linux-kernel.vger.kernel.org archive mirror
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: Dmitry Osipenko <digetx@gmail.com>
To: Thierry Reding <thierry.reding@gmail.com>,
	Jonathan Hunter <jonathanh@nvidia.com>,
	Ulf Hansson <ulf.hansson@linaro.org>,
	Viresh Kumar <vireshk@kernel.org>,
	Stephen Boyd <sboyd@kernel.org>,
	Peter De Schrijver <pdeschrijver@nvidia.com>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-tegra@vger.kernel.org,
	linux-pm@vger.kernel.org
Subject: [PATCH v7 10/37] gpu: host1x: Add runtime PM support
Date: Fri,  2 Jul 2021 02:27:01 +0300	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20210701232728.23591-11-digetx@gmail.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <20210701232728.23591-1-digetx@gmail.com>

Add runtime PM support to the Host1x driver. This is required for enabling
system-wide DVFS and supporting dynamic power management using a generic
power domain. For the starter we will keep host1x always-on because
dynamic power management require a major refactoring of the driver code
since lot's of code paths will need the RPM handling and we're going to
remove some of these paths in the future. Host1x doesn't consume much
power so it is good enough, we at least need to resume Host1x in order
to initialize the power state.

Tested-by: Peter Geis <pgwipeout@gmail.com> # Ouya T30
Tested-by: Paul Fertser <fercerpav@gmail.com> # PAZ00 T20
Tested-by: Nicolas Chauvet <kwizart@gmail.com> # PAZ00 T20 and TK1 T124
Tested-by: Matt Merhar <mattmerhar@protonmail.com> # Ouya T30
Signed-off-by: Dmitry Osipenko <digetx@gmail.com>
---
 drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c         |  15 +++
 drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.c           | 145 +++++++++++++++++++++++------
 drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.h           |   3 +-
 drivers/gpu/host1x/hw/channel_hw.c |  44 ++++-----
 drivers/gpu/host1x/intr.c          |   3 -
 drivers/gpu/host1x/syncpt.c        |   5 +-
 6 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 56 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c b/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c
index 8a14880c61bb..18d9c8d206e3 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/host1x/debug.c
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 #include <linux/debugfs.h>
+#include <linux/pm_runtime.h>
 #include <linux/seq_file.h>
 #include <linux/uaccess.h>
 
@@ -52,6 +53,11 @@ static int show_channel(struct host1x_channel *ch, void *data, bool show_fifo)
 {
 	struct host1x *m = dev_get_drvdata(ch->dev->parent);
 	struct output *o = data;
+	int err;
+
+	err = pm_runtime_resume_and_get(m->dev);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return err;
 
 	mutex_lock(&ch->cdma.lock);
 	mutex_lock(&debug_lock);
@@ -64,6 +70,8 @@ static int show_channel(struct host1x_channel *ch, void *data, bool show_fifo)
 	mutex_unlock(&debug_lock);
 	mutex_unlock(&ch->cdma.lock);
 
+	pm_runtime_put(m->dev);
+
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -71,9 +79,14 @@ static void show_syncpts(struct host1x *m, struct output *o)
 {
 	struct list_head *pos;
 	unsigned int i;
+	int err;
 
 	host1x_debug_output(o, "---- syncpts ----\n");
 
+	err = pm_runtime_resume_and_get(m->dev);
+	if (err < 0)
+		return;
+
 	for (i = 0; i < host1x_syncpt_nb_pts(m); i++) {
 		u32 max = host1x_syncpt_read_max(m->syncpt + i);
 		u32 min = host1x_syncpt_load(m->syncpt + i);
@@ -101,6 +114,8 @@ static void show_syncpts(struct host1x *m, struct output *o)
 					    base_val);
 	}
 
+	pm_runtime_put(m->dev);
+
 	host1x_debug_output(o, "\n");
 }
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.c b/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.c
index fbb6447b8659..0945df6039af 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.c
@@ -6,12 +6,15 @@
  */
 
 #include <linux/clk.h>
+#include <linux/delay.h>
 #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
 #include <linux/io.h>
 #include <linux/list.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/of_device.h>
 #include <linux/of.h>
+#include <linux/pm_opp.h>
+#include <linux/pm_runtime.h>
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 
 #define CREATE_TRACE_POINTS
@@ -190,6 +193,9 @@ static void host1x_setup_sid_table(struct host1x *host)
 	const struct host1x_info *info = host->info;
 	unsigned int i;
 
+	if (!info->has_hypervisor)
+		return;
+
 	for (i = 0; i < info->num_sid_entries; i++) {
 		const struct host1x_sid_entry *entry = &info->sid_table[i];
 
@@ -347,6 +353,27 @@ static void host1x_iommu_exit(struct host1x *host)
 	}
 }
 
+static int host1x_get_resets(struct host1x *host)
+{
+	int err;
+
+	host->resets[0].id = "mc";
+	host->resets[1].id = "host1x";
+	host->nresets = ARRAY_SIZE(host->resets);
+
+	err = devm_reset_control_bulk_get_optional_exclusive_released(
+				host->dev, host->nresets, host->resets);
+	if (err) {
+		dev_err(host->dev, "failed to get reset: %d\n", err);
+		return err;
+	}
+
+	if (WARN_ON(!host->resets[1].rstc))
+		return -EINVAL;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
 static int host1x_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 {
 	struct host1x *host;
@@ -423,12 +450,9 @@ static int host1x_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 		return err;
 	}
 
-	host->rst = devm_reset_control_get(&pdev->dev, "host1x");
-	if (IS_ERR(host->rst)) {
-		err = PTR_ERR(host->rst);
-		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to get reset: %d\n", err);
+	err = host1x_get_resets(host);
+	if (err)
 		return err;
-	}
 
 	err = host1x_iommu_init(host);
 	if (err < 0) {
@@ -443,22 +467,10 @@ static int host1x_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 		goto iommu_exit;
 	}
 
-	err = clk_prepare_enable(host->clk);
-	if (err < 0) {
-		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to enable clock\n");
-		goto free_channels;
-	}
-
-	err = reset_control_deassert(host->rst);
-	if (err < 0) {
-		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to deassert reset: %d\n", err);
-		goto unprepare_disable;
-	}
-
 	err = host1x_syncpt_init(host);
 	if (err) {
 		dev_err(&pdev->dev, "failed to initialize syncpts\n");
-		goto reset_assert;
+		goto free_channels;
 	}
 
 	err = host1x_intr_init(host, syncpt_irq);
@@ -467,10 +479,14 @@ static int host1x_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 		goto deinit_syncpt;
 	}
 
-	host1x_debug_init(host);
+	pm_runtime_enable(&pdev->dev);
+
+	/* the driver's code isn't ready yet for the dynamic RPM */
+	err = pm_runtime_resume_and_get(&pdev->dev);
+	if (err)
+		goto deinit_intr;
 
-	if (host->info->has_hypervisor)
-		host1x_setup_sid_table(host);
+	host1x_debug_init(host);
 
 	err = host1x_register(host);
 	if (err < 0)
@@ -486,13 +502,13 @@ static int host1x_probe(struct platform_device *pdev)
 	host1x_unregister(host);
 deinit_debugfs:
 	host1x_debug_deinit(host);
+
+	pm_runtime_put(&pdev->dev);
+	pm_runtime_disable(&pdev->dev);
+deinit_intr:
 	host1x_intr_deinit(host);
 deinit_syncpt:
 	host1x_syncpt_deinit(host);
-reset_assert:
-	reset_control_assert(host->rst);
-unprepare_disable:
-	clk_disable_unprepare(host->clk);
 free_channels:
 	host1x_channel_list_free(&host->channel_list);
 iommu_exit:
@@ -507,19 +523,94 @@ static int host1x_remove(struct platform_device *pdev)
 
 	host1x_unregister(host);
 	host1x_debug_deinit(host);
+
+	pm_runtime_put(&pdev->dev);
+	pm_runtime_disable(&pdev->dev);
+
 	host1x_intr_deinit(host);
 	host1x_syncpt_deinit(host);
-	reset_control_assert(host->rst);
-	clk_disable_unprepare(host->clk);
 	host1x_iommu_exit(host);
 
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static int __maybe_unused host1x_runtime_suspend(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct host1x *host = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
+	int err;
+
+	host1x_intr_stop(host);
+	host1x_syncpt_save(host);
+
+	err = reset_control_bulk_assert(host->nresets, host->resets);
+	if (err) {
+		dev_err(dev, "failed to assert reset: %d\n", err);
+		goto resume_host1x;
+	}
+
+	usleep_range(1000, 2000);
+
+	clk_disable_unprepare(host->clk);
+	reset_control_bulk_release(host->nresets, host->resets);
+
+	return 0;
+
+resume_host1x:
+	host1x_setup_sid_table(host);
+	host1x_syncpt_restore(host);
+	host1x_intr_start(host);
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+static int __maybe_unused host1x_runtime_resume(struct device *dev)
+{
+	struct host1x *host = dev_get_drvdata(dev);
+	int err;
+
+	err = reset_control_bulk_acquire(host->nresets, host->resets);
+	if (err) {
+		dev_err(dev, "failed to acquire reset: %d\n", err);
+		return err;
+	}
+
+	err = clk_prepare_enable(host->clk);
+	if (err) {
+		dev_err(dev, "failed to enable clock: %d\n", err);
+		goto release_reset;
+	}
+
+	err = reset_control_bulk_deassert(host->nresets, host->resets);
+	if (err < 0) {
+		dev_err(dev, "failed to deassert reset: %d\n", err);
+		goto disable_clk;
+	}
+
+	host1x_setup_sid_table(host);
+	host1x_syncpt_restore(host);
+	host1x_intr_start(host);
+
+	return 0;
+
+disable_clk:
+	clk_disable_unprepare(host->clk);
+release_reset:
+	reset_control_bulk_release(host->nresets, host->resets);
+
+	return err;
+}
+
+static const struct dev_pm_ops host1x_pm = {
+	SET_RUNTIME_PM_OPS(host1x_runtime_suspend, host1x_runtime_resume,
+			   NULL)
+	/* TODO: add system suspend-resume once driver will be ready for that */
+};
+
 static struct platform_driver tegra_host1x_driver = {
 	.driver = {
 		.name = "tegra-host1x",
 		.of_match_table = host1x_of_match,
+		.pm = &host1x_pm,
 	},
 	.probe = host1x_probe,
 	.remove = host1x_remove,
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.h b/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.h
index fa6d4bc46e98..41a7a63514c4 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.h
+++ b/drivers/gpu/host1x/dev.h
@@ -118,7 +118,8 @@ struct host1x {
 	struct host1x_syncpt_base *bases;
 	struct device *dev;
 	struct clk *clk;
-	struct reset_control *rst;
+	struct reset_control_bulk_data resets[2];
+	unsigned int nresets;
 
 	struct iommu_group *group;
 	struct iommu_domain *domain;
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/host1x/hw/channel_hw.c b/drivers/gpu/host1x/hw/channel_hw.c
index d4c28faf27d1..27290d0d7eaf 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/host1x/hw/channel_hw.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/host1x/hw/channel_hw.c
@@ -114,6 +114,27 @@ static void host1x_channel_set_streamid(struct host1x_channel *channel)
 #endif
 }
 
+static void host1x_enable_gather_filter(struct host1x_channel *ch)
+{
+#if HOST1X_HW >= 6
+	struct host1x *host = dev_get_drvdata(ch->dev->parent);
+	u32 val;
+
+	if (!host->hv_regs)
+		return;
+
+	val = host1x_hypervisor_readl(
+		host, HOST1X_HV_CH_KERNEL_FILTER_GBUFFER(ch->id / 32));
+	val |= BIT(ch->id % 32);
+	host1x_hypervisor_writel(
+		host, val, HOST1X_HV_CH_KERNEL_FILTER_GBUFFER(ch->id / 32));
+#elif HOST1X_HW >= 4
+	host1x_ch_writel(ch,
+			 HOST1X_CHANNEL_CHANNELCTRL_KERNEL_FILTER_GBUFFER(1),
+			 HOST1X_CHANNEL_CHANNELCTRL);
+#endif
+}
+
 static int channel_submit(struct host1x_job *job)
 {
 	struct host1x_channel *ch = job->channel;
@@ -145,6 +166,7 @@ static int channel_submit(struct host1x_job *job)
 	}
 
 	host1x_channel_set_streamid(ch);
+	host1x_enable_gather_filter(ch);
 
 	/* begin a CDMA submit */
 	err = host1x_cdma_begin(&ch->cdma, job);
@@ -204,27 +226,6 @@ static int channel_submit(struct host1x_job *job)
 	return err;
 }
 
-static void enable_gather_filter(struct host1x *host,
-				 struct host1x_channel *ch)
-{
-#if HOST1X_HW >= 6
-	u32 val;
-
-	if (!host->hv_regs)
-		return;
-
-	val = host1x_hypervisor_readl(
-		host, HOST1X_HV_CH_KERNEL_FILTER_GBUFFER(ch->id / 32));
-	val |= BIT(ch->id % 32);
-	host1x_hypervisor_writel(
-		host, val, HOST1X_HV_CH_KERNEL_FILTER_GBUFFER(ch->id / 32));
-#elif HOST1X_HW >= 4
-	host1x_ch_writel(ch,
-			 HOST1X_CHANNEL_CHANNELCTRL_KERNEL_FILTER_GBUFFER(1),
-			 HOST1X_CHANNEL_CHANNELCTRL);
-#endif
-}
-
 static int host1x_channel_init(struct host1x_channel *ch, struct host1x *dev,
 			       unsigned int index)
 {
@@ -233,7 +234,6 @@ static int host1x_channel_init(struct host1x_channel *ch, struct host1x *dev,
 #else
 	ch->regs = dev->regs + index * 0x100;
 #endif
-	enable_gather_filter(dev, ch);
 	return 0;
 }
 
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/host1x/intr.c b/drivers/gpu/host1x/intr.c
index 6d1f3c0fdbe7..1600de3ccceb 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/host1x/intr.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/host1x/intr.c
@@ -288,14 +288,11 @@ int host1x_intr_init(struct host1x *host, unsigned int irq_sync)
 			 "host1x_sp_%02u", id);
 	}
 
-	host1x_intr_start(host);
-
 	return 0;
 }
 
 void host1x_intr_deinit(struct host1x *host)
 {
-	host1x_intr_stop(host);
 }
 
 void host1x_intr_start(struct host1x *host)
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/host1x/syncpt.c b/drivers/gpu/host1x/syncpt.c
index e648ebbb2027..b5ca3fdf33b2 100644
--- a/drivers/gpu/host1x/syncpt.c
+++ b/drivers/gpu/host1x/syncpt.c
@@ -143,6 +143,8 @@ void host1x_syncpt_restore(struct host1x *host)
 	for (i = 0; i < host1x_syncpt_nb_bases(host); i++)
 		host1x_hw_syncpt_restore_wait_base(host, sp_base + i);
 
+	host1x_hw_syncpt_enable_protection(host);
+
 	wmb();
 }
 
@@ -366,9 +368,6 @@ int host1x_syncpt_init(struct host1x *host)
 	host->syncpt = syncpt;
 	host->bases = bases;
 
-	host1x_syncpt_restore(host);
-	host1x_hw_syncpt_enable_protection(host);
-
 	/* Allocate sync point to use for clearing waits for expired fences */
 	host->nop_sp = host1x_syncpt_alloc(host, 0, "reserved-nop");
 	if (!host->nop_sp)
-- 
2.30.2


  parent reply	other threads:[~2021-07-01 23:29 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 56+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2021-07-01 23:26 [PATCH v7 00/37] NVIDIA Tegra power management patches for 5.15 Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 01/37] soc/tegra: pmc: Temporarily disable PMC state syncing Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-12 16:02   ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 02/37] soc/tegra: pmc: Implement attach_dev() of power domain drivers Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-02 14:48   ` Ulf Hansson
2021-08-02 18:23     ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-04  9:59       ` Ulf Hansson
2021-08-04 21:16         ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-09 14:15           ` Ulf Hansson
2021-08-09 23:56             ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-10 10:51               ` Ulf Hansson
2021-08-11 19:30                 ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-11 22:41                   ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-12  1:40                     ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-08-12 11:17                       ` Ulf Hansson
2021-08-12 16:24                         ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 03/37] soc/tegra: Don't print error message when OPPs not available Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 04/37] soc/tegra: Add devm_tegra_core_dev_init_opp_table_simple() Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 05/37] dt-bindings: clock: tegra-car: Document new tegra-clocks node Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 06/37] clk: tegra: Support runtime PM and power domain Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 07/37] dt-bindings: host1x: Document OPP and power domain properties Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:26 ` [PATCH v7 08/37] dt-bindings: host1x: Document Memory Client resets of Host1x, GR2D and GR3D Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 09/37] gpu: host1x: Add host1x_channel_stop() Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` Dmitry Osipenko [this message]
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 11/37] gpu: host1x: Add stub driver for MPE, VI, EPP and ISP Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 12/37] drm/tegra: dc: Support OPP and SoC core voltage scaling Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 13/37] drm/tegra: hdmi: Add OPP support Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 14/37] drm/tegra: gr2d: Support OPP and power management Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 15/37] drm/tegra: gr3d: " Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 16/37] drm/tegra: vic: Stop channel before suspending Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 17/37] usb: chipidea: tegra: Add runtime PM support Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 18/37] bus: tegra-gmi: " Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 19/37] pwm: tegra: Add runtime PM and OPP support Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 20/37] mmc: sdhci-tegra: " Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-02  3:39   ` kernel test robot
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 21/37] mtd: rawnand: tegra: Add runtime PM support Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 22/37] soc/tegra: fuse: Clear fuse->clk on driver probe failure Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 23/37] soc/tegra: fuse: Add runtime PM support Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 24/37] soc/tegra: fuse: Enable fuse clock on suspend Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-21 16:00   ` Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 25/37] clk: tegra: Remove CLK_IS_CRITICAL flag from fuse clock Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 26/37] spi: tegra20-slink: Improve runtime PM usage Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-02  8:29   ` kernel test robot
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 27/37] spi: tegra20-slink: Add OPP support Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 28/37] memory: tegra20-emc: Add minimal runtime PM support Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 29/37] memory: tegra30-emc: " Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 30/37] media: dt: bindings: tegra-vde: Convert to schema Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 31/37] media: dt: bindings: tegra-vde: Document OPP and power domain Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 32/37] media: staging: tegra-vde: Support generic " Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 33/37] ARM: tegra: Add OPP tables and power domains to Tegra20 device-trees Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 34/37] ARM: tegra: Add OPP tables and power domains to Tegra30 device-trees Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 35/37] ARM: tegra: Add Memory Client resets to Tegra20 GR2D, GR3D and Host1x Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 36/37] ARM: tegra: Add Memory Client resets to Tegra30 " Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-01 23:27 ` [PATCH v7 37/37] soc/tegra: pmc: Enable core domain support on Tegra20 and Tegra30 Dmitry Osipenko
2021-07-09 13:01 ` [PATCH v7 00/37] NVIDIA Tegra power management patches for 5.15 Ulf Hansson
2021-07-09 21:23   ` Dmitry Osipenko

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=20210701232728.23591-11-digetx@gmail.com \
    --to=digetx@gmail.com \
    --cc=jonathanh@nvidia.com \
    --cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-pm@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-tegra@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=pdeschrijver@nvidia.com \
    --cc=sboyd@kernel.org \
    --cc=thierry.reding@gmail.com \
    --cc=ulf.hansson@linaro.org \
    --cc=vireshk@kernel.org \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for NNTP newsgroup(s).