RE: [PATCH] Single user linux

RE: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Torrey Hoffman]

> think about personal devices. something like the nokia communicator.
> a system security passwd is acceptable, but that's it. no those-
> device-user would like to know about user account, file ownership,
> etc. they just want to use it.

If you are making a personal device, like an "appliance", there is no 
need to patch the kernel - at least not to remove the concept of users.  

Instead, change your startup scripts.  In that situation, you will have 
a custom application that is automatically started at boot and runs with
enough privileges to do whatever it needs.

The user never sees a login prompt.  If you want a Windows-95 style
setup for Linux, you can do that too - but don't run as root!  Just have
the startup scripts auto-login as an unprivileged user.

Kernel patches to do this are completely unnecessary, and a bad idea.

Permissions are important to have on an appliance-like system, as they 
can be used to help prevent the end user from accessing the guts of the 
system which should be off limits for them.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Jim Gettys]

Not to mention fold up keyboard, IBM microdrive, etc.  So you
can run the ARM Debian distro either via NFS (with the problems that
entails), or even locally on a microdrive (or I suppose you could
also play with an IDE or SCSI controller if you were really insane).

On the kernel software side, we also have IPV6/mobile IP running.  We're
using Dave Woodhouse's JFFS2 with compression for our file system (Compressed
journalling flash file system) on flash.

In terms of apps, various PIM stuff, though needs lots of work,
other goodies like GPS applications, etc.  Mozilla in previous versions
has been known to work.  Tons of games, doom, etc.

MP3 players (at least 3).  Gnome core libraries.

Python, Java 2 standard edition, swing, all running etc..... 

Lots of work/fun left to do, of course, in all areas.

Shall we just say we're having lots and lots and lots of fun :-).

These are real computers.

Lots of dust in the air: lots should have settled by June.  In particular,
look at the Familiar work.

See www.handhelds.org.  I apologize about the state of our web site:
I've done much of the maintenance in the past, but I've been out for some
surgery and life has been insane ever since.  Most of the interesting
stuff is in the Wiki.  And iPAQ's are not as unobtanium as they once were:
we're in really high volume production (>100K/month) but demand still
outstrips supply (sigh...).

Come join the party...

					- Jim Gettys



> Sender: linux-kernel-owner@vger.kernel.org
> From: Disconnect <lkml@sigkill.net>
> Date: 	Wed, 25 Apr 2001 10:17:55 -0400
> To: Ronald Bultje <rbultje@ronald.bitfreak.net>
> Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
> Subject: Re: [PATCH] Single user linux
> -----
> On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, Ronald Bultje did have cause to say:
> 
> > Who says it needs to compile? Who says it needs software installed? Who
> > says it needs to run the software itself?
> 
> My current project (and I'm just waiting for nfs and wvlan_cs to stabalize
> on ARM before putting the final touches on it) is an ipaq nfsrooted to a
> Debian image, over the wireless lan.  Works like a champ, and it -does-
> compile stuff reasonably fast (well, reasonably fast considering the data
> is all on the far side of 11M/sec wireless.)  My kit is mostly portable as
> well, since the nfs server is on the libretto and runs just fine in my
> backpack ;)
> 
> The next step is bludgeoning debian-arm into not running 50-100 little
> servers I don't need on my PIM.  But that may be the function of a
> task-nfs-ipaq package or some such.
> 
> So far -multiuser- linux on PIMs ("true" linux, with X, etc, as distinct
> from pocketlinux/qpe/etc, which are a different animal in this case) is
> almost there.  Web browsers are coming along nicely (and remote-X netscape
> is usable, although barely) and there are several nice imap clients. (and
> input methods ranging from a handwriting system to a little onscreen
> keyboard, if you are in a situation where an external keyboard is not
> feasable.)
> 
> ---

--
Jim Gettys
Technology and Corporate Development
Compaq Computer Corporation
jg@pa.dec.com

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Erik Mouw]

On Thu, Apr 26, 2001 at 09:41:13PM +0200, Pavel Machek wrote:
> > When I first started I compiled my linux kernels on a 386 dx with 8 mb ram
> > heh.  I think a lot of the current PDAs are faster.
> 
> My pocket computer is 40MHz mips r3902, likely faster than your
> 386dx. That's 3 years old. Anything you can buy today is at least
> twice as fast. [hell, I saw 8MB ram 2MB flash 80MHz mips machine in
> size of palm for $100 (vtech helio) -- I'll tell you where to buy it
> when you ask.]

The Compaq iPaq uses an Intel StrongARM SA1110 CPU running at 190MHz.
Integer performance for a 221MHz SA1110 is comparable with a Pentium
180 (on the average), so I guess that the iPaq performance is
compatable with a P166.


Erik

-- 
J.A.K. (Erik) Mouw, Information and Communication Theory Group, Department
of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Information Technology and Systems,
Delft University of Technology, PO BOX 5031,  2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
Phone: +31-15-2783635  Fax: +31-15-2781843  Email: J.A.K.Mouw@its.tudelft.nl
WWW: http://www-ict.its.tudelft.nl/~erik/

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Thu, Apr 26, 2001 at 09:35:45PM +0200, Pavel Machek wrote:
> Hi!

Hola.
 
> > > read the news! i'm programming nokia 9210 with c++, is that
> > > computer enough?
> > 
> > Aah. I see. Where was this? I never saw it.
> 
> 9210 has qwerty keyboard.

He said "read the news". I've seen the 9110 and 9210's, I was asking where
this news was.
 
> > > i bet if you programmed one, you'd wish you have posix
> > > interface.
> > 
> > That may be so, so hack up your own OS. It's a MOBILE PHONE, it needs to be
> > absolutely *rock solid*. Look at the 5110, that's just about perfect. The
> > 7110, on the other hand ...
> 
> And point is?

The point is that you need a known good, absolutely rock-solid OS to do it,
and IMHO, you really need a customised job, not something like Linux, which
is a monolith in comparison.

> > > and how's stability, speed, etc. they read. is there a linux
> > > advocate around here?
> > 
> > There are Linux advocates, but I'd say most of us are sane enough to use the
> > right-tool-for-the-job approach. And UNIX on a phone is pure
> > overkill.
> 
> Is it? Let's see.
> 
> You want your mobile phone to read mail. That's SMTP. Oh, and SMTP
> needs to run over something. That's TCP/IP over PPP or SLIP. Oh and
> you want web access. Add HTTP to the list.

In the mobile world, that is *all* WAP.
 
> [above is reasonable even for "normal" mobile phone; those below
> require keyboard]
> 
> You'd like to ssh from your mobile phone. Add ssh. You'd like to ssh
> *to* your mobile phone, because it keyboard sucks. That sshd. You'd
> like to be able to let others to play games on your mobile phone, oh
> that means multiuser mode.

I'd *like* to, sure, but this is impractical because the mobile links suck
so hard. Dunno about you, but it takes a few seconds to pull in a <1k page.
Ugh. SSH? Games, sure, I point my phone at a 7110 or 6210 and I can play
2-player Snake 2 :)

> You see? Linux has much stuff you'll need.

True, but you have to be wary of overkill, like I said.

> > Your sister won't notice much advantage. Linux on a workstation actually has
> > *disadvantages* (unfamiliar interface, unintuitive same, etc), as opposed to
> > 'Doze on a workstation. Sure it's more stable, and the tiniest bit faster,
> > but what's that really matter to your sister, if she can't even figure out
> > how to use it?
> 
> My brother is 10 and he uses suse7.2 installation just fine. He likes
> it more than windoze 2000 (I deleted) because there are more games in
> kde than in windows. [I'd prefer gnome.]

I've used RedHat since I was about 11, Debian since 13. It's not that hard,
if you can just get used to it. But you're playing with yourself if you
think that KDE has more games than Win2k ... Black & White? All the Star
Wars games? etc ... I know a lot of them are being ported to Linux, most via
Loki, but still ...

(I use GNOME, and the panel giving me Bus errors is starting to annoy me).
 
> > -d, who owns a 7110 and can lock it solid, or get it to do funny resetting
> > tricks, at least once every 2 days
> 
> Hmm, maybe your 7110 needs memory protection so that runaway calendar
> can not hurt basic functions? ;-).

Oh, I think it's just to do with changing state, seeing as most of the
lockups I get are when I hit keys really, really quickly in sequence, and
one lands just as the screen's blank, and it's changing state (snake 2 can
also kill it).

-- 
Daniel Stone
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mohammad A. Haque]

Helge Hafting wrote:
> You were talking about how a notebook is a personal thing,
> with only one user.  Well, the notebook user do of course want to
> do a bunch of nifty things like read email on the thing.  Guess what,
> you need an email daemon for that!  And many users don't want to know
> the details of setting up an email daemon, so the distribution
> install one by default.  This kind of users would be outraged if
> the distribution didn't - "what - I have to install more stuff just to
> get my mail! windows do that out of the box why is this so difficult..."

You don't need to be running an e-mail daemon just to read e-mail.


-- 

=====================================================================
Mohammad A. Haque                              http://www.haque.net/ 
                                               mhaque@haque.net

  "Alcohol and calculus don't mix.             Project Lead
   Don't drink and derive." --Unknown          http://wm.themes.org/
                                               batmanppc@themes.org
=====================================================================

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Fri, Apr 27, 2001 at 03:12:39PM +0200, Robert Varga wrote:
> On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:34:56AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 01:16:03AM +0100, Alan Cox wrote:
> > > > What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> > > > bash" value?
> > > 
> > > It means I can do anything on my ipaq I can do anywhere else. I can run 
> > > multiple apps at a time. I can run X11. I can run the palm emulator even ;)
> > 
> > How long does it take you to write "date"? Plus, aren't you content with
> > IRCing on your *phone*? ;)
>
> Okay. Does the word *choice* ring a bell ? Agenda VR3s are supplied with Linux
> kernel (modified), and it gives you the freedom to choose what kind of SW
> you want to use -- hey, it's linux and when the app fits in the memory,
> there's no stopping you. Different look and feel? Different graffitti? Different
> kernel? You name it and you got it (well mostly) ;-)

I know all this, see my very first point above. I just can't see the real
practical value. I'd more than likely find a Palm more productive, as it's
simple, does one task, and does it well. If I wanted to buy a PDA, I'd get a
Palm. If I wanted to buy a miniature laptop, I'd get a PictureBook or
somesuch. I just can't see the practical use.

-- 
Daniel Stone
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Robert Varga]

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On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:34:56AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 01:16:03AM +0100, Alan Cox wrote:
> > > > Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.
> > > What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> > > bash" value?
> > 
> > It means I can do anything on my ipaq I can do anywhere else. I can run 
> > multiple apps at a time. I can run X11. I can run the palm emulator even ;)
> 
> How long does it take you to write "date"? Plus, aren't you content with
> IRCing on your *phone*? ;)
>  
> > Its the same reason Linux is valuable on an S/390 mainframe. Its a common pool
> > of apps, environments and tools. Anything your PC can do, my ipaq can do.
> 
> OK. "time make bzImage". Of course, mine's really slow (and I will consider
> myself publically humiliated if my only Linux machine is beaten on a kernel

Okay. Does the word *choice* ring a bell ? Agenda VR3s are supplied with Linux
kernel (modified), and it gives you the freedom to choose what kind of SW
you want to use -- hey, it's linux and when the app fits in the memory,
there's no stopping you. Different look and feel? Different graffitti? Different
kernel? You name it and you got it (well mostly) ;-)

-- 
Kind regards,
Robert Varga
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
n@hq.sk                                          http://hq.sk/~nite/gpgkey.txt
 

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Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Helge Hafting]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> i don't understand, that patch is configurable with 'n' as
> default, marked "dangerous". so somebody who turned on that
> option must be know what he's doing, doesn't understand english,
> or has a broken monitor.

This is a very marginal thing that very few people will want or need.
(You may think it is nifty - but we disagree on that)
If everybody get their favourite patch in with a config option
then we get a huge amount of config options, and maintainig the kernel
will be much harder because there is thousands of ifdefs for
all sorts of rare stuff.  There will be your 5 ifdefs, and
26000 other people's 5 ifdefs.  Someone making a change will have 
to check if it works, but will it work with all sorts of combinations
of config options?  What if someone makes a change that works fine,
but makes the kernel uncompileable if your option is turned on?
This guy didn't check your config option because he never use it
himself...
 
The maintainability issue is why kernel patches usually aren't accepted
when the problem can be solved by changing the userspace
configuration instead. (In your case by sybstituting "bash" for "getty"
in /etc/inittab)  This is the case even with very good things -
fsck is a userspace program even though it is necessary for any system
with
a writeable filesystem.  
You have another problem with the way all the leading developers
dislike your idea - buteven trying to convince them is useless as
you _still_ run up against "this feature is _easily_ done in userspace"

> > If you really want optimization, remove all security instead of
> > merely killing a few basic tests.
> 
> those tests responsible for almost all EACCESS & EPERM.
Sure, but now you have a lots of if(1) {something} else {other thing}
and a better optimization would be to get rid of the entire test.
There is a lot of errors that can't happen with your patch, so
you really ought to remove the error handling cases too if
optimization is what drives you.

> 
> > The notebook user might not care or understand about
> > multi-user security, but it is still useful.  The user
> > have several daemons running that he don't know about,
> > they were installed by the distribution.
> > The security system can protect files from buggy
> > or cracked daemons.
> 
> must be a devil cursed distro, distributing "single-user"
> kernel with live daemons. a division of redmon?

Is there something you don't understand, or do you really 
want to run one process at a time? 

You were talking about how a notebook is a personal thing,
with only one user.  Well, the notebook user do of course want to
do a bunch of nifty things like read email on the thing.  Guess what,
you need an email daemon for that!  And many users don't want to know
the details of setting up an email daemon, so the distribution
install one by default.  This kind of users would be outraged if
the distribution didn't - "what - I have to install more stuff just to
get my mail! windows do that out of the box why is this so difficult..."

There are several other examples of things users _expect_ from
a notebook, which just happens to include a daemon process running
under a different user-id for safety reasons.  (For example
the print spooler daemon.  Users want to print, and unix is nice
in that you don't have to wait for the printer - you can go
on editing something else while the printer slowly does
its work thanks to the print spooler daemon.  This one is
installed by default too.)

They only ever _log in_ as one user, so the login prompt
can safely be eliminated in order to avoid the password hassle.
But you still want the multi-user security.

Please try to understand that the kernels concept of a "user"
don't mean a "person"!  There is only one "person" using his/her
very personal device - the unix concept of users is a file
security thing.  You don't want an error in the mail
software to use up all the diskspace or overwrite your
word processing files.  And you don't want a printer driver
problem to mess up your mail or your personal files.

All these little things is included in good distributions, and
they don't cause serious trouble because they are all
protected against each other.  Your machine is multi-user
even if it is strictly single-person!

If all this is new to you, please read up on unix before 
suggesting too much.  _Uninformed_ patches easily becomes
a nuance, good patches is usually written by people who
know very well what they work on.  Excellent knowledge
of C isn't enough.
> 
> > And protecting the
> > configuration (and essential stuff like the user's GUI) from
> > being deleted by user accident is still a good thing.
> >
> > The user who don't need password security can still have a "safe"
> > SUID admin program for necessary tasks like changing the
> > dialup phone number even though it resides in a protected
> > file.  So you definitely want the protection system, even
> > in a "personal" appliance running linux.  Because it
> > protects against stupid mistakes like experimenting
> > with editing files in the /etc directory on the notebook with
> > a word processor.  Users don't understand why saving in
> > word processor format might be bad....
> 
> hmm, the other thing i hate is policy. ever consider that
> you're talking policy? maybe reboot() should sync() first?

Reboot does indeed sync on my machine.  That isn't the problem
here.  The problem I described is that a clueless user might
try to change a config file with his word processor and save
it in word-processor format.  This renders the file useless
as the programs who depend on config files don't understand
word processor format.  A "nice synced reboot" won't help here,
as the ruined file is then saved properly, but the 
contents are wrong.  
A good security system fixes this though - a user simply isn't
allowed to mess up the config files in arbitrary ways.  The
user is protected against his own lack of knowledge
or common sense.  Similiar, a car engine don't explode if you
press the accelerator too hard at low RPM's.  (A racing
car might - but racers _know_ how to handle such cars)
Unix appliances and personal  computers need similiar
protection and the security system is used for that.

So what if the user _need_ to change the configuration?
Experts do this by using the root password.  Non-experts
do this by running a safe config program.  The config program
is SUID (it is privileged and auto-switch to the root user)
and it contains all sorts of undo options and safety checks
so the user cannot screw things up badly.

> > A notebook is a particularly bad example.  Those with notebooks
> > might not want to use passwords all the time, but it is
> > very convenient if you have to leave a notebook with sensitive data
> > with someone you don't trust.  Business secrets or something
> > as simple as a diary.  This kind of users can be logged in
> > all the time, mostly avoiding passwords.  And log out
> > in those few cases they need to leave the machine in
> > unsafe places.
> 
> and that someone who had the notebook can't access sensitive
> data without a passwd?
> that's what i'm trying to say. if you carried your server,
> and leave it in unsafe places, why would anybody try to crack
> it? just get the harddisks put it in another computer, voila.
> so much for security.
An encrypted filesystem prevents even this - a cracker _can't_
read that disk without the password.  Because there
is no workaround even with a purpose-built "nasty" kernel.

This is usually overkill though.  Normal users worry about
things like your sister taking a sneak look at your diary
(stored in a word processor file).  Or in a business
setting:  A visitor taking a look at your business documents
while you fetch the coffee for the meeting.  He don't have time
for disassembling the computer, but he have time
for reading a few documents.  A simple password
protect against this.
 
What I do here is providing a few (of many) examples
of why passwords sometimes is a good idea even on
personal machines.

> > > - linux is stable not only because security.
> > Sure, but security definitely adds to its stability.
> 
> i don't know what you mean by stability. if you meant
> linux can run a year without a reboot, what security
> has anything to do with stability? the kernel is stable,
> yes, do we here linux server got cracked yes, it's still
> stable though.
> 
> > > - with that patch, people will still have authentication.
> > >   so ssh for example, will still prevent illegal access, if
> > Nope.  Someone ssh'ing into your system still
> > cannot guess someone elses password.  They can log in
> > into their own account though, and abuse other
> > users accounts or the machine configuration because
> > there is no protection.  Unprotected accounts only means
> > you get your own account _by default_, you have the
> > power to trash all the others.  A malicious user could
> > even change the other users passwords and re-enable the
> > security system so they loose.
> 
> i didn't disable password! if someone got into a personal
> machine through ssh by guessing, most likely that account
> is the owner's. who else?

Yeah, but what if there are several accounts? 
I have an account on my machine where strangers can log in in order
to play network games.  There is a password, but it is handed out
to a bunch of strangers I have no particular reason to trust.
This is not a problem as my machine has multi-user security.
They cannot delete _my_ files, or even read them, even though
they can log into the machine.  They cannot even run other
programs than the games, as they have no permission.

That wouldn't work with your patch.  They would still only
be able to log into their own game account because of 
the password security in ssh, but they definitely _would_
be able to delete _my_ personal account without
logging into it - because you disabled security.  And they
could delete the email software so I don't get mail.  And they
could delete the system software and the kernel, so the
machine goes down and remains down.  Security prevents all that.

> 
> >
> > >   you had an exploit you're screwed up anyway.
> > Many exploits are limited.  Cracking a damenon running
> > as "nobody" or some daemon user may not be all that
> > satisfying - you might be unable to take over the machine.
> > An exploit doesn't necessarily give root access.
> 
> that line was still about ssh. besides, if someone would
> run a server for the world, then he must had drain bamage.
> 
Not at all.  There are many game servers out there where
people all over the world can log in and run games.
But security prevents them for doing anything _but_ running
games, so there is no problem.  And there are anonymous
ftp server where anybode can log in...

> > You get a lot of opinions.  Don't mistake them for flames
> > just because they disagree with everything you say.
> 
> you haven't seen my inbox.
No, I just see the replies on the linux kernel list.
A few flames, and lots of people who merely disagree and try
to tell why they thing your patch and the idea behind
it is no good.  
 
> > Multi-user security is useful for much more than server use.
> > A good "personal" setup includes at least 3 users:
> > * root - for administration
> > * the user - for running the programs the user himself use.
> >   I.e. the word processor on a notebook, the user inteface
> >   on a linux phone, and so on.
> > * a nobody user, for safer daemons.  If any kind of daemon
> >   is used at all.  Surprisingly many appliances might
> >   run a daemon - a snmp daemon, or a webserver serving
> >   the same purpose (So your can check your home
> >   appliance from work perhaps)
> 
> but think about the idea of multi-user. it means protection
> for the system and other users. that's a typical server needs.
> 
> and how about notebook? i can see that it need authentication
> to use the system. does the user need to be protected from
> other users? there's nobody else. well, maybe, like we all
> used to, that user needed to protect him from himself.
>
> so, system authentication is needed for both single-user and
> multi-user. (let alone physical access)
> user account authentication is certainly not needed for single-
> user case.

As I have said already in this mail - a single-user computer
need the security system to protect the _system software_ from
the (single) user, and to protect the _users_ files from
possible bugs in various system software like mail software,
printer drivers and various other things the user
might want to run.  Some people thinks it is cool to
run a webserver on their office machine, even if it only servers
one page.  Security makes things like that safer too.

You may or may not need authentication.  But you definitely
want security. 
A newbie experimenting might stumble upon the command that
deletes all files on the system.  That won't kill a unix system,
the user will merely loose his own personal files, because
he has no permission for deleting system files.  

Try this on a windows 98 box (which don't have security, exactly
the way you tried to patch the kernel) and everything goes,
or at least a lot of things until the system crashes due
to a missing system file.  The system migh be unable
to delete everything, but it will certainly manage
to delete enough to amke the machine unuseable and in need
of a reinstall.  

This protection system ensures that you typically never need to
reinstall linux due to user mistakes.  (You may want to
upgrade often to get the latest software - but you don't
need to reinstall to get a upgrade.)
 
> > Of course passwords can be skipped - maybe you don't worry
> > about guests messing up your phone settings.  Still, a buggy
> > phone program shouldn't mess up other things.  You don't want
> > the browser on those fancy web-enabled cellphones to
> > accidentally delete the address book due to some oddball
> > bug or exploit.
> 
> and you're hoping program with root suid will run perfectly?
> 
> > You don't want the performance _or_ less memory used.  Why then do
> > you want to optimize away the security system instead of merely
> > changing the userspace configuration a bit?
> >
> > If you optimize away security then you probably want to
> > optimize away things like "login" as they are useless anyway
> > with such a kernel.  Much simpler to remove only "login"
> > then.
> 
> i wish it was only "a bit". what i want is to have all process
> flags have PF_SUPERPRIV, but users still own their own uid.
> doing it in userspace means i had to change this login, my
> friend had to change that login, maybe this shell, that shell...
> 
> that's my setup. i still use login, so only those who i trust
> can use my machine, yes my trusted user can do anything, but
> hey it isn't a server. it's a workstation.

I wonder what you want different UID's for then.  Why not set all the
UID's to 0, you'll still have separate usernames, and separate
home directories so you can have different setups and so on.
I cannot really see what you use the UID's for?

But still, if you want everybody to be able to do anything _and_
have separate UIDS, try userspace options. Possible ways:

1.  A single chmod command can make all files available.
   Something like "chmod -R /* oug+rwx"  You may have to
   do that as root - you won't need root later.

2. Or run a similiar chmod on /bin, /sbin and /usr/bin
   that makes all executables SUID.  power to the users!

3. Or let everybody be members of group 0 and run 
   "chmod g+rwx /* -R"

There's a multitude of easy ways to achieve the behavior you
want without patching the kernel.  That alone _ensures_
it won't get into the kernel.  They way people dislike
your idea don't make it better, but it wouldn't help
even if you could convince them.

Many newbie ideas are met with "no, the idea is bad but
you can achieve what you want another way, like this:"

Smart people learn from such things.  Some other
keep arguing when there is nothing to achieve.
If you're a unix newbie, please consider the option that
the other people may have a point.  They know things you don't,
so asking "why" is a much better idea than insisting on
an unpopular idea.  They don't all take the time
to explain why they don't like your patch, that don't mean
they don't have solid reasons.

Helge Hafting

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

On Thu, 26 Apr 2001, John Cavan wrote:
> I think you have it backwards here, given that Linux works one way and you

yeah, it was a patch for linux, but i wasn't thinking linux. there
are quite many os out there. and i don't think they're different
just because they have programmers with different intelligence level.


> If you can't prove the case, I rather suspect that your patch won't make
> it. Don't feel bad though, I've yet to get one through either. :o)

oh no, that patch was useful to explain the idea. i don't even think
it's the right way. but it's a good way to exercise the idea.
well, thanks anyway.


		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Albert D. Cahalan]

imel96@trustix.co. writes:

> i wrote somewhere that it was my mistake to call it single-user when i
> mean all user has the same root cap, and reduce "user" (account) to
> "profile".

Seen this way it makes a tad more sense:

1. you and your spouse share the computer
2. you have different shells, mail folders, etc.
3. both of you are too lazy to use su or sudo

It isn't really bright having UID 0 have properties that can't
sanely be granted to other UIDs. Sure, we have the capability
bits, but just try using them. On the "would be nice" list goes
the ability to grant capabilities to a user, and the Novell-like
ability to grant one user complete access to the files of
another user without mucking with the permission bits on disk.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Rasmus Bøg Hansen]

On Thu, 26 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

>
> On Thu, 26 Apr 2001, [iso-8859-1] Rasmus Bøg Hansen wrote:
> > > i'd be happy to accept proof that multi-user is a solution for
> > > clueless user, not because it's proven on servers. but because it is
> > > a solution by definition.
> >
> > Let's turn the question the other way. It's you trying to convince
> > us, that everyone needs root access. What does a clueless user need root
> > access for?
>
> what work around what? right now it's the kernel who thinks that root
> is special, and applications work around that because there's a
> division of super-user and plain user. is that a must?

Basically yes. But if you do not want _any_ security - you can drop it.
I started using Linux (and unix in general) in '96 (thanks Linus). And
now - feelin like an experienced linux (unix) user I feel more like
ever, I do _not_ want to be root

You do not understand the unix security aspects. You do not want unix
security and do not want unix. Then stop using it. People from redmond
allow you to trash your system without any special effort.

Stop bugging us. Have you noticed you never got response from Linus? He
is probably still laughing (or feeling pissed off) - Stop trashing his
(good) work, I know he is not the only one (I thank every Linux
developer)... Did you ever realize, that the unix security model hasn't
changed radically for 30 years? Beacause what? It is (opposite your
patch) mostly good.

> it's trivial to say that in multi-user system, one user shall not mess
> with other user. in multi-process, a process shall not mess with other
> process.

Ok. If you want to fuck up other people's processes, do it. Kill init
and get strange panics. If you want to crash other people's work, do
it. But begone from _my_ box!!!! Go to a bar and get drunk (as you do
not seem to have anything better to use your time for),.

> but when it comes to a computer which only has one user, why would
> it stop a user. because the kernel thinks it isn't right? if he
> felt like killing random process, which is owned by other than the
> user, is it a wrong thing to do? he owns the computer, he may do
> anything he wants.

Yeah. If he wants to do that he logs in as root. 'killall -1'? 'dd
if=/dev/zero of=/dev/kcore'. Yeah, crash your computer if you want. But
the 'clueless user does not want to'!

> and i'm not even trying to convince anyone. communicating is
> closer.

Who are you not trying to convince? You propose a patch - you try to
convince us to drop the unix secuity model...

> > And if you really want everybody to have access to all files, you can
> > just do a 'chmod 777 /'. Perhaps set it up as a cronjob to run daily?
>
> > Besides you write, that a distro shipping single-user is evil. So you
> > want the clueless user to recompile his own kernel to enable single-user
>
> iff that distro starts up daemons.

Or the user starts up daemons. He has root privileges after all.

> > mode (why do at all call it 'single-user' when you still have different
>
> i wrote somewhere that it was my mistake to call it single-user when i
> mean all user has the same root cap, and reduce "user" (account) to
> "profile".

Ok. My mistake. You want to use 'user profiles' but not use the
advantages...

You don't have to. You can use Windows if you want to. You can just use
root. As long as you do not hack /sbin/login or xdm, you will still have
to type login/password - no win, no gain.

If it wasn't for the nips, being so good at bulding ships
the yards would still be open in the clyde

get out to a war and get shot!

Rasmus

-- 
-- [ Rasmus 'Møffe' Bøg Hansen ] --------------------------------------
I don't suffer from insanity, i enjoy every minute of it!
--------------------------------- [ moffe at amagerkollegiet dot dk ] -

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Ian Stirling]

> 
> On Thu, 26 Apr 2001, Ian Stirling wrote:
> 
> > Also, there is another reason.
> > If you'r logged in as root, then any exploitable bug in large programs,
> > be it netscape, realplayer, wine, vmware, ... means that the
> > cracker owns your machine.
<snip>
> Heh. You receive all your email on your root account?

Nope. 
For historical reasons (I gave out this address before I started using
linux) and mail to root here does not actually go to root.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Pavel Machek]

Hi!

> > > What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> > > bash" value?
> > 
> > I don't really want to get into it at the moment, but imagine hacking
> > netfilter without lugging a laptop around. PDA's are sleek and cool,
> > and using UNIX on them lets you write shell scripts to sort your
> > addresses and stuff like that. Basically it's everything that's cool
> > about Unix as a workstation OS scaled down to PDA-size.
> 
> True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
> tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling

So you telnet to your PDA from some real machine. And you don't need
to write C code in order for unix environment to be usable. 50% of
unix users I know use it for pine/mutt emacs/vi talk/irc/mud kind of
stuff.

> Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.
> Hrmz.

How many hours? I'd say less than minute. In todays PDAs, 80MHz mips
cpu is *slow*.
								Pavel
-- 
I'm pavel@ucw.cz. "In my country we have almost anarchy and I don't care."
Panos Katsaloulis describing me w.r.t. patents at discuss@linmodems.org

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Pavel Machek]

Hi!

> > OK. "time make bzImage". Of course, mine's really slow (and I will consider
> > myself publically humiliated if my only Linux machine is beaten on a kernel
> > compile by an iPAQ). I 'spose, if it only goes into suspend, the ability to
> > write "uptime" on it constitutes a walking penis extension after a while?
> 
> When I first started I compiled my linux kernels on a 386 dx with 8 mb ram
> heh.  I think a lot of the current PDAs are faster.

My pocket computer is 40MHz mips r3902, likely faster than your
386dx. That's 3 years old. Anything you can buy today is at least
twice as fast. [hell, I saw 8MB ram 2MB flash 80MHz mips machine in
size of palm for $100 (vtech helio) -- I'll tell you where to buy it
when you ask.]
								Pavel
-- 
I'm pavel@ucw.cz. "In my country we have almost anarchy and I don't care."
Panos Katsaloulis describing me w.r.t. patents at discuss@linmodems.org

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mohammad A. Haque]

On Thu, 26 Apr 2001, Ian Stirling wrote:

> Also, there is another reason.
> If you'r logged in as root, then any exploitable bug in large programs,
> be it netscape, realplayer, wine, vmware, ... means that the
> cracker owns your machine.
> If they are not, then the cracker has to go through another significant
> hoop, in order to get access to the machine.
> For optimal security, you can do things like running netscape and other
> apps under unpriveledged users, where they only have access to their own
> files.
>
> (Note, netscape/.. are just used as examples, I'm not saying they are
> more buggy than others, just large, and hard to get bug-free)
>

Heh. You receive all your email on your root account?


-- 

=====================================================================
Mohammad A. Haque                              http://www.haque.net/
                                               mhaque@haque.net

  "Alcohol and calculus don't mix.             Project Lead
   Don't drink and derive." --Unknown          http://wm.themes.org/
                                               batmanppc@themes.org
=====================================================================

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Pavel Machek]

Hi!

> > > Since when, did mobile phones == computers?
> > 
> > read the news! i'm programming nokia 9210 with c++, is that
> > computer enough?
> 
> Aah. I see. Where was this? I never saw it.

9210 has qwerty keyboard.

> > i bet if you programmed one, you'd wish you have posix
> > interface.
> 
> That may be so, so hack up your own OS. It's a MOBILE PHONE, it needs to be
> absolutely *rock solid*. Look at the 5110, that's just about perfect. The
> 7110, on the other hand ...

And point is?

> > > > that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
> > > > because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
> > > > us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.
> > >
> > > So, let them stay in Win95. They don't *need* NT.
> > 
> > and how's stability, speed, etc. they read. is there a linux
> > advocate around here?
> 
> There are Linux advocates, but I'd say most of us are sane enough to use the
> right-tool-for-the-job approach. And UNIX on a phone is pure
> overkill.

Is it? Let's see.

You want your mobile phone to read mail. That's SMTP. Oh, and SMTP
needs to run over something. That's TCP/IP over PPP or SLIP. Oh and
you want web access. Add HTTP to the list.

[above is reasonable even for "normal" mobile phone; those below
require keyboard]

You'd like to ssh from your mobile phone. Add ssh. You'd like to ssh
*to* your mobile phone, because it keyboard sucks. That sshd. You'd
like to be able to let others to play games on your mobile phone, oh
that means multiuser mode.

You see? Linux has much stuff you'll need.

> > okay, it wouldn't cost me. but it surely easier if everybody used
> > linux, so i could put my ext2 disk everywhere i want.
> >
> > hey, it's obvious that it's not for a server!
> > i try to point out a problem for people not on this list, don't
> > work around that problem.
> 
> Your sister won't notice much advantage. Linux on a workstation actually has
> *disadvantages* (unfamiliar interface, unintuitive same, etc), as opposed to
> 'Doze on a workstation. Sure it's more stable, and the tiniest bit faster,
> but what's that really matter to your sister, if she can't even figure out
> how to use it?

My brother is 10 and he uses suse7.2 installation just fine. He likes
it more than windoze 2000 (I deleted) because there are more games in
kde than in windows. [I'd prefer gnome.]

> -d, who owns a 7110 and can lock it solid, or get it to do funny resetting
> tricks, at least once every 2 days

Hmm, maybe your 7110 needs memory protection so that runaway calendar
can not hurt basic functions? ;-).
								Pavel
-- 
I'm pavel@ucw.cz. "In my country we have almost anarchy and I don't care."
Panos Katsaloulis describing me w.r.t. patents at discuss@linmodems.org

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[John Cavan]

On Thu, 26 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> you're right, we could do it in more than one way. like copying
> with mcopy without mounting a fat disk. the question is where to put it.
> why we do it is an important thing.
> taking place as a clueless user, i think i should be able to do anything.
> i'd be happy to accept proof that multi-user is a solution for
> clueless user, not because it's proven on servers. but because it is
> a solution by definition.
> 

I think you have it backwards here, given that Linux works one way and you
want it to work another. Basically, I would suggest that it is up to you
to prove that multi-user is NOT a solution for "clueless" user, especially
given that there have been a number of suggestions on how to do it without
changing the kernel or even changing software.

If you can't prove the case, I rather suspect that your patch won't make
it. Don't feel bad though, I've yet to get one through either. :o)

John

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Ian Stirling]

> 
> 
> On Thursday, April 26, 2001, at 07:03 AM, <imel96@trustix.co.id> wrote:
> > he owns the computer, he may do anything he wants.
<snip>
> Any OS worth its weight in silicon will make a distinction between 
> blessed and unblessed users.  It can be phrased in different ways -- 
> root vs. non-root, admin vs. non-admin.  But no one should EVER log in 
> to a machine as root.  Period. (1)

Also, there is another reason.
If you'r logged in as root, then any exploitable bug in large programs,
be it netscape, realplayer, wine, vmware, ... means that the 
cracker owns your machine.
If they are not, then the cracker has to go through another significant
hoop, in order to get access to the machine.
For optimal security, you can do things like running netscape and other 
apps under unpriveledged users, where they only have access to their own
files.

(Note, netscape/.. are just used as examples, I'm not saying they are
more buggy than others, just large, and hard to get bug-free)

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Stephen Satchell]

At 09:03 PM 4/26/01 +0700, you wrote:
>right now it's the kernel who thinks that root
>is special, and applications work around that because there's a
>division of super-user and plain user. is that a must?

Short answer:  Yes.

Long answer:  The division is artificial, but is absolutely necessary for 
administration of a Unix-type system.  For example, when the process 
currently running is not running as a "superuser" process, the process 
cannot run resources down to absolute zero -- think disk allocation.  This 
means that the administrator (who may be the same person as the "user") has 
a chance of being able to recover from a runaway process gracefully by 
being able to go in and kill that process before the whole system lays down 
and dies.

Ever watch what happens when Windows runs out of "swap space" because the 
swap file can't get any space?  Ever try to recover from it?  Make damn 
sure you have the non-upgrade CD around when you try this.  Even more 
important, make sure you have multiple back-ups when you try this.

The whole point of "user" and "superuser" is that when the user does 
something stupid or careless or even malicious, the superuser can bail the 
system out.  You don't usually work in superuser mode, and programs that 
don't need superuser access don't get it.

Humans make mistakes a number of orders of magnitude more often than 
computers do.  The barrier helps minimize the damage.

Satch

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Ken Brownfield]

On Thursday, April 26, 2001, at 07:03 AM, <imel96@trustix.co.id> wrote:
> he owns the computer, he may do anything he wants.

This sentence really stood out for me, and implies a profound lack of 
understanding of multi-user machines.  No offense intended.

I've been a Unix admin for over ten years, and I like to think that I 
know my way around pretty well.  But I do not and will NEVER log in to a 
machine as root to do work.  I am the only user of my MacOS X laptop and 
home Linux boxes, and I still have my own personal login on all of 
them.  What's at issue is not ownership or trust, but one of 
accountability and safety.

Any OS worth its weight in silicon will make a distinction between 
blessed and unblessed users.  It can be phrased in different ways -- 
root vs. non-root, admin vs. non-admin.  But no one should EVER log in 
to a machine as root.  Period. (1)

Multi-user/modern operating systems exist precisely to destroy the fatal 
flaw that you are attempting to reintroduce.  Users should have reduced 
privileges during normal use, and conditional privilege on demand.  Safe 
from User Error and no less functional on GUI-based systems.

People keep saying this, but I'll say it again.  This can easily be done 
in user-space.  This HAS been done.  Many times.  Well.  It's possible 
to put a user in privileged mode automatically, but I'm not convinced 
that an extra prompt to go into privileged mode is a bad thing from a 
usability standpoint.

So it doesn't need to be in the kernel.  And why put it there if it 
doesn't need to be?  Even if it's off by default, it's bloat.  And 
dangerous, conceptually flawed bloat that can't be disabled with 
'chkconfig' or 'rpm -e'.  And how many people will use it?  And should 
the kernel group allow them to from an out-of-box kernel?  As I 
understand it, part of the responsibility of the maintainers is to 
maintain a conceptually focused kernel.  There's nothing preventing you 
from distributing your patch, but inserting this into "the" kernel seems 
unacceptable IMVHO.

I think we understand the "why" of your patch, but I think you need to 
elucidate further on how the ends justify the means.

Sorry to kick a dead horse,
--
Ken.
brownfld@irridia.com

(1) Except for gnarly testbed/admin machines, etc. etc.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

[-- Warning: decoded text below may be mangled, UTF-8 assumed --]
[-- Attachment #1: Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=X-UNKNOWN, Size: 1655 bytes --]


On Thu, 26 Apr 2001, [iso-8859-1] Rasmus Bøg Hansen wrote:
> > i'd be happy to accept proof that multi-user is a solution for
> > clueless user, not because it's proven on servers. but because it is
> > a solution by definition.
>
> Let's turn the question the other way. It's you trying to convince
> us, that everyone needs root access. What does a clueless user need root
> access for?

what work around what? right now it's the kernel who thinks that root
is special, and applications work around that because there's a
division of super-user and plain user. is that a must?
it's trivial to say that in multi-user system, one user shall not mess
with other user. in multi-process, a process shall not mess with other
process.
but when it comes to a computer which only has one user, why would
it stop a user. because the kernel thinks it isn't right? if he
felt like killing random process, which is owned by other than the
user, is it a wrong thing to do? he owns the computer, he may do
anything he wants.

and i'm not even trying to convince anyone. communicating is
closer.

>
> And if you really want everybody to have access to all files, you can
> just do a 'chmod 777 /'. Perhaps set it up as a cronjob to run daily?
>

> Besides you write, that a distro shipping single-user is evil. So you
> want the clueless user to recompile his own kernel to enable single-user

iff that distro starts up daemons.


> mode (why do at all call it 'single-user' when you still have different

i wrote somewhere that it was my mistake to call it single-user when i
mean all user has the same root cap, and reduce "user" (account) to
"profile".


		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Ronald Bultje]

On 2001.04.26 13:31:54 +0200 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> On Thu, 26 Apr 2001, Helge Hafting wrote:
> > The linux kernel ought to be flexible, so most people can use
> > it as-is.  It can be used as-is for your purpose, and
> > it have been shown that this offer more security _without_
> > inconvenience.  Your patch however removes multi-user security
> > for the many who needs it - that's why it never will get accepted.
> > Feel free to run your own patched kernels - but your
> > patch will never make it here.
> 
> i don't understand, that patch is configurable with 'n' as
> default, marked "dangerous". so somebody who turned on that
> option must be know what he's doing, doesn't understand english,
> or has a broken monitor.

I can make a virus, patch the kernel and send it in, with a 'N' by default.
But what is the use of this? Do you think this will be implemented???

Your thing is as dangerous as a virus, basically. It gives root to
everyone, although they have separate UIDs. And whenever there is a way out
(i.e. surfing the web, reading mail), there is a way in. So that would make
your system a very nice target to hack -> since you basically are root this
means they can change anything as soon as they have access. If you're not
root, they can't, since they can only do what you as a user can do.
The whole goal of your patch is to make computer life easier. This patch
doesn't do that - it goes far worse. We gave you a few suggestions on
better/easier ways to accomplish this goal - take them as advice and use
them instead.

Easy: chmod -R 777 / (same risk, though)
Good: use su for installing software (su -c "make install")

Can't get much easier than that (and if a clueless user needs to do this,
let him use redhat's RPM manager, "enter your password" with a nice
X-window, and press that button  "install" - same effect)...

You don't need to patch the kernel for this...

--
Ronald Bultje

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mohammad A. Haque]

David Weinehall wrote:
> So do us all a favour, send this patch to Linus. I'd give you a 1/10 chance
> of getting a reply at all, and a 1/100000000000000 that the answer won't
> be along the terms of "No way in hell, never!" (possibly worded a bit
> different.) If you don't get any response in say a week or so, just give
> up.

Amusing thing is that he did CC Linus on the patch and Linus hasn't said
a peep. I bet Linus laughed his ass off as he deleted the message
bit-by-bit.

-- 

=====================================================================
Mohammad A. Haque                              http://www.haque.net/ 
                                               mhaque@haque.net

  "Alcohol and calculus don't mix.             Project Lead
   Don't drink and derive." --Unknown          http://wm.themes.org/
                                               batmanppc@themes.org
=====================================================================

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Rasmus Bøg Hansen]

> taking place as a clueless user, i think i should be able to do anything.

Yeah, I thought so when I started using Linux. I stopped thinking so,
when I accidentally blew up the FS on my datadrive and lost
nearly _everything_ I had written for 2 years...

> i'd be happy to accept proof that multi-user is a solution for
> clueless user, not because it's proven on servers. but because it is
> a solution by definition.

Let's turn the question the other way. It's you trying to convince
us, that everyone needs root access. What does a clueless user need root
access for?

Programming - no.
Writing documents - no.
Surfing the web - no.
Reading email - no.
Installing kernels - yes (but a clueless user won't do this).
Running viruses, that blow up the entire system - yes.
Installing software - yes. But how often do you do that? And is the 'su'
   really so hard to remember?


If you really want to have different uids, why not hack xdm/login to
autologin. And when it autologins to a specific user, why do you want
different id's?

And if you really want everybody to have access to all files, you can
just do a 'chmod 777 /'. Perhaps set it up as a cronjob to run daily?

Besides you write, that a distro shipping single-user is evil. So you
want the clueless user to recompile his own kernel to enable single-user
mode (why do at all call it 'single-user' when you still have different
ID's?)... The clueless user probably does not even know what the kernel
is - and then have to recompile it...

Rasmus

-- 
-- [ Rasmus 'Møffe' Bøg Hansen ] --------------------------------------
if (getenv(EDITOR) == "vim") {karma++};
--------------------------------- [ moffe at amagerkollegiet dot dk ] -

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mohammad A. Haque]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> i'd be happy to accept proof that multi-user is a solution for
> clueless user, not because it's proven on servers. but because it is
> a solution by definition.

Clueless user deletes files critical to running the system. '!@#$% Why
can't I boot. Oh my gosh!! Linux sucks!'

-- 

=====================================================================
Mohammad A. Haque                              http://www.haque.net/ 
                                               mhaque@haque.net

  "Alcohol and calculus don't mix.             Project Lead
   Don't drink and derive." --Unknown          http://wm.themes.org/
                                               batmanppc@themes.org
=====================================================================

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[David Weinehall]

On Thu, Apr 26, 2001 at 07:11:24PM +0700, imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> 
> On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, John Cavan wrote:
> 
> > Several distributions (Red Hat and Mandrake certainly) offer auto-login
> > tools. In conjunction with those tools, take the approach that Apple
> > used with OS X and setup "sudo" for administrative tasks on the machine.
> > This allows the end user to generally administer the machine without all
> > the need to hack the kernel, modify login, operate as root, etc. You can
> > even restrict their actions with it and log what they do.
> >
> > In the end though, I really don't see the big deal with having a root
> > user for general home use. Even traditionally stand-alone operating
> >
> 
> you're right, we could do it in more than one way. like copying
> with mcopy without mounting a fat disk. the question is where to put it.
> why we do it is an important thing.
> taking place as a clueless user, i think i should be able to do anything.
> i'd be happy to accept proof that multi-user is a solution for
> clueless user, not because it's proven on servers. but because it is
> a solution by definition.

Look, all of this is VERY simple. There is only one single person you
have to convince to get this into the kernel. And you DO have to convince
him, because no matter how many others you try to force this upon, nothing
gets into the kernel without the consent of the almighty penguin.

So do us all a favour, send this patch to Linus. I'd give you a 1/10 chance
of getting a reply at all, and a 1/100000000000000 that the answer won't
be along the terms of "No way in hell, never!" (possibly worded a bit
different.) If you don't get any response in say a week or so, just give
up.


/David Weinehall
  _                                                                 _
 // David Weinehall <tao@acc.umu.se> /> Northern lights wander      \\
//  Project MCA Linux hacker        //  Dance across the winter sky //
\>  http://www.acc.umu.se/~tao/    </   Full colour fire           </

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, John Cavan wrote:

> Several distributions (Red Hat and Mandrake certainly) offer auto-login
> tools. In conjunction with those tools, take the approach that Apple
> used with OS X and setup "sudo" for administrative tasks on the machine.
> This allows the end user to generally administer the machine without all
> the need to hack the kernel, modify login, operate as root, etc. You can
> even restrict their actions with it and log what they do.
>
> In the end though, I really don't see the big deal with having a root
> user for general home use. Even traditionally stand-alone operating
>

you're right, we could do it in more than one way. like copying
with mcopy without mounting a fat disk. the question is where to put it.
why we do it is an important thing.
taking place as a clueless user, i think i should be able to do anything.
i'd be happy to accept proof that multi-user is a solution for
clueless user, not because it's proven on servers. but because it is
a solution by definition.



		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

On Thu, 26 Apr 2001, Helge Hafting wrote:
> The linux kernel ought to be flexible, so most people can use
> it as-is.  It can be used as-is for your purpose, and
> it have been shown that this offer more security _without_
> inconvenience.  Your patch however removes multi-user security
> for the many who needs it - that's why it never will get accepted.
> Feel free to run your own patched kernels - but your
> patch will never make it here.

i don't understand, that patch is configurable with 'n' as
default, marked "dangerous". so somebody who turned on that
option must be know what he's doing, doesn't understand english,
or has a broken monitor.


> If you really want optimization, remove all security instead of
> merely killing a few basic tests.

those tests responsible for almost all EACCESS & EPERM.


> The notebook user might not care or understand about
> multi-user security, but it is still useful.  The user
> have several daemons running that he don't know about,
> they were installed by the distribution.
> The security system can protect files from buggy
> or cracked daemons.

must be a devil cursed distro, distributing "single-user"
kernel with live daemons. a division of redmon?

> And protecting the
> configuration (and essential stuff like the user's GUI) from
> being deleted by user accident is still a good thing.
>
> The user who don't need password security can still have a "safe"
> SUID admin program for necessary tasks like changing the
> dialup phone number even though it resides in a protected
> file.  So you definitely want the protection system, even
> in a "personal" appliance running linux.  Because it
> protects against stupid mistakes like experimenting
> with editing files in the /etc directory on the notebook with
> a word processor.  Users don't understand why saving in
> word processor format might be bad....

hmm, the other thing i hate is policy. ever consider that
you're talking policy? maybe reboot() should sync() first?


> A notebook is a particularly bad example.  Those with notebooks
> might not want to use passwords all the time, but it is
> very convenient if you have to leave a notebook with sensitive data
> with someone you don't trust.  Business secrets or something
> as simple as a diary.  This kind of users can be logged in
> all the time, mostly avoiding passwords.  And log out
> in those few cases they need to leave the machine in
> unsafe places.

and that someone who had the notebook can't access sensitive
data without a passwd?
that's what i'm trying to say. if you carried your server,
and leave it in unsafe places, why would anybody try to crack
it? just get the harddisks put it in another computer, voila.
so much for security.


> > - linux is stable not only because security.
> Sure, but security definitely adds to its stability.

i don't know what you mean by stability. if you meant
linux can run a year without a reboot, what security
has anything to do with stability? the kernel is stable,
yes, do we here linux server got cracked yes, it's still
stable though.


> > - with that patch, people will still have authentication.
> >   so ssh for example, will still prevent illegal access, if
> Nope.  Someone ssh'ing into your system still
> cannot guess someone elses password.  They can log in
> into their own account though, and abuse other
> users accounts or the machine configuration because
> there is no protection.  Unprotected accounts only means
> you get your own account _by default_, you have the
> power to trash all the others.  A malicious user could
> even change the other users passwords and re-enable the
> security system so they loose.

i didn't disable password! if someone got into a personal
machine through ssh by guessing, most likely that account
is the owner's. who else?


>
> >   you had an exploit you're screwed up anyway.
> Many exploits are limited.  Cracking a damenon running
> as "nobody" or some daemon user may not be all that
> satisfying - you might be unable to take over the machine.
> An exploit doesn't necessarily give root access.

that line was still about ssh. besides, if someone would
run a server for the world, then he must had drain bamage.

> You get a lot of opinions.  Don't mistake them for flames
> just because they disagree with everything you say.

you haven't seen my inbox.


> Multi-user security is useful for much more than server use.
> A good "personal" setup includes at least 3 users:
> * root - for administration
> * the user - for running the programs the user himself use.
>   I.e. the word processor on a notebook, the user inteface
>   on a linux phone, and so on.
> * a nobody user, for safer daemons.  If any kind of daemon
>   is used at all.  Surprisingly many appliances might
>   run a daemon - a snmp daemon, or a webserver serving
>   the same purpose (So your can check your home
>   appliance from work perhaps)

but think about the idea of multi-user. it means protection
for the system and other users. that's a typical server needs.

and how about notebook? i can see that it need authentication
to use the system. does the user need to be protected from
other users? there's nobody else. well, maybe, like we all
used to, that user needed to protect him from himself.

so, system authentication is needed for both single-user and
multi-user. (let alone physical access)
user account authentication is certainly not needed for single-
user case.


> Of course passwords can be skipped - maybe you don't worry
> about guests messing up your phone settings.  Still, a buggy
> phone program shouldn't mess up other things.  You don't want
> the browser on those fancy web-enabled cellphones to
> accidentally delete the address book due to some oddball
> bug or exploit.

and you're hoping program with root suid will run perfectly?

> You don't want the performance _or_ less memory used.  Why then do
> you want to optimize away the security system instead of merely
> changing the userspace configuration a bit?
>
> If you optimize away security then you probably want to
> optimize away things like "login" as they are useless anyway
> with such a kernel.  Much simpler to remove only "login"
> then.

i wish it was only "a bit". what i want is to have all process
flags have PF_SUPERPRIV, but users still own their own uid.
doing it in userspace means i had to change this login, my
friend had to change that login, maybe this shell, that shell...

that's my setup. i still use login, so only those who i trust
can use my machine, yes my trusted user can do anything, but
hey it isn't a server. it's a workstation.



		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Helge Hafting]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

> so when everybody suggested playing with login, getty, etc.
> i know you have got the wrong idea. if i wanted to play
> on user space, i'd rather use capset() to set all users
> capability to "all cap". that's the perfect equivalent.
> 
The linux kernel ought to be flexible, so most people can use
it as-is.  It can be used as-is for your purpose, and
it have been shown that this offer more security _without_
inconvenience.  Your patch however removes multi-user security
for the many who needs it - that's why it never will get accepted.
Feel free to run your own patched kernels - but your
patch will never make it here.

> so the user space solution (capset()) works, but then came
> the idea to optimize away. that's what blow everybody up.
> don't get me wrong, i always agree with rik farrow when he
> wrote in ;login: that we should build software with security
> in mind.
> 
If you really want optimization, remove all security instead of
merely killing a few basic tests.

> but i also hate bloat. lets not go to arm devices, how about
> a notebook. it's a personal thing, naturally to people who
> doesn't know about computer, personal doesn't go with multi
> user. by that i mean user with different capabilities, not
> different persons.
The notebook user might not care or understand about 
multi-user security, but it is still useful.  The user
have several daemons running that he don't know about,
they were installed by the distribution. 
The security system can protect files from buggy
or cracked daemons.

And protecting the
configuration (and essential stuff like the user's GUI) from
being deleted by user accident is still a good thing.  

The user who don't need password security can still have a "safe"
SUID admin program for necessary tasks like changing the
dialup phone number even though it resides in a protected
file.  So you definitely want the protection system, even
in a "personal" appliance running linux.  Because it
protects against stupid mistakes like experimenting
with editing files in the /etc directory on the notebook with
a word processor.  Users don't understand why saving in
word processor format might be bad....

A notebook is a particularly bad example.  Those with notebooks
might not want to use passwords all the time, but it is
very convenient if you have to leave a notebook with sensitive data
with someone you don't trust.  Business secrets or something
as simple as a diary.  This kind of users can be logged in
all the time, mostly avoiding passwords.  And log out
in those few cases they need to leave the machine in
unsafe places.


> 
> i haven't catch up with all my mails, but my response to
> some:
> - linux is stable not only because security.
Sure, but security definitely adds to its stability.
Instead of nuking it all, just remove what bothers you.
The security system has plenty to offer even when you
skip the password part.

> - linux was designed for multi-user, dos f.eks. is designed
>   for personal use, so does epoc, palmos, mac, etc.
> - i even use plan9 with kfs restrictions disabled sometimes,
>   cause i don't have cpu server, auth server, etc.

> - with that patch, people will still have authentication.
>   so ssh for example, will still prevent illegal access, if
Nope.  Someone ssh'ing into your system still
cannot guess someone elses password.  They can log in 
into their own account though, and abuse other
users accounts or the machine configuration because
there is no protection.  Unprotected accounts only means
you get your own account _by default_, you have the
power to trash all the others.  A malicious user could
even change the other users passwords and re-enable the
security system so they loose.

>   you had an exploit you're screwed up anyway.
Many exploits are limited.  Cracking a damenon running
as "nobody" or some daemon user may not be all that
satisfying - you might be unable to take over the machine.
An exploit doesn't necessarily give root access.

> so i guess i deserve opinions instead of flames. the
You get a lot of opinions.  Don't mistake them for flames
just because they disagree with everything you say.

> approach is from personal use, not the usual server use.
> if you think a server setup is best for all use just say so,
> i'm listening.
Multi-user security is useful for much more than server use.
A good "personal" setup includes at least 3 users:
* root - for administration
* the user - for running the programs the user himself use.
  I.e. the word processor on a notebook, the user inteface
  on a linux phone, and so on.
* a nobody user, for safer daemons.  If any kind of daemon
  is used at all.  Surprisingly many appliances might
  run a daemon - a snmp daemon, or a webserver serving
  the same purpose (So your can check your home 
  appliance from work perhaps)

Of course passwords can be skipped - maybe you don't worry
about guests messing up your phone settings.  Still, a buggy
phone program shouldn't mess up other things.  You don't want
the browser on those fancy web-enabled cellphones to
accidentally delete the address book due to some oddball
bug or exploit. 
 
> i did say it clearly that i have other changes which i know
> won't be a clean patch (too many #ifdefs). f.eks. on my
> computer i didn't even compile user.c in, i don't have
> user_struct. filesystem and vfs code are affected by that
> patch already. memory access is important of course.
> 
> > Then you can try to show a measurable performance
> difference.
> 
> nah, performance was never my consideration. i do save about
> 3kb from my zImage, but i'm not interested.

You don't want the performance _or_ less memory used.  Why then do
you want to optimize away the security system instead of merely
changing the userspace configuration a bit?  

If you optimize away security then you probably want to
optimize away things like "login" as they are useless anyway
with such a kernel.  Much simpler to remove only "login"
then.

Helge Hafting

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[John Cavan]

On Wed, 25 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> so i guess i deserve opinions instead of flames. the
> approach is from personal use, not the usual server use.
> if you think a server setup is best for all use just say so,
> i'm listening.

Several distributions (Red Hat and Mandrake certainly) offer auto-login
tools. In conjunction with those tools, take the approach that Apple
used with OS X and setup "sudo" for administrative tasks on the machine.
This allows the end user to generally administer the machine without all
the need to hack the kernel, modify login, operate as root, etc. You can
even restrict their actions with it and log what they do.

In the end though, I really don't see the big deal with having a root
user for general home use. Even traditionally stand-alone operating
systems have gone to this model (Mac OS X) or are heading that way fast
(Windows XP). There are always ways to configure permissions, and even
in a stand-alone environment it's always better to protect against
accidental deletion of system critical files. In other words, the
benefits vastly outweigh the minor inconvenience.

John

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Jesse Pollard]

---------  Received message begins Here  ---------

> 
> On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, Rick Hohensee wrote:
> 
> > imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> > > for those who didn't read that patch, i #define capable(),
> > > suser(), and fsuser() to 1. the implication is all users
> > > will have root capabilities.
> >
> > How is that not single user?
> 
> Every user still has it's own account, means profile etc.

Until some user removes all the other users....
Or reads the other users mail....
Or changes the other users configuration....

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Jesse I Pollard, II
Email: pollard@navo.hpc.mil

Any opinions expressed are solely my own.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Markus Schaber]

On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, Rick Hohensee wrote:

> imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> > for those who didn't read that patch, i #define capable(),
> > suser(), and fsuser() to 1. the implication is all users
> > will have root capabilities.
>
> How is that not single user?

Every user still has it's own account, means profile etc.


Gruß,
Markus
-- 
| Gluecklich ist, wer vergisst, was nicht aus ihm geworden ist.
+---------------------------------------.     ,---------------->
http://www.uni-ulm.de/~s_mschab/         \   /
mailto:markus.schaber@student.uni-ulm.de  \_/

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Rick Hohensee]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> for those who didn't read that patch, i #define capable(),
> suser(), and fsuser() to 1. the implication is all users
> will have root capabilities.

How is that not single user?

I have been doing single-user oriented Linux/GNU/unix longer than anyone
I'm aware of with exactly that focus. The one trivial patch I do to the
kernel disgusts the core Linux developers for reasons unrelated to single
user.  cLIeNUX boots with 12 vt's logging in already as root. No kernel
molestation. (But stay tuned ;o) Rather than me contributing further to
the topic-skew, please have a browse at

	www.clienux.com


Rick Hohensee
cLIeNUX user 0

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Jonathan Lundell]

At 8:45 AM +0100 2001-04-25, Alan Cox wrote:
> > True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
>> tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling
>> Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.
>
>Usual misguided assumptions
>
>1.	Many PDA's have a keyboard
>2.	The ipaq has an optional fold up keyboard
>3.	Modern PDA's have 200Mhz processors and XScale will see some of them
>	hitting 600MHz+

4. Linux is only ever used for developing Linux kernels. Or, under extreme circumstances, Linux apps.
-- 
/Jonathan Lundell.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Jordan Crouse]

So, are you saying, right now in front of the whole community, that you only 
use Linux because you can develop on it?  That if it wasn't for GCC you would 
be playing Minesweeper right now?  

I know thats not what you are saying, but thats how you come across.  We 
always tell everybody who would listen that Linux can hold its own as an 
operating system.  Not just because the code is open, and not just for the 
development environment.  Linux can hold its own because it is *good*.  Not 
perfect (there is no perfect operating system), but when you put it against 
its peers, it rises to the top (<bigotry>along with its other unix 
cousins</bigotry>). 

So why wouldn't linux be ideal for an embedded situation.  Why wouldn't an 
open MP3 player be a better option that Media Player?  We can't we use the 
security, stability and power of Linux for a a suite of PIMs and Doom?I

Be proud of your operating system - you have 32 bits of multitasking power 
and stability, and you can fit it into 512K.  Lets see Redmond try that!

Jordan
  
On Tuesday 24 April 2001 18:32, Daniel Stone mentioned:
> On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 05:20:27PM -0700, Aaron Lehmann wrote:
> > On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:07:48AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > > What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm
> > > using bash" value?
> >
> > I don't really want to get into it at the moment, but imagine hacking
> > netfilter without lugging a laptop around. PDA's are sleek and cool,
> > and using UNIX on them lets you write shell scripts to sort your
> > addresses and stuff like that. Basically it's everything that's cool
> > about Unix as a workstation OS scaled down to PDA-size.
>
> True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
> tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling
> Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.
> Hrmz.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Disconnect]

On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, Ronald Bultje did have cause to say:

> Who says it needs to compile? Who says it needs software installed? Who
> says it needs to run the software itself?

My current project (and I'm just waiting for nfs and wvlan_cs to stabalize
on ARM before putting the final touches on it) is an ipaq nfsrooted to a
Debian image, over the wireless lan.  Works like a champ, and it -does-
compile stuff reasonably fast (well, reasonably fast considering the data
is all on the far side of 11M/sec wireless.)  My kit is mostly portable as
well, since the nfs server is on the libretto and runs just fine in my
backpack ;)

The next step is bludgeoning debian-arm into not running 50-100 little
servers I don't need on my PIM.  But that may be the function of a
task-nfs-ipaq package or some such.

So far -multiuser- linux on PIMs ("true" linux, with X, etc, as distinct
from pocketlinux/qpe/etc, which are a different animal in this case) is
almost there.  Web browsers are coming along nicely (and remote-X netscape
is usable, although barely) and there are several nice imap clients. (and
input methods ranging from a handwriting system to a little onscreen
keyboard, if you are in a situation where an external keyboard is not
feasable.)

---
-----BEGIN GEEK CODE BLOCK-----
Version: 3.1 [www.ebb.org/ungeek]
GIT/CC/CM/AT d--(-)@ s+:-- a-->? C++++$ ULBS*++++$ P- L+++>+++++ 
E--- W+++ N+@ o+>$ K? w--->+++++ O- M V-- PS+() PE Y+@ PGP++() t
5--- X-- R tv+@ b++++>$ DI++++ D++(+++) G++ e* h(-)* r++ y++
------END GEEK CODE BLOCK------

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mohammad A. Haque]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> for those who didn't read that patch, i #define capable(),
> suser(), and fsuser() to 1. the implication is all users
> will have root capabilities.

And this is better than just having the system auto-login as root because......?


> 
> then i tried to bring up the single user thing to hear
> opinions (not flames). and by that, i actually didn't mean
> to have users share the same uid/gid 0. i know somebody
> will need to differentiate user.
> 
> so when everybody suggested playing with login, getty, etc.
> i know you have got the wrong idea. if i wanted to play
> on user space, i'd rather use capset() to set all users
> capability to "all cap". that's the perfect equivalent.
> 
> so the user space solution (capset()) works, but then came
> the idea to optimize away. that's what blow everybody up.
> don't get me wrong, i always agree with rik farrow when he
> wrote in ;login: that we should build software with security
> in mind.
> 
> but i also hate bloat. lets not go to arm devices, how about
> a notebook. it's a personal thing, naturally to people who
> doesn't know about computer, personal doesn't go with multi
> user. by that i mean user with different capabilities, not
> different persons.
> 

So don't install any services. The security in the kernel is not even
bloat compared to some of the cruft that you can just not install.

> - with that patch, people will still have authentication.
>   so ssh for example, will still prevent illegal access, if
>   you had an exploit you're screwed up anyway.
>   sure httpd will give permission to everybody to browse
>   a computer, but i don't think a notebook need to run it.

See above.

> 
> so i guess i deserve opinions instead of flames. the
> approach is from personal use, not the usual server use.
> if you think a server setup is best for all use just say so,
> i'm listening.

I have Linux on my PowerBook. I don't have sendmail, httpd, mysql, and a
billion other 'server' processes running. Does that still make it a server?

We're not flaming (well some of us anyways). Just pointing out (loudly)
where your thinking is flawed.

> nah, performance was never my consideration. i do save about
> 3kb from my zImage, but i'm not interested.

But you just said you hate bloat. What other reason do you have for
hating bloat?


-- 

=====================================================================
Mohammad A. Haque                              http://www.haque.net/ 
                                               mhaque@haque.net

  "Alcohol and calculus don't mix.             Project Lead
   Don't drink and derive." --Unknown          http://wm.themes.org/
                                               batmanppc@themes.org
=====================================================================

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Gerhard Mack]

On Wed, 25 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

[snip]
> so i guess i deserve opinions instead of flames. the
> approach is from personal use, not the usual server use.
> if you think a server setup is best for all use just say so,
> i'm listening.
> 

Heres one.. most of the time I spend cleaning up windows machines is not
because of software problems.  Usually it's the user acidentally erasing
something or installing some program that just modified the boot files by
accident.

Protection makes the system easier not harder.  You can add SUID
aplications to preform administrative tasks such as upgrading / config and
be sure that the user won't accidentally erase the system.  

I've had users absolutely paranoid of breaking something on my systems
it's very reasuring for me to be able to point at the power switch and say
"see that? don't touch it and the sustem will be fine"

	Gerhard


--
Gerhard Mack

gmack@innerfire.net

<>< As a computer I find your faith in technology amusing.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Leonid Mamtchenkov]

Hello imel96@trustix.co.id,

Once you wrote about "Re: [PATCH] Single user linux":
> first, i think i owe you guys apology for didn't make myself
> clear, which is going harder if you irritated.
> even my subject went wrong, as the patch isn't really about
> single user (which confuse some people).
> 
> for those who didn't read that patch, i #define capable(),
> suser(), and fsuser() to 1. the implication is all users
> will have root capabilities.
> 
> then i tried to bring up the single user thing to hear
> opinions (not flames). and by that, i actually didn't mean
> to have users share the same uid/gid 0. i know somebody
> will need to differentiate user.
> 
> so when everybody suggested playing with login, getty, etc.
> i know you have got the wrong idea. if i wanted to play
> on user space, i'd rather use capset() to set all users
> capability to "all cap". that's the perfect equivalent.
> 
> so the user space solution (capset()) works, but then came
> the idea to optimize away. that's what blow everybody up.
> don't get me wrong, i always agree with rik farrow when he
> wrote in ;login: that we should build software with security
> in mind.
> 
> but i also hate bloat. lets not go to arm devices, how about
> a notebook. it's a personal thing, naturally to people who
> doesn't know about computer, personal doesn't go with multi
> user. by that i mean user with different capabilities, not
> different persons.
> 
> i haven't catch up with all my mails, but my response to
> some:
> - linux is stable not only because security.
> - linux was designed for multi-user, dos f.eks. is designed
>   for personal use, so does epoc, palmos, mac, etc.
> - i even use plan9 with kfs restrictions disabled sometimes,
>   cause i don't have cpu server, auth server, etc.
> - with that patch, people will still have authentication.
>   so ssh for example, will still prevent illegal access, if
>   you had an exploit you're screwed up anyway.
>   sure httpd will give permission to everybody to browse
>   a computer, but i don't think a notebook need to run it.
> 
> so i guess i deserve opinions instead of flames. the
> approach is from personal use, not the usual server use.
> if you think a server setup is best for all use just say so,
> i'm listening.

Then, is there any advantage over booting linux with "single" option?
LILO: linux single

-- 
 Best regards,
 Leonid Mamtchenkov
 System Administrator

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

first, i think i owe you guys apology for didn't make myself
clear, which is going harder if you irritated.
even my subject went wrong, as the patch isn't really about
single user (which confuse some people).

for those who didn't read that patch, i #define capable(),
suser(), and fsuser() to 1. the implication is all users
will have root capabilities.

then i tried to bring up the single user thing to hear
opinions (not flames). and by that, i actually didn't mean
to have users share the same uid/gid 0. i know somebody
will need to differentiate user.

so when everybody suggested playing with login, getty, etc.
i know you have got the wrong idea. if i wanted to play
on user space, i'd rather use capset() to set all users
capability to "all cap". that's the perfect equivalent.

so the user space solution (capset()) works, but then came
the idea to optimize away. that's what blow everybody up.
don't get me wrong, i always agree with rik farrow when he
wrote in ;login: that we should build software with security
in mind.

but i also hate bloat. lets not go to arm devices, how about
a notebook. it's a personal thing, naturally to people who
doesn't know about computer, personal doesn't go with multi
user. by that i mean user with different capabilities, not
different persons.

i haven't catch up with all my mails, but my response to
some:
- linux is stable not only because security.
- linux was designed for multi-user, dos f.eks. is designed
  for personal use, so does epoc, palmos, mac, etc.
- i even use plan9 with kfs restrictions disabled sometimes,
  cause i don't have cpu server, auth server, etc.
- with that patch, people will still have authentication.
  so ssh for example, will still prevent illegal access, if
  you had an exploit you're screwed up anyway.
  sure httpd will give permission to everybody to browse
  a computer, but i don't think a notebook need to run it.

so i guess i deserve opinions instead of flames. the
approach is from personal use, not the usual server use.
if you think a server setup is best for all use just say so,
i'm listening.


> It would be far more interesting to rip out all trace of 
security.
> That would include the kernel memory access checking, 
parts of the
> task struct, filesystem and VFS code, and surely much 
more.

i did say it clearly that i have other changes which i know
won't be a clean patch (too many #ifdefs). f.eks. on my
computer i didn't even compile user.c in, i don't have
user_struct. filesystem and vfs code are affected by that
patch already. memory access is important of course.

> Then you can try to show a measurable performance 
difference.

nah, performance was never my consideration. i do save about
3kb from my zImage, but i'm not interested.


imel (writing from a
webmail)

----------------------------------------------------
This email was sent using http://webmail.cbn.net.id/

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Albert D. Cahalan]

imel96@trustix.co. writes:

> i didn't change all uid/gid to 0!
> 
> why? so with that radical patch, users will still have
> uid/gid so programs know the user's profile.

So you:

1. broke security (OK, fine...)
2. didn't remove all the support for security

It would be far more interesting to rip out all trace of security.
That would include the kernel memory access checking, parts of the
task struct, filesystem and VFS code, and surely much more.

Then you can try to show a measurable performance difference.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Helge Hafting]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

> thank you very much fyi.
> if just you tried to understand it a little further:
> i didn't change all uid/gid to 0!
> 
> why? so with that radical patch, users will still have
> uid/gid so programs know the user's profile.
> 
> if everyone had 0/0 uid/gid, pine will open /var/spool/mail/root,
> etc.

So you want multi-user to distinguish users, but no login sequence 
with typing of passwords & username.  

You can have all that without changing the kernel!
Linux distributions runs things like login and getty by default,
but you don't have to do that.  

If you run linux on a device not perceived as a computer,
consider this:

1. Run whatever daemons you need as root or under daemon usernames,
depending on what privileges they need.

2. Run the user interface program (X or whatever) as a user,
not root.  No, they don't need a password for that.  Just
start it from inittab, with a wrapper program that su's to the
appropriate user without asking for passwords.

3. If the user really need root for anything, such as changing
device configuration, use a suid configuration program.  No
password needed with that approach.  You probably want
a configuration program anyway as your "dumb" users probably 
don't know how to edit files in /etc anyway.  Making 
it suid is no extra work.

Now you have both the security of linux and the ease of use of a
password-less system.  Part of linux stability comes from the
fact that ordinary users cannot do anything.  Crashing the
machine is easy as root, but an appliance user don't need
to be root for normal use.  And the special cases which need
it can be handled by suid programs that cannot do "anything",
just the purpose they are written for.

Linux is very configurable even without patching the kernel.
A general rule is that no kernel patches is accepted for
problems that are easily solvable with simple programs.

Helge Hafting

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 08:45:25AM +0100, Alan Cox wrote:
> > True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
> > tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling
> > Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.
> 
> Usual misguided assumptions
> 
> 1.	Many PDA's have a keyboard
> 2.	The ipaq has an optional fold up keyboard
> 3.	Modern PDA's have 200Mhz processors and XScale will see some of them
> 	hitting 600MHz+

I stand corrected. Too broke to get one, but corrected nevertheless.

(I've only seen the agenda in action, and it seemed a lot of time writing
"date" for relatively little action - the date). 

-- 
Daniel Stone
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Ronald Bultje]

On 2001.04.25 02:52:22 +0200 Gerhard Mack wrote:
> On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, Daniel Stone wrote:
> 
> > OK. "time make bzImage". Of course, mine's really slow (and I will
> consider
> > myself publically humiliated if my only Linux machine is beaten on a
> kernel
> > compile by an iPAQ). I 'spose, if it only goes into suspend, the
> ability to
> > write "uptime" on it constitutes a walking penis extension after a
> while?
> 
> When I first started I compiled my linux kernels on a 386 dx with 8 mb
> ram
> heh.  I think a lot of the current PDAs are faster.

Who says it needs to compile? Who says it needs software installed? Who
says it needs to run the software itself?

First of all, if linux will make it on a PDA, I'm sure there will be
prepackaged stuff. But more important, a PDA doesn't need other software
installed to have a function. It can function as a remote X-terminal
connected to a big linux X-server somewhere else which runs the software.
In that case, the speed of the PDA is no longer a problem and you have a
cute little and simple fully-featured X-window system. It's just a bit
small. Now if we get something like IBM's speach recognition system and it
works a bit, or we make our own speach recognition system, this can serve
very well for simple things like adding points to your agenda, writing
e-mail. But for just reading your mail or your agenda, you don't need more
than to press some buttons and read the screen. And for pressing the
buttons you really don't need anything else than a touchscreen or some (1?
2?) buttons on the PDA...

And for using linux as a command-line too on a PDA - we'll need something
to make input easier, like Aaron Lehman suggested in another e-mail
(keyboard, speach recognition). 

--
Ronald Bultje

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Alan Cox]

> True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
> tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling
> Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.

Usual misguided assumptions

1.	Many PDA's have a keyboard
2.	The ipaq has an optional fold up keyboard
3.	Modern PDA's have 200Mhz processors and XScale will see some of them
	hitting 600MHz+

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mike A. Harris]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Jonathan Lundell wrote:

>Date: Tue, 24 Apr 2001 17:26:29 -0700
>From: Jonathan Lundell <jlundell@pobox.com>
>To: Aaron Lehmann <aaronl@vitelus.com>
>Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
>Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
>Subject: Re: [PATCH] Single user linux
>
>At 5:01 PM -0700 2001-04-24, Aaron Lehmann wrote:
>>On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 11:38:01PM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
>>> And UNIX on a phone is pure overkill.
>>
>>Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.
>
>http://www.agendacomputing.com/ (not that the reviews have been very kind)

Nor has an official product been released.  Reviewing hardware
and software in open development model before it is officially
stamped "final release" is unfair to say the least.  I follow the
agenda list and it is a nice piece of hardware and the software
is coming along quite nicely.  I've heard mostly good stuff about
it so far, although it is not a consumer level product yet - it
is a developers product, for people ready to fire up emacs and
start coding.


----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Mike A. Harris  -  Linux advocate  -  Free Software advocate
          This message is copyright 2001, all rights reserved.
  Views expressed are my own, not necessarily shared by my employer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
"If it isn't source, it isn't software."  -- NASA

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mike A. Harris]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Aaron Lehmann wrote:

>Date: Tue, 24 Apr 2001 17:01:18 -0700
>From: Aaron Lehmann <aaronl@vitelus.com>
>To: imel96@trustix.co.id, Daniel Stone <daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net>,
>     Alexander Viro <viro@math.psu.edu>, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org
>Content-Type: text/plain; charset=us-ascii
>Subject: Re: [PATCH] Single user linux
>
>On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 11:38:01PM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
>> And UNIX on a phone is pure overkill.
>
>Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.

No, actually, it is a reality:

http://www.agendacomputing.com


----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Mike A. Harris  -  Linux advocate  -  Free Software advocate
          This message is copyright 2001, all rights reserved.
  Views expressed are my own, not necessarily shared by my employer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
"If it isn't source, it isn't software."  -- NASA

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Ben Ford]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

>
>
>On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Daniel Stone wrote:
>
>>Hence, Microsoft Windows. It might not be stable, it might not be fast, it
>>might not do RAID, packet-filtering and SQL, but it does a job. A simple
>>job. To give Mum & Dad(tm) (with apologies to maddog) a chance to use a
>>computer.
>>
>>
>>Since when, did mobile phones == computers?
>>
>
>read the news! i'm programming nokia 9210 with c++, is that
>computer enough?
>

If that is what this discussion is about, you may just be better off 
with a custom program to run instead of init.  Have you ever booted with 
init=/bin/bash?  Notice how it doesn't require a password . . . Use your 
own program here and you have no need of butchering the kernel.  Be much 
easier to maintain as well.

-b

-- 
Three things are certain:
Death, taxes, and lost data
Guess which has occurred.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Patched Micro$oft servers are secure today . . . but tomorrow is another story!

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Disconnect]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Aaron Lehmann did have cause to say:

> On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:07:48AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> > bash" value?
> 
> I don't really want to get into it at the moment, but imagine hacking
> netfilter without lugging a laptop around. PDA's are sleek and cool,
> and using UNIX on them lets you write shell scripts to sort your
> addresses and stuff like that. Basically it's everything that's cool
> about Unix as a workstation OS scaled down to PDA-size.

Two (not quite exclusive ;) ..) points:

First, most pda's have apps like telnet/ssh/etc available. (And even more
specific apps are available for various uses - I recall a palm pilot app
that talked to cisco gear and gave a nice gui for 90% of the config, plus
a terminal for the rest.)

And second, I agree that there are some great advantages to small linux
(my ipaq runs linux, and my barely larger libretto is a full debian
mirror) but all of these (even pocketlinux, which is basically not linux)
work with the concept of multiple users.  Whether for profiles or for
system vs user, they all use it.  This patch is trash.



-----BEGIN GEEK CODE BLOCK-----
Version: 3.1 [www.ebb.org/ungeek]
GIT/CC/CM/AT d--(-)@ s+:-- a-->? C++++$ ULBS*++++$ P- L+++>+++++ 
E--- W+++ N+@ o+>$ K? w--->+++++ O- M V-- PS+() PE Y+@ PGP++() t
5--- X-- R tv+@ b++++>$ DI++++ D++(+++) G++ e* h(-)* r++ y++
------END GEEK CODE BLOCK------

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Gerhard Mack]

On Wed, 25 Apr 2001, Daniel Stone wrote:

> OK. "time make bzImage". Of course, mine's really slow (and I will consider
> myself publically humiliated if my only Linux machine is beaten on a kernel
> compile by an iPAQ). I 'spose, if it only goes into suspend, the ability to
> write "uptime" on it constitutes a walking penis extension after a while?

When I first started I compiled my linux kernels on a 386 dx with 8 mb ram
heh.  I think a lot of the current PDAs are faster.

	Gerhard


--
Gerhard Mack

gmack@innerfire.net

<>< As a computer I find your faith in technology amusing.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Stuart Lynne]

In article <988158045.12859@whiskey.enposte.net>,
Alan Cox <alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk> wrote:
>> > Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.
>> What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
>> bash" value?
>
>It means I can do anything on my ipaq I can do anywhere else. I can run 
>multiple apps at a time. I can run X11. I can run the palm emulator even ;)
>
>Its the same reason Linux is valuable on an S/390 mainframe. Its a common pool
>of apps, environments and tools. Anything your PC can do, my ipaq can do.

Or even if you only ever use the builtin apps on your Linux PDA, it means you 
didn't subsidize Microsoft.

-- 
                                            __O 
Lineo - For Embedded Linux Solutions      _-\<,_ 
PGP Fingerprint: 28 E2 A0 15 99 62 9A 00 (_)/ (_) 88 EC A3 EE 2D 1C 15 68
Stuart Lynne <sl@fireplug.net>       www.fireplug.net        604-461-7532

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 05:35:10PM -0700, Aaron Lehmann wrote:
> On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:32:46AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
> > tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling
> > Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.
> > Hrmz.
> 
> I didn't say it was practical. But those PDA's are getting downright
> speedy. Much faster than UNIX workstations from days of old.

Please, oh please, tell me my machine would beat it on a "time make
bzImage". Else I'll do something really stupid. Like, get one for my
workstation and feel the improvement ;)
 
> Input is a big problem, but we'll leave that to technology (speech?
> microkeyboards?)

Aye - difference between space and tab. Broken Makefiles, anyone?

-- 
Daniel Stone
Linux Kernel Developer
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Aaron Lehmann]

On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:32:46AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
> tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling
> Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.
> Hrmz.

I didn't say it was practical. But those PDA's are getting downright
speedy. Much faster than UNIX workstations from days of old.

Input is a big problem, but we'll leave that to technology (speech?
microkeyboards?)

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 01:16:03AM +0100, Alan Cox wrote:
> > > Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.
> > What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> > bash" value?
> 
> It means I can do anything on my ipaq I can do anywhere else. I can run 
> multiple apps at a time. I can run X11. I can run the palm emulator even ;)

How long does it take you to write "date"? Plus, aren't you content with
IRCing on your *phone*? ;)
 
> Its the same reason Linux is valuable on an S/390 mainframe. Its a common pool
> of apps, environments and tools. Anything your PC can do, my ipaq can do.

OK. "time make bzImage". Of course, mine's really slow (and I will consider
myself publically humiliated if my only Linux machine is beaten on a kernel
compile by an iPAQ). I 'spose, if it only goes into suspend, the ability to
write "uptime" on it constitutes a walking penis extension after a while?

-- 
Daniel Stone
Linux Kernel Developer
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 05:20:27PM -0700, Aaron Lehmann wrote:
> On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:07:48AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> > bash" value?
> 
> I don't really want to get into it at the moment, but imagine hacking
> netfilter without lugging a laptop around. PDA's are sleek and cool,
> and using UNIX on them lets you write shell scripts to sort your
> addresses and stuff like that. Basically it's everything that's cool
> about Unix as a workstation OS scaled down to PDA-size.

True, but then imagine trying to hack C (no, that's a CURLY BRACE, and a
tab! not space! you just broke my makefiles! aargh!), and compiling
Netfilter (it takes HOW MANY hours to compile init/main.c?!?) on a PDA.
Hrmz.

-- 
Daniel Stone
Linux Kernel Developer
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Jonathan Lundell]

At 5:01 PM -0700 2001-04-24, Aaron Lehmann wrote:
>On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 11:38:01PM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
>> And UNIX on a phone is pure overkill.
>
>Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.

http://www.agendacomputing.com/ (not that the reviews have been very kind)
-- 
/Jonathan Lundell.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Aaron Lehmann]

On Wed, Apr 25, 2001 at 10:07:48AM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> bash" value?

I don't really want to get into it at the moment, but imagine hacking
netfilter without lugging a laptop around. PDA's are sleek and cool,
and using UNIX on them lets you write shell scripts to sort your
addresses and stuff like that. Basically it's everything that's cool
about Unix as a workstation OS scaled down to PDA-size.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Alan Cox]

> > Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.
> What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
> bash" value?

It means I can do anything on my ipaq I can do anywhere else. I can run 
multiple apps at a time. I can run X11. I can run the palm emulator even ;)

Its the same reason Linux is valuable on an S/390 mainframe. Its a common pool
of apps, environments and tools. Anything your PC can do, my ipaq can do.

Alan

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 05:01:18PM -0700, Aaron Lehmann wrote:
> On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 11:38:01PM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > And UNIX on a phone is pure overkill.
> 
> Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.

What real value does it have, apart from the geek "look at me, I'm using
bash" value?

-- 
Daniel Stone
Linux Kernel Developer
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Aaron Lehmann]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 11:38:01PM +1000, Daniel Stone wrote:
> And UNIX on a phone is pure overkill.

Quit being a naysayer. UNIX on a PDA is a wet dream.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Garett Spencley]

> that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
> because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
> us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.

I'm going to speak from experience:

My mother, who is the biggest windoze fan on the face of the universe, got
fed up with win98 and decided to move to win2k. The hole "multi-user" thing
doesn't bother her in the slightest. She has a non-admin account for
herself "karen".

You want a better example?

My little cousin is not much into computers but he uses one enough to check
mail, surf the web etc... Like many win98 users he was re-installing it
about once a month. He finally got so fed up he asked me to install Linux
for him!

He is now very happy. He doesn't care about the fact that he has to type
in his user name. He even doesn't know any shell commands. He would
probably actually get concerned if he had to use root always because that
would reveal the same problems that he was having with win98.

There's a lot of things you can do to make Linux easier for newbies. None
of them involve hacking the kernel. Have you tried Linux-Mandrake 8.0 yet?

-- 
Garett Spencley

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[J Sloan]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

> hi,
>
> a friend of my asked me on how to make linux easier to use
> for personal/casual win user.
>
>
> from that, i also found out that it is very awkward to type
> username and password every time i use my computer.
> so here's a patch.

Neet hack, but maybe the kernel isn't the best
place to do this -

For instance, you can simply use the KDE 2.1.1 login
manager, with the current kernel intact, to automatically
log in and start the X session of a specific user, upon
entering runlevel 5 -

Might this not be a better direction?

cu

jjs

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Russell King]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 07:44:17PM +0700, imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> come on, it's hard for me as it's hard for you. not everybody
> expect a computer to be like people here thinks how a computer
> should be.

I'm sorry, you're looking at the problem the wrong way around.
Its not a kernel problem, but a user space problem.

> think about personal devices. something like the nokia communicator.
> a system security passwd is acceptable, but that's it. no those-
> device-user would like to know about user account, file ownership,
> etc. they just want to use it.

If you do everything as one user, then you are effectively in a
single-user mode.  Just make sure that the user owns all the files
that they might need.

Your change still doesn't get rid of the /bin/login program - you still
have to do that, so why not do it anyway?

Also, I know of no personal device that gives you access to system
software (which is effectively what giving a user 'root' access
gives you).  How many users do you know who can copy the firmware
in their phone or organiser?

> that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
> because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
> us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.

I'm sorry, that's a different problem, and _even_ Windows 95 and 98
has a "User Logon".  Only if you use the system in a single user mode
does it not have a logon.  You can do the same with Linux again
without making kernel modifications.

I'd like to point out that RedHat have thought about this, and they
have some of the infrastructure in there to automatically log you
on at boot time in (within X).

As I say, this is a user space issue, and distributions are addressing
it adequately.

--
Russell King (rmk@arm.linux.org.uk)                The developer of ARM Linux
             http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/personal/aboutme.html

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Stephen Satchell]

"Thinking out of the box," you don't need to modify the kernel or the 
userland utilities to make Linux automatically launch a dedicated terminal 
for embedded applications.  All you need to do is look at the file 
/etc/inittab and read the man pages for this file.  For console access, you 
merely make a shell the first program launched, and you specify RESPAWN as 
the restart type so that if the shell crashes you get your shell back.  The 
invocation may need to be put in a wrapper so that standard input, standard 
output, and standard error are set properly, as are the environment variables.

The security model of Unix need not be sacrificed.  The wrapper can set the 
user ID to a default non-zero user so that there is more security than the 
all-root solution that others have suggested.  For administrative duties, 
the user would use su (and appropriate password) to acquire the appropriate 
permissions.
Back when Unix was first given out by Bell Labs in the '70s, several Bell 
people wrote papers describing exactly how to do this sort of thing in 
Version 7.  In the thirty years since the technique was described, the 
underlying structure -- init/getty/login -- hasn't changed.  I suspect that 
many people here haven't explored the power of inittab, especially given 
the discussion about dying daemons a few months back and how the problem 
was solved in the beginning and the solution ignored today.  (For those of 
you interested, you might want to check the archives for the tangent in the 
OOMkiller discussion.)

(Sorry, I've not found those papers on-line, and my copies were lost about 
seven moves ago.)

Satch


At 06:44 PM 4/24/01 +0700, imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

>hi,
>
>a friend of my asked me on how to make linux easier to use
>for personal/casual win user.
>
>i found out that one of the big problem with linux and most
>other operating system is the multi-user thing.
>
>i think, no personal computer user should know about what's
>an operating system idea of a user. they just want to use
>the computer, that's it.
>
>by a personal computer i mean home pc, notebook, tablet,
>pda, and communicator. only one user will use those devices,
>or maybe his/her friend/family. do you think that user want
>to know about user account?
>
>from that, i also found out that it is very awkward to type
>username and password every time i use my computer.
>so here's a patch. i also have removed the user_struct from
>my kernel, but i don't think you'd like #ifdef's.
>may be it'll be good for midori too.
>
>
>         imel
>
>
>
>--- sched.h     Mon Apr  2 18:57:06 2001
>+++ sched.h~    Tue Apr 24 17:32:33 2001
>@@ -655,6 +655,12 @@
>                        unsigned long, const char *, void *);
>  extern void free_irq(unsigned int, void *);
>
>+#ifdef CONFIG_NOUSER
>+#define capable(x)     1
>+#define suser()                1
>+#define fsuser()       1
>+#else
>+
>  /*
>   * This has now become a routine instead of a macro, it sets a flag if
>   * it returns true (to do BSD-style accounting where the process is flagged
>@@ -706,6 +712,8 @@
>         }
>         return 0;
>  }
>+
>+#endif /* CONFIG_NOUSER */
>
>  /*
>   * Routines for handling mm_structs
>
>diff -ur linux/Documentation/Configure.help 
>nouser/Documentation/Configure.help
>--- linux/Documentation/Configure.help  Mon Apr  2 18:53:29 2001
>+++ nouser/Documentation/Configure.help Tue Apr 24 18:08:49 2001
>@@ -13626,6 +13626,14 @@
>    a work-around for a number of buggy BIOSes. Switch this option on if
>    your computer crashes instead of powering off properly.
>
>+Disable Multi-user (DANGEROUS)
>+CONFIG_NOUSER
>+  Disable kernel multi-user support. Normally, we treat each user
>+  differently, depending on his/her permissions. If you _really_
>+  think that you're not going to use your computer in a hostile
>+  environment and would like to cut a few bytes, say Y.
>+  Most people should say N.
>+
>  Watchdog Timer Support
>  CONFIG_WATCHDOG
>    If you say Y here (and to one of the following options) and create a
>diff -ur linux/arch/i386/config.in nouser/arch/i386/config.in
>--- linux/arch/i386/config.in   Mon Feb  5 18:50:27 2001
>+++ nouser/arch/i386/config.in  Tue Apr 24 17:53:42 2001
>@@ -244,6 +244,8 @@
>     bool '    Use real mode APM BIOS call to power off' 
> CONFIG_APM_REAL_MODE_POWER_OFF
>  fi
>
>+bool 'Disable Multi-user (DANGEROUS)' CONFIG_NOUSER
>+
>  endmenu
>
>  source drivers/mtd/Config.in
>
>-
>To unsubscribe from this list: send the line "unsubscribe linux-kernel" in
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Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Jeremy Jackson]

Alan Cox wrote:

> > so what the hell is transmeta doing with mobile linux (midori).
> > is it going to teach multi-user thing to tablet owners?
>
> Thats you problem. Distinguish the OS from the user interface.
>
> > surely mortals expect midori to behave like their pc. lets say
> > on redhat, they have to login as root to access their files,
> > they don't even know what a root is!
>
> Even my digital tv box has multiple users. The fact you cannot figure out how
> to make your UI present that to the end user in a suitable manner is not
> the kernels problem. Get a real UI designer.

Quote of the day:

Never engage in a battle of wits with an idiot;  they will bring
you down to their level, then beat you with experience.

Cheers!

Jeremy

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Alan Cox]

> > Even my digital tv box has multiple users. The fact you cannot figure out how
> > to make your UI present that to the end user in a suitable manner is not
> > the kernels problem. Get a real UI designer
> 
> if it's useful, it's okay. if not, what is it doing there?

For one it allowing you to build enough of a security model to prevent your
phone user from deleting critical system files by accident. Something 
incredibly basic that I cannot believe anyone could overlook

Take a look why my Digital TV has multiple users


	-	It can charge pay per view films to multiple accounts
		(think about multiple SIM cards)

	-	It remembers personal barriers (so I can require
		passwords to watch adult rated films for example)
		(For a phone think about call barring - set the phone user
		 and loan it for calls home only to children)

	-	It remembers preferences. (Currently only useful for junk
		sky interactive stuff like email)
		(think about multiple email accounts)

And it has a perfectly sane UI for all of this. In fact most people have 
probably never realised their set top box even has the concept of users in it
because they've never set more than one up.

Another reason your device needs good security models is that if I can't store
digital credit card data safely on it, its a dead product line soon. If it
can't do internet its an ex product.

How do you plan to do internet without a security model in your OS. How are you
going to protect credit card data from web browser bugs. How are you going to
protect that data from sms parsing bugs ?

How do you plan to deal with synchronizing data between multiple systems when
you have no user model ?

The questions you should be asking are not 'Why do I need a security model' they
are 'Is the model provided good enough'.

Alan

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mike A. Harris]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

>> Even my digital tv box has multiple users. The fact you cannot figure out how
>> to make your UI present that to the end user in a suitable manner is not
>> the kernels problem. Get a real UI designer
>
>if it's useful, it's okay. if not, what is it doing there?

Serving it's purpose?  ;o)

Here is a useful command for you to add to your toolkit:

chmod -R 777 /

GPL of course.  ;o)


----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Mike A. Harris  -  Linux advocate  -  Free Software advocate
          This message is copyright 2001, all rights reserved.
  Views expressed are my own, not necessarily shared by my employer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Alan Cox wrote:
> > so what the hell is transmeta doing with mobile linux (midori).
> > is it going to teach multi-user thing to tablet owners?
>
> Thats you problem. Distinguish the OS from the user interface.

sigh. is that mean the little thing had to do capable() check
each time it access something?

> Even my digital tv box has multiple users. The fact you cannot figure out how
> to make your UI present that to the end user in a suitable manner is not
> the kernels problem. Get a real UI designer

if it's useful, it's okay. if not, what is it doing there?


		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Alan Cox]

> so what the hell is transmeta doing with mobile linux (midori).
> is it going to teach multi-user thing to tablet owners?

Thats you problem. Distinguish the OS from the user interface.

> surely mortals expect midori to behave like their pc. lets say
> on redhat, they have to login as root to access their files,
> they don't even know what a root is!

Even my digital tv box has multiple users. The fact you cannot figure out how
to make your UI present that to the end user in a suitable manner is not
the kernels problem. Get a real UI designer

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mike A. Harris]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Roland Seuhs wrote:

>> with multi-user concept, conceptually there should be an
>> administrator to create account, grant permission, etc.
>> no my sister doesn't want that. i bet there are billions of
>> people not willing to learn how to use a computer, they just
>> want to use it.
>>
>> and yes, mobile devices access network.
>
>KDE2.1.1 comes with a password disabling feature. That means that you can log
>in without password (you have to use KDM). For everything else (ftp, telnet,
>ssh, text-console-login - whatever) you still need the password.

ftp://people.redhat.com/mharris/hacks/mingetty

This allows you to do:

5:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingetty --autologin=mharris tty5

in /etc/inittab at boot time.  The only problem with it is if you
upgrade and mingetty gets upgraded the standard mingetty doesn't
grok --autologin so it explodes and respawns until init kills it.

I'm rewriting it to use a config file instead, and might possibly
change the name if Florian doesn't mind.



----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Mike A. Harris  -  Linux advocate  -  Free Software advocate
          This message is copyright 2001, all rights reserved.
  Views expressed are my own, not necessarily shared by my employer.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mohammad A. Haque]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> okay, it wouldn't cost me. but it surely easier if everybody used
> linux, so i could put my ext2 disk everywhere i want.
>
> hey, it's obvious that it's not for a server!
> i try to point out a problem for people not on this list, don't
> work around that problem.

Man, do you like not search for software or someting?

1) There exists a ext2 driver for Win9x

2) You are NOT trying to point out or solve a problem. You're just
trying to force something you think is right in your own little world
into the kernel. Had you searched around, you'd see that this 'problem'
as you call it has been addressed.

--

=====================================================================
Mohammad A. Haque                              http://www.haque.net/
                                               mhaque@haque.net

  "Alcohol and calculus don't mix.             Project Lead
   Don't drink and derive." --Unknown          http://wm.themes.org/
                                               batmanppc@themes.org
=====================================================================

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 08:27:56PM +0700, imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Daniel Stone wrote:
> > Hence, Microsoft Windows. It might not be stable, it might not be fast, it
> > might not do RAID, packet-filtering and SQL, but it does a job. A simple
> > job. To give Mum & Dad(tm) (with apologies to maddog) a chance to use a
> > computer.
> >
> >
> > Since when, did mobile phones == computers?
> 
> read the news! i'm programming nokia 9210 with c++, is that
> computer enough?

Aah. I see. Where was this? I never saw it.
 
> i bet if you programmed one, you'd wish you have posix
> interface.

That may be so, so hack up your own OS. It's a MOBILE PHONE, it needs to be
absolutely *rock solid*. Look at the 5110, that's just about perfect. The
7110, on the other hand ...

> > > that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
> > > because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
> > > us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.
> >
> > So, let them stay in Win95. They don't *need* NT.
> 
> and how's stability, speed, etc. they read. is there a linux
> advocate around here?

There are Linux advocates, but I'd say most of us are sane enough to use the
right-tool-for-the-job approach. And UNIX on a phone is pure overkill.
 
> > If your sister doesn't want that, give your sister a copy of Win95. If she
> > doesn't want that, she obviously wouldn't get any advantage out of Linux, as
> > opposed to Win95, whatsoever. Would she get a kick out of having to learn an
> > entirely new environment? Granted, I'm far more productive in GNOME,
> > Sawfish, emacs and mutt than Win95, Word and Outlook, but it takes people
> > time to get used to, and you'll have trouble dragging them out of
> > point-n-click.
> 
> okay, it wouldn't cost me. but it surely easier if everybody used
> linux, so i could put my ext2 disk everywhere i want.
>
> hey, it's obvious that it's not for a server!
> i try to point out a problem for people not on this list, don't
> work around that problem.

Your sister won't notice much advantage. Linux on a workstation actually has
*disadvantages* (unfamiliar interface, unintuitive same, etc), as opposed to
'Doze on a workstation. Sure it's more stable, and the tiniest bit faster,
but what's that really matter to your sister, if she can't even figure out
how to use it?

-d, who owns a 7110 and can lock it solid, or get it to do funny resetting
tricks, at least once every 2 days

-- 
Daniel Stone
Linux Kernel Developer
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Richard B. Johnson wrote:
> You are on the wrong list. You don't modify the kernel to make
> a "single-user" machine. You modify the password file in /etc/passwd.
> Until you know, and completely understand this, you will be laughed at.
>
> When an interactive process is started, /bin/login gets the new
> process information from the /etc/passwd file just before it gets
> overwritten (exec) by the shell shown in that same password file.
>
> If you want your accounts to have root privs, you set the UID and
> GID fields in the password file to 0 and 0 respectively. I would
> not suggest that you connect your computer to a network if you
> do this.

thank you very much fyi.
if just you tried to understand it a little further:
i didn't change all uid/gid to 0!

why? so with that radical patch, users will still have
uid/gid so programs know the user's profile.

if everyone had 0/0 uid/gid, pine will open /var/spool/mail/root,
etc.


		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Daniel Stone wrote:
> Hence, Microsoft Windows. It might not be stable, it might not be fast, it
> might not do RAID, packet-filtering and SQL, but it does a job. A simple
> job. To give Mum & Dad(tm) (with apologies to maddog) a chance to use a
> computer.
>
>
> Since when, did mobile phones == computers?

read the news! i'm programming nokia 9210 with c++, is that
computer enough?

i bet if you programmed one, you'd wish you have posix
interface.

>
> > that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
> > because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
> > us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.
>
> So, let them stay in Win95. They don't *need* NT.

and how's stability, speed, etc. they read. is there a linux
advocate around here?


> If your sister doesn't want that, give your sister a copy of Win95. If she
> doesn't want that, she obviously wouldn't get any advantage out of Linux, as
> opposed to Win95, whatsoever. Would she get a kick out of having to learn an
> entirely new environment? Granted, I'm far more productive in GNOME,
> Sawfish, emacs and mutt than Win95, Word and Outlook, but it takes people
> time to get used to, and you'll have trouble dragging them out of
> point-n-click.

okay, it wouldn't cost me. but it surely easier if everybody used
linux, so i could put my ext2 disk everywhere i want.

hey, it's obvious that it's not for a server!
i try to point out a problem for people not on this list, don't
work around that problem.



		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Richard B. Johnson]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

> 
> On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Alexander Viro wrote:
> > What, makes it hard to write viruses for it? Awww, poor skr1pt k1dd13z...
[SNIPPED..]
> 
> > > And would that "use" by any chance include access to network?  >
> 
> >
> > So let him log in as root, do everything as root and be cracked
> > like a bloody moron he is. Next?
> >
> 
> come on, it's hard for me as it's hard for you. not everybody
> expect a computer to be like people here thinks how a computer
> should be.
> 
> think about personal devices. something like the nokia communicator.
> a system security passwd is acceptable, but that's it. no those-
> device-user would like to know about user account, file ownership,
> etc. they just want to use it.
> 

[SNIPPED...]
You are on the wrong list. You don't modify the kernel to make
a "single-user" machine. You modify the password file in /etc/passwd.
Until you know, and completely understand this, you will be laughed at.

When an interactive process is started, /bin/login gets the new
process information from the /etc/passwd file just before it gets
overwritten (exec) by the shell shown in that same password file.

If you want your accounts to have root privs, you set the UID and
GID fields in the password file to 0 and 0 respectively. I would
not suggest that you connect your computer to a network if you
do this.

Cheers,
Dick Johnson

Penguin : Linux version 2.4.1 on an i686 machine (799.53 BogoMips).

"Memory is like gasoline. You use it up when you are running. Of
course you get it all back when you reboot..."; Actual explanation
obtained from the Micro$oft help desk.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Alexander Viro]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Mohammad A. Haque wrote:

> imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

[snip]
 
> Sounds to me like you really don't get the whole concept of permissions
> and that it's how Unix works.
> 
> Besides, why should the kernel do anythign different for you when there
> are userland tools that you can use to have the system auto-login as a
> specified user?

With apologies to Tom Lehrer...

	Hooray for the Folk Song Army,
	We will show you the way.
	'Cause we all hate poverty, war, and injustice,
	And chords that are too hard to play.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Roland Seuhs]

Am Dienstag, 24. April 2001 14:44 schrieb imel96@trustix.co.id:
> On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Alexander Viro wrote:
> > So let him log in as root, do everything as root and be cracked
> > like a bloody moron he is. Next?
>
> come on, it's hard for me as it's hard for you. not everybody
> expect a computer to be like people here thinks how a computer
> should be.
>
> think about personal devices. something like the nokia communicator.
> a system security passwd is acceptable, but that's it. no those-
> device-user would like to know about user account, file ownership,
> etc. they just want to use it.
>
> that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
> because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
> us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.
>
> with multi-user concept, conceptually there should be an
> administrator to create account, grant permission, etc.
> no my sister doesn't want that. i bet there are billions of
> people not willing to learn how to use a computer, they just
> want to use it.
>
> and yes, mobile devices access network.

KDE2.1.1 comes with a password disabling feature. That means that you can log 
in without password (you have to use KDM). For everything else (ftp, telnet, 
ssh, text-console-login - whatever) you still need the password. 
This is very new, KDE-versions prior to 2.1.1 don't have that feature AFAIK.

So if you've got physical access to the machine you just have to click on 
your icon/name and cklick "Go!" or press Enter. It can't get much easier than 
that.

I think this is a far better alternative than a single user Linux.

Greetings,

Roland

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Sean Hunter]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 07:44:17PM +0700, imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> with multi-user concept, conceptually there should be an
> administrator to create account, grant permission, etc.
> no my sister doesn't want that. i bet there are billions of
> people not willing to learn how to use a computer, they just
> want to use it.

So they buy Macs.  <- This is not a joke or a criticism.  My wife is a happy
and contented ignorant mac user.  

[snippage]

> so what the hell is transmeta doing with mobile linux (midori).
> is it going to teach multi-user thing to tablet owners?
> surely mortals expect midori to behave like their pc. lets say
> on redhat, they have to login as root to access their files,
> they don't even know what a root is!
> 
> lets break unix mind for a while, and give everyone a chance
> to use linux.
> 

If you wanted to do this, the correct place would be to alter your pam config,
but then again, if you knew the slightest thing about unix, you'd know that.

Sean

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Alexander Viro]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

[snip long wankage]

Equivalent of your "patch" can be achieved by making login(1) and
friends let everyone in as root without asking password. End of
story. If you don't understand even _that_ - you don't understand
the bloody basics of the system and I certainly don't want to
deal with your code anywhere near the kernel.

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Daniel Stone]

On Tue, Apr 24, 2001 at 07:44:17PM +0700, imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> 
> On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Alexander Viro wrote:
> > What, makes it hard to write viruses for it? Awww, poor skr1pt k1dd13z...
> >
> > And would that "use" by any chance include access to network?
> >
> > So let him log in as root, do everything as root and be cracked
> > like a bloody moron he is. Next?
> >
> 
> come on, it's hard for me as it's hard for you. not everybody
> expect a computer to be like people here thinks how a computer
> should be.

Hence, Microsoft Windows. It might not be stable, it might not be fast, it
might not do RAID, packet-filtering and SQL, but it does a job. A simple
job. To give Mum & Dad(tm) (with apologies to maddog) a chance to use a
computer.
 
> think about personal devices. something like the nokia communicator.
> a system security passwd is acceptable, but that's it. no those-
> device-user would like to know about user account, file ownership,
> etc. they just want to use it.

Since when, did mobile phones == computers?

> that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
> because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
> us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.

So, let them stay in Win95. They don't *need* NT.

> with multi-user concept, conceptually there should be an
> administrator to create account, grant permission, etc.
> no my sister doesn't want that. i bet there are billions of
> people not willing to learn how to use a computer, they just
> want to use it.

If your sister doesn't want that, give your sister a copy of Win95. If she
doesn't want that, she obviously wouldn't get any advantage out of Linux, as
opposed to Win95, whatsoever. Would she get a kick out of having to learn an
entirely new environment? Granted, I'm far more productive in GNOME,
Sawfish, emacs and mutt than Win95, Word and Outlook, but it takes people
time to get used to, and you'll have trouble dragging them out of
point-n-click.

> and yes, mobile devices access network.
>
> > What for? If they want root - give them root and be done with that.
> > No need to change the kernel.
> >
> > You know, if you really do not understand the implications of
> > running everything with permissions equivalent to root - get
> > the hell out of any UNIX-related programming until you learn.
> >
> > If you want CP/M or MacOS - you know where to find them.
> 
> so what the hell is transmeta doing with mobile linux (midori).
> is it going to teach multi-user thing to tablet owners?
> surely mortals expect midori to behave like their pc. lets say
> on redhat, they have to login as root to access their files,
> they don't even know what a root is!
> 
> lets break unix mind for a while, and give everyone a chance
> to use linux.

If you don't want multiple users, don't add them. Just be content with root,
and give her root. It has multiple user capabilities, which should be used
under all circumstances, but if you don't want something, don't use it. You
have a choice.

My $au0.02. (which is apparently just over us1c now. oh joy).

-- 
Daniel Stone
Linux Kernel Developer
daniel@kabuki.openfridge.net

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Mohammad A. Haque]

imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:
> 
> hi,
> 
> a friend of my asked me on how to make linux easier to use
> for personal/casual win user.
> 
> i found out that one of the big problem with linux and most
> other operating system is the multi-user thing.
> 
> i think, no personal computer user should know about what's
> an operating system idea of a user. they just want to use
> the computer, that's it.
> 
> by a personal computer i mean home pc, notebook, tablet,
> pda, and communicator. only one user will use those devices,
> or maybe his/her friend/family. do you think that user want
> to know about user account?
> 
> from that, i also found out that it is very awkward to type
> username and password every time i use my computer.

Sounds to me like you really don't get the whole concept of permissions
and that it's how Unix works.

Besides, why should the kernel do anythign different for you when there
are userland tools that you can use to have the system auto-login as a
specified user?

-- 

=====================================================================
Mohammad A. Haque                              http://www.haque.net/ 
                                               mhaque@haque.net

  "Alcohol and calculus don't mix.             Project Lead
   Don't drink and derive." --Unknown          http://wm.themes.org/
                                               batmanppc@themes.org
=====================================================================

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001, Alexander Viro wrote:
> What, makes it hard to write viruses for it? Awww, poor skr1pt k1dd13z...
>

>
> And would that "use" by any chance include access to network?
>

>
> So let him log in as root, do everything as root and be cracked
> like a bloody moron he is. Next?
>

come on, it's hard for me as it's hard for you. not everybody
expect a computer to be like people here thinks how a computer
should be.

think about personal devices. something like the nokia communicator.
a system security passwd is acceptable, but that's it. no those-
device-user would like to know about user account, file ownership,
etc. they just want to use it.

that also explain why win95 user doesn't want to use NT. not
because they can't afford it (belive me, here NT costs only
us$2), but additional headache isn't acceptable.

with multi-user concept, conceptually there should be an
administrator to create account, grant permission, etc.
no my sister doesn't want that. i bet there are billions of
people not willing to learn how to use a computer, they just
want to use it.

and yes, mobile devices access network.


> What for? If they want root - give them root and be done with that.
> No need to change the kernel.
>
> You know, if you really do not understand the implications of
> running everything with permissions equivalent to root - get
> the hell out of any UNIX-related programming until you learn.
>
> If you want CP/M or MacOS - you know where to find them.

so what the hell is transmeta doing with mobile linux (midori).
is it going to teach multi-user thing to tablet owners?
surely mortals expect midori to behave like their pc. lets say
on redhat, they have to login as root to access their files,
they don't even know what a root is!

lets break unix mind for a while, and give everyone a chance
to use linux.


		imel

Re: [PATCH] Single user linux

[Alexander Viro]

On Tue, 24 Apr 2001 imel96@trustix.co.id wrote:

> a friend of my asked me on how to make linux easier to use
> for personal/casual win user.
> 
> i found out that one of the big problem with linux and most
> other operating system is the multi-user thing.

What, makes it hard to write viruses for it? Awww, poor skr1pt k1dd13z...

> i think, no personal computer user should know about what's
> an operating system idea of a user. they just want to use
> the computer, that's it.

And would that "use" by any chance include access to network?

> by a personal computer i mean home pc, notebook, tablet,
> pda, and communicator. only one user will use those devices,
> or maybe his/her friend/family. do you think that user want
> to know about user account?

So let him log in as root, do everything as root and be cracked
like a bloody moron he is. Next?

> from that, i also found out that it is very awkward to type
> username and password every time i use my computer.

So break your /sbin/login.

> so here's a patch. i also have removed the user_struct from
> my kernel, but i don't think you'd like #ifdef's.
> may be it'll be good for midori too.

[snip the patch that makes all user ids equivalent to root, but
doesn't remove networking support]

What for? If they want root - give them root and be done with that.
No need to change the kernel.

You know, if you really do not understand the implications of
running everything with permissions equivalent to root - get
the hell out of any UNIX-related programming until you learn.

If you want CP/M or MacOS - you know where to find them.

[PATCH] Single user linux

[imel96]

hi,

a friend of my asked me on how to make linux easier to use
for personal/casual win user.

i found out that one of the big problem with linux and most
other operating system is the multi-user thing.

i think, no personal computer user should know about what's
an operating system idea of a user. they just want to use
the computer, that's it.

by a personal computer i mean home pc, notebook, tablet,
pda, and communicator. only one user will use those devices,
or maybe his/her friend/family. do you think that user want
to know about user account?

from that, i also found out that it is very awkward to type
username and password every time i use my computer.
so here's a patch. i also have removed the user_struct from
my kernel, but i don't think you'd like #ifdef's.
may be it'll be good for midori too.


	imel



--- sched.h	Mon Apr  2 18:57:06 2001
+++ sched.h~	Tue Apr 24 17:32:33 2001
@@ -655,6 +655,12 @@
 		       unsigned long, const char *, void *);
 extern void free_irq(unsigned int, void *);

+#ifdef CONFIG_NOUSER
+#define capable(x)	1
+#define suser()		1
+#define fsuser()	1
+#else
+
 /*
  * This has now become a routine instead of a macro, it sets a flag if
  * it returns true (to do BSD-style accounting where the process is flagged
@@ -706,6 +712,8 @@
 	}
 	return 0;
 }
+
+#endif /* CONFIG_NOUSER */

 /*
  * Routines for handling mm_structs

diff -ur linux/Documentation/Configure.help nouser/Documentation/Configure.help
--- linux/Documentation/Configure.help	Mon Apr  2 18:53:29 2001
+++ nouser/Documentation/Configure.help	Tue Apr 24 18:08:49 2001
@@ -13626,6 +13626,14 @@
   a work-around for a number of buggy BIOSes. Switch this option on if
   your computer crashes instead of powering off properly.

+Disable Multi-user (DANGEROUS)
+CONFIG_NOUSER
+  Disable kernel multi-user support. Normally, we treat each user
+  differently, depending on his/her permissions. If you _really_
+  think that you're not going to use your computer in a hostile
+  environment and would like to cut a few bytes, say Y.
+  Most people should say N.
+
 Watchdog Timer Support
 CONFIG_WATCHDOG
   If you say Y here (and to one of the following options) and create a
diff -ur linux/arch/i386/config.in nouser/arch/i386/config.in
--- linux/arch/i386/config.in	Mon Feb  5 18:50:27 2001
+++ nouser/arch/i386/config.in	Tue Apr 24 17:53:42 2001
@@ -244,6 +244,8 @@
    bool '    Use real mode APM BIOS call to power off' CONFIG_APM_REAL_MODE_POWER_OFF
 fi

+bool 'Disable Multi-user (DANGEROUS)' CONFIG_NOUSER
+
 endmenu

 source drivers/mtd/Config.in