4 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.def
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ synchronize_rcu_expedited() { __fence{sync-rcu}; }
 
 // SRCU
 srcu_read_lock(X)  __srcu{srcu-lock}(X)
-srcu_read_unlock(X,Y) { __srcu{srcu-unlock}(X); }
+srcu_read_unlock(X,Y) { __srcu{srcu-unlock}(X,Y); }
 synchronize_srcu(X)  { __srcu{sync-srcu}(X); }
 
 // Atomic
-- 
2.17.1

[PATCH memory-model 7/7] tools/memory-model: Avoid duplicating herdtools versions

[Paul E. McKenney]

From: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>

Currently, herdtools version information appears no fewer than three
times in the LKMM source, which is difficult to maintain.  This commit
therefore places the required version in one place, namely the
tools/memory-model/README file.

Signed-off-by: Andrea Parri <andrea.parri@amarulasolutions.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney <paulmck@linux.ibm.com>
Acked-by: Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
---
 tools/memory-model/README           | 8 ++++++--
 tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat | 2 --
 tools/memory-model/lock.cat         | 3 ---
 3 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/tools/memory-model/README b/tools/memory-model/README
index 9d7d4f23503f..2b87f3971548 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/README
+++ b/tools/memory-model/README
@@ -20,13 +20,17 @@ that litmus test to be exercised within the Linux kernel.
 REQUIREMENTS
 ============
 
-Version 7.49 of the "herd7" and "klitmus7" tools must be downloaded
-separately:
+Version 7.52 or higher of the "herd7" and "klitmus7" tools must be
+downloaded separately:
 
   https://github.com/herd/herdtools7
 
 See "herdtools7/INSTALL.md" for installation instructions.
 
+Note that although these tools usually provide backwards compatibility,
+this is not absolutely guaranteed.  Therefore, if a later version does
+not work, please try using the exact version called out above.
+
 
 ==================
 BASIC USAGE: HERD7
diff --git a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
index 95bf45f1215f..8dcb37835b61 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
+++ b/tools/memory-model/linux-kernel.cat
@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
 (*
- * Requires herd version 7.51+6 or higher.
- *
  * Copyright (C) 2015 Jade Alglave <j.alglave@ucl.ac.uk>,
  * Copyright (C) 2016 Luc Maranget <luc.maranget@inria.fr> for Inria
  * Copyright (C) 2017 Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>,
diff --git a/tools/memory-model/lock.cat b/tools/memory-model/lock.cat
index 305ded17e741..a059d1a6d8a2 100644
--- a/tools/memory-model/lock.cat
+++ b/tools/memory-model/lock.cat
@@ -6,9 +6,6 @@
 
 (*
  * Generate coherence orders and handle lock operations
- *
- * Warning: spin_is_locked() crashes herd7 versions strictly before 7.48.
- * spin_is_locked() is functional from herd7 version 7.49.
  *)
 
 include "cross.cat"
-- 
2.17.1