[PATCH v7 0/5] skb_to_sgvec hardening

[PATCH v7 0/5] skb_to_sgvec hardening

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

The recent bug with macsec and historical one with virtio have
indicated that letting skb_to_sgvec trounce all over an sglist
without checking the length is probably a bad idea. And it's not
necessary either: an sglist already explicitly marks its last
item, and the initialization functions are diligent in doing so.
Thus there's a clear way of avoiding future overflows.

So, this patchset, from a high level, makes skb_to_sgvec return
a potential error code, and then adjusts all callers to check
for the error code. There are two situations in which skb_to_sgvec
might return such an error:

   1) When the passed in sglist is too small; and
   2) When the passed in skbuff is too deeply nested.

So, the first patch in this series handles the issues with
skb_to_sgvec directly, and the remaining ones then handle the call
sites.

Jason A. Donenfeld (5):
  skbuff: return -EMSGSIZE in skb_to_sgvec to prevent overflow
  ipsec: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always
  rxrpc: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always
  macsec: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always
  virtio_net: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always

 drivers/net/macsec.c     | 13 ++++++++--
 drivers/net/virtio_net.c |  4 ++-
 net/core/skbuff.c        | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-----------------
 net/ipv4/ah4.c           |  8 ++++--
 net/ipv4/esp4.c          | 30 ++++++++++++++--------
 net/ipv6/ah6.c           |  8 ++++--
 net/ipv6/esp6.c          | 31 +++++++++++++++--------
 net/rxrpc/rxkad.c        | 13 +++++++---
 8 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

-- 
2.12.2

[PATCH v7 1/5] skbuff: return -EMSGSIZE in skb_to_sgvec to prevent overflow

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

This is a defense-in-depth measure in response to bugs like
4d6fa57b4dab ("macsec: avoid heap overflow in skb_to_sgvec"). There's
not only a potential overflow of sglist items, but also a stack overflow
potential, so we fix this by limiting the amount of recursion this function
is allowed to do. Not actually providing a bounded base case is a future
disaster that we can easily avoid here.

As a small matter of house keeping, we take this opportunity to move the
documentation comment over the actual function the documentation is for.

While this could be implemented by using an explicit stack of skbuffs,
when implementing this, the function complexity increased considerably,
and I don't think such complexity and bloat is actually worth it. So,
instead I built this and tested it on x86, x86_64, ARM, ARM64, and MIPS,
and measured the stack usage there. I also reverted the recent MIPS
changes that give it a separate IRQ stack, so that I could experience
some worst-case situations. I found that limiting it to 24 layers deep
yielded a good stack usage with room for safety, as well as being much
deeper than any driver actually ever creates.

Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
Cc: Sabrina Dubroca <sd@queasysnail.net>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
---
 net/core/skbuff.c | 65 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--------------------
 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-)

diff --git a/net/core/skbuff.c b/net/core/skbuff.c
index f86bf69cfb8d..ab51b97d5600 100644
--- a/net/core/skbuff.c
+++ b/net/core/skbuff.c
@@ -3481,24 +3481,18 @@ void __init skb_init(void)
 						NULL);
 }
 
-/**
- *	skb_to_sgvec - Fill a scatter-gather list from a socket buffer
- *	@skb: Socket buffer containing the buffers to be mapped
- *	@sg: The scatter-gather list to map into
- *	@offset: The offset into the buffer's contents to start mapping
- *	@len: Length of buffer space to be mapped
- *
- *	Fill the specified scatter-gather list with mappings/pointers into a
- *	region of the buffer space attached to a socket buffer.
- */
 static int
-__skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len)
+__skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len,
+	       unsigned int recursion_level)
 {
 	int start = skb_headlen(skb);
 	int i, copy = start - offset;
 	struct sk_buff *frag_iter;
 	int elt = 0;
 
+	if (unlikely(recursion_level >= 24))
+		return -EMSGSIZE;
+
 	if (copy > 0) {
 		if (copy > len)
 			copy = len;
@@ -3517,6 +3511,8 @@ __skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len)
 		end = start + skb_frag_size(&skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[i]);
 		if ((copy = end - offset) > 0) {
 			skb_frag_t *frag = &skb_shinfo(skb)->frags[i];
+			if (unlikely(elt && sg_is_last(&sg[elt - 1])))
+				return -EMSGSIZE;
 
 			if (copy > len)
 				copy = len;
@@ -3531,16 +3527,22 @@ __skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len)
 	}
 
 	skb_walk_frags(skb, frag_iter) {
-		int end;
+		int end, ret;
 
 		WARN_ON(start > offset + len);
 
 		end = start + frag_iter->len;
 		if ((copy = end - offset) > 0) {
+			if (unlikely(elt && sg_is_last(&sg[elt - 1])))
+				return -EMSGSIZE;
+
 			if (copy > len)
 				copy = len;
-			elt += __skb_to_sgvec(frag_iter, sg+elt, offset - start,
-					      copy);
+			ret = __skb_to_sgvec(frag_iter, sg+elt, offset - start,
+					      copy, recursion_level + 1);
+			if (unlikely(ret < 0))
+				return ret;
+			elt += ret;
 			if ((len -= copy) == 0)
 				return elt;
 			offset += copy;
@@ -3551,6 +3553,31 @@ __skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len)
 	return elt;
 }
 
+/**
+ *	skb_to_sgvec - Fill a scatter-gather list from a socket buffer
+ *	@skb: Socket buffer containing the buffers to be mapped
+ *	@sg: The scatter-gather list to map into
+ *	@offset: The offset into the buffer's contents to start mapping
+ *	@len: Length of buffer space to be mapped
+ *
+ *	Fill the specified scatter-gather list with mappings/pointers into a
+ *	region of the buffer space attached to a socket buffer. Returns either
+ *	the number of scatterlist items used, or -EMSGSIZE if the contents
+ *	could not fit.
+ */
+int skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len)
+{
+	int nsg = __skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, len, 0);
+
+	if (nsg <= 0)
+		return nsg;
+
+	sg_mark_end(&sg[nsg - 1]);
+
+	return nsg;
+}
+EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(skb_to_sgvec);
+
 /* As compared with skb_to_sgvec, skb_to_sgvec_nomark only map skb to given
  * sglist without mark the sg which contain last skb data as the end.
  * So the caller can mannipulate sg list as will when padding new data after
@@ -3573,19 +3600,11 @@ __skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len)
 int skb_to_sgvec_nomark(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg,
 			int offset, int len)
 {
-	return __skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, len);
+	return __skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, len, 0);
 }
 EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(skb_to_sgvec_nomark);
 
-int skb_to_sgvec(struct sk_buff *skb, struct scatterlist *sg, int offset, int len)
-{
-	int nsg = __skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, len);
 
-	sg_mark_end(&sg[nsg - 1]);
-
-	return nsg;
-}
-EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(skb_to_sgvec);
 
 /**
  *	skb_cow_data - Check that a socket buffer's data buffers are writable
-- 
2.12.2

[PATCH v7 2/5] ipsec: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: Steffen Klassert <steffen.klassert@secunet.com>
Cc: Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>
Cc: "David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>
---
 net/ipv4/ah4.c  |  8 ++++++--
 net/ipv4/esp4.c | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++----------
 net/ipv6/ah6.c  |  8 ++++++--
 net/ipv6/esp6.c | 31 +++++++++++++++++++++----------
 4 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)

diff --git a/net/ipv4/ah4.c b/net/ipv4/ah4.c
index 22377c8ff14b..e8f862358518 100644
--- a/net/ipv4/ah4.c
+++ b/net/ipv4/ah4.c
@@ -220,7 +220,9 @@ static int ah_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	ah->seq_no = htonl(XFRM_SKB_CB(skb)->seq.output.low);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags + sglists);
-	skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_free;
 
 	if (x->props.flags & XFRM_STATE_ESN) {
 		/* Attach seqhi sg right after packet payload */
@@ -393,7 +395,9 @@ static int ah_input(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	skb_push(skb, ihl);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags + sglists);
-	skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_free;
 
 	if (x->props.flags & XFRM_STATE_ESN) {
 		/* Attach seqhi sg right after packet payload */
diff --git a/net/ipv4/esp4.c b/net/ipv4/esp4.c
index b1e24446e297..42cb09cc8533 100644
--- a/net/ipv4/esp4.c
+++ b/net/ipv4/esp4.c
@@ -360,9 +360,13 @@ static int esp_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 			esph = esp_output_set_extra(skb, esph, extra);
 
 			sg_init_table(sg, nfrags);
-			skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
-				     (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
-				     assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+			err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
+				           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
+				           assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+			if (unlikely(err < 0)) {
+				spin_unlock_bh(&x->lock);
+				goto error;
+			}
 
 			allocsize = ALIGN(skb->data_len, L1_CACHE_BYTES);
 
@@ -381,11 +385,13 @@ static int esp_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 			pfrag->offset = pfrag->offset + allocsize;
 
 			sg_init_table(dsg, skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags + 1);
-			skb_to_sgvec(skb, dsg,
-				     (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
-				     assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+			err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, dsg,
+				           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
+				           assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
 
 			spin_unlock_bh(&x->lock);
+			if (unlikely(err < 0))
+				goto error;
 
 			goto skip_cow2;
 		}
@@ -422,9 +428,11 @@ static int esp_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	esph = esp_output_set_extra(skb, esph, extra);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
-		     (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
-		     assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
+		           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
+		           assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto error;
 
 skip_cow2:
 	if ((x->props.flags & XFRM_STATE_ESN))
@@ -658,7 +666,9 @@ static int esp_input(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	esp_input_set_header(skb, seqhi);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
 
 	skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_NONE;
 
diff --git a/net/ipv6/ah6.c b/net/ipv6/ah6.c
index dda6035e3b84..755f38271dd5 100644
--- a/net/ipv6/ah6.c
+++ b/net/ipv6/ah6.c
@@ -423,7 +423,9 @@ static int ah6_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	ah->seq_no = htonl(XFRM_SKB_CB(skb)->seq.output.low);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags + sglists);
-	skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_free;
 
 	if (x->props.flags & XFRM_STATE_ESN) {
 		/* Attach seqhi sg right after packet payload */
@@ -606,7 +608,9 @@ static int ah6_input(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	ip6h->hop_limit   = 0;
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags + sglists);
-	skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec_nomark(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out_free;
 
 	if (x->props.flags & XFRM_STATE_ESN) {
 		/* Attach seqhi sg right after packet payload */
diff --git a/net/ipv6/esp6.c b/net/ipv6/esp6.c
index ff54faa75631..017e2c2d36e1 100644
--- a/net/ipv6/esp6.c
+++ b/net/ipv6/esp6.c
@@ -339,9 +339,13 @@ static int esp6_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 			esph = esp_output_set_esn(skb, esph, seqhi);
 
 			sg_init_table(sg, nfrags);
-			skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
-				     (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
-				     assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+			err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
+				           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
+				           assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+			if (unlikely(err < 0)) {
+				spin_unlock_bh(&x->lock);
+				goto error;
+			}
 
 			allocsize = ALIGN(skb->data_len, L1_CACHE_BYTES);
 
@@ -360,12 +364,15 @@ static int esp6_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 			pfrag->offset = pfrag->offset + allocsize;
 
 			sg_init_table(dsg, skb_shinfo(skb)->nr_frags + 1);
-			skb_to_sgvec(skb, dsg,
-				     (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
-				     assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+			err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, dsg,
+				           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
+				           assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
 
 			spin_unlock_bh(&x->lock);
 
+			if (unlikely(err < 0))
+				goto error;
+
 			goto skip_cow2;
 		}
 	}
@@ -403,9 +410,11 @@ static int esp6_output(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	esph = esp_output_set_esn(skb, esph, seqhi);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
-		     (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
-		     assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg,
+		           (unsigned char *)esph - skb->data,
+		           assoclen + ivlen + clen + alen);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto error;
 
 skip_cow2:
 	if ((x->props.flags & XFRM_STATE_ESN))
@@ -600,7 +609,9 @@ static int esp6_input(struct xfrm_state *x, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	esp_input_set_header(skb, seqhi);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nfrags);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	ret = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(ret < 0))
+		goto out;
 
 	skb->ip_summed = CHECKSUM_NONE;
 
-- 
2.12.2

Re: [PATCH v7 2/5] ipsec: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

(The next submission of this ipsec patch will have this rebased over
the latest upstream tree.
https://git.zx2c4.com/linux-dev/log/?h=jd/safe-skb-vec )

[PATCH v7 3/5] rxrpc: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com>
---
 net/rxrpc/rxkad.c | 13 ++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/net/rxrpc/rxkad.c b/net/rxrpc/rxkad.c
index 4374e7b9c7bf..486026689448 100644
--- a/net/rxrpc/rxkad.c
+++ b/net/rxrpc/rxkad.c
@@ -229,7 +229,9 @@ static int rxkad_secure_packet_encrypt(const struct rxrpc_call *call,
 	len &= ~(call->conn->size_align - 1);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nsg);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, len);
+	err = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, len);
+	if (unlikely(err < 0))
+		goto out;
 	skcipher_request_set_crypt(req, sg, sg, len, iv.x);
 	crypto_skcipher_encrypt(req);
 
@@ -342,7 +344,8 @@ static int rxkad_verify_packet_1(struct rxrpc_call *call, struct sk_buff *skb,
 		goto nomem;
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nsg);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, 8);
+	if (unlikely(skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, 8) < 0))
+		goto nomem;
 
 	/* start the decryption afresh */
 	memset(&iv, 0, sizeof(iv));
@@ -429,7 +432,11 @@ static int rxkad_verify_packet_2(struct rxrpc_call *call, struct sk_buff *skb,
 	}
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, nsg);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, len);
+	if (unlikely(skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, offset, len) < 0)) {
+		if (sg != _sg)
+			kfree(sg);
+		goto nomem;
+	}
 
 	/* decrypt from the session key */
 	token = call->conn->params.key->payload.data[0];
-- 
2.12.2

[PATCH v7 4/5] macsec: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: Sabrina Dubroca <sd@queasysnail.net>
---
 drivers/net/macsec.c | 13 +++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/drivers/net/macsec.c b/drivers/net/macsec.c
index 49ce4e9f4a0f..e022e3fcd012 100644
--- a/drivers/net/macsec.c
+++ b/drivers/net/macsec.c
@@ -742,7 +742,12 @@ static struct sk_buff *macsec_encrypt(struct sk_buff *skb,
 	macsec_fill_iv(iv, secy->sci, pn);
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, ret);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	ret = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(ret < 0)) {
+		macsec_txsa_put(tx_sa);
+		kfree_skb(skb);
+		return ERR_PTR(ret);
+	}
 
 	if (tx_sc->encrypt) {
 		int len = skb->len - macsec_hdr_len(sci_present) -
@@ -952,7 +957,11 @@ static struct sk_buff *macsec_decrypt(struct sk_buff *skb,
 	macsec_fill_iv(iv, sci, ntohl(hdr->packet_number));
 
 	sg_init_table(sg, ret);
-	skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	ret = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sg, 0, skb->len);
+	if (unlikely(ret < 0)) {
+		kfree_skb(skb);
+		return ERR_PTR(ret);
+	}
 
 	if (hdr->tci_an & MACSEC_TCI_E) {
 		/* confidentiality: ethernet + macsec header
-- 
2.12.2

[PATCH v7 5/5] virtio_net: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

Signed-off-by: Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com>
Cc: "Michael S. Tsirkin" <mst@redhat.com>
Cc: Jason Wang <jasowang@redhat.com>
---
 drivers/net/virtio_net.c | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
index f36584616e7d..1709fd0b4bf7 100644
--- a/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
+++ b/drivers/net/virtio_net.c
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@ static int xmit_skb(struct send_queue *sq, struct sk_buff *skb)
 	struct virtio_net_hdr_mrg_rxbuf *hdr;
 	const unsigned char *dest = ((struct ethhdr *)skb->data)->h_dest;
 	struct virtnet_info *vi = sq->vq->vdev->priv;
-	unsigned num_sg;
+	int num_sg;
 	unsigned hdr_len = vi->hdr_len;
 	bool can_push;
 
@@ -1114,6 +1114,8 @@ static int xmit_skb(struct send_queue *sq, struct sk_buff *skb)
 		sg_set_buf(sq->sg, hdr, hdr_len);
 		num_sg = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sq->sg + 1, 0, skb->len) + 1;
 	}
+	if (unlikely(num_sg < 0))
+		return num_sg;
 	return virtqueue_add_outbuf(sq->vq, sq->sg, num_sg, skb, GFP_ATOMIC);
 }
 
-- 
2.12.2

Re: [PATCH v7 5/5] virtio_net: check return value of skb_to_sgvec always

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

On Tue, May 9, 2017 at 3:50 PM, Jason A. Donenfeld <Jason@zx2c4.com> wrote:
>                 num_sg = skb_to_sgvec(skb, sq->sg + 1, 0, skb->len) + 1;

(The next submission of this will take into account this + 1 here.
https://git.zx2c4.com/linux-dev/log/?h=jd/safe-skb-vec )

Re: [PATCH v7 0/5] skb_to_sgvec hardening

[Johannes Berg]

On Tue, 2017-05-09 at 15:50 +0200, Jason A. Donenfeld wrote:
> The recent bug with macsec and historical one with virtio have
> indicated that letting skb_to_sgvec trounce all over an sglist
> without checking the length is probably a bad idea. And it's not
> necessary either: an sglist already explicitly marks its last
> item, and the initialization functions are diligent in doing so.
> Thus there's a clear way of avoiding future overflows.
> 
> So, this patchset, from a high level, makes skb_to_sgvec return
> a potential error code, and then adjusts all callers to check
> for the error code.

Perhaps you should add __must_check annotation to the function
prototype(s)?

johannes

Re: [PATCH v7 0/5] skb_to_sgvec hardening

[Jason A. Donenfeld]

On Tue, May 9, 2017 at 4:03 PM, Johannes Berg <johannes@sipsolutions.net> wrote:
> Perhaps you should add __must_check annotation to the function
> prototype(s)?

Great idea. I've started doing this in my own code. Wasn't sure how
popular it was outside of there, but I'm glad to hear a suggestion of
it now. I'll have this in v8.