linux-kernel.vger.kernel.org archive mirror
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
* [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show
@ 2021-01-12 12:01 Pintu Agarwal
  2021-01-12 12:08 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  2021-01-12 12:10 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  0 siblings, 2 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Pintu Agarwal @ 2021-01-12 12:01 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: open list,
	moderated list:ARM/FREESCALE IMX / MXC ARM ARCHITECTURE,
	Greg Kroah-Hartman, landy.gross, David Brown, linux-arm-msm,
	linux-soc, indranilghsh428, Pintu Kumar

Hi,

I am using Kernel: 4.9.217 for one of the ARM32 boards for Qualcomm SOC.
https://github.com/android-linux-stable/msm-4.9

But I think this is a general bug applicable to :Kernel 4.9 under
fs/sysfs/file.c
So, I wanted to quickly check here if others are familiar with this
issue and if it is fixed already.
Note, this issue does not occur in 4.14 Kernel.

When I execute below command, the Kernel is crashing.
I tried to add few debug prints to find more details. I see that the
ops->show pointer is not valid (seems corrupted).
So I wanted to understand how this can happen only for this particular node.
Other sysfs entries are working fine.

# cat /sys/power/rpmh_stats/master_stats
[  140.873100] sysfs_kf_seq_show: Enter - 1
[  140.873139] sysfs_kf_seq_show: Enter - 2 : buff: e6aa0e1e,
ops->show: 1482eca6
[  140.876229] sysfs_kf_seq_show: Enter - 3 : Inside ops->show
[  140.885040] Unable to handle kernel paging request at virtual
address db74fd70
[  140.888595] pgd = 29c1de54
[  140.895874] [db74fd70] *pgd=9b60041e(bad)
[  140.902561] Internal error: Oops: 8000000d [#1] PREEMPT ARM
[  140.902650] Modules linked in: bluetooth_power(O) emac_dwc_eqos(O) evdev
[  140.914712] CPU: 0 PID: 1990 Comm: cat Tainted: G        W  O    4.9.217 #22

[  140.922014] task: 4e6f2759 task.stack: bce99fef
[  140.930428] PC is at 0xdb74fd70
[  140.934683] LR is at sysfs_kf_seq_show+0x13c/0x1d8
[  140.937807] pc : [<db74fd70>]    lr : [<c0286028>]    psr: a00f0013
[  140.937807] sp : d8a29cb0  ip : 00000000  fp : 00000000
[  140.942676] r10: db74e880  r9 : d9fef500  r8 : c0c21e38
[  140.954038] r7 : 00001000  r6 : c1f9a000  r5 : d9fef680  r4 : c0399830
[  140.959249] r3 : db74fd70  r2 : c1f9a000  r1 : db74e850  r0 : db74e880
[  140.965847] Flags: NzCv  IRQs on  FIQs on  Mode SVC_32  ISA ARM  Segment none
[  140.972357] Control: 10c53c7d  Table: 99f00059  DAC: 00000051
[  140.979559]
[  140.979559] PC: 0xdb74fcf0:
[  140.985285] fcf0  0fe55620 00000000 c0c14990 00000000 00001000
00000000 00000000 00000000
[  140.997604] fd10  c135ea1c 80800052 00004fd6 00000000 00000004
00000000 de1e0410 c0f44926
[  141.005765] fd30  dbcd91a1 00000000 00000000 00000000 555832c2
00000000 00000000 db74fec0
[  141.013924] fd50  de1cf000 00000000 00000000 00000000 db7a4418
41ed0011 00004fd7 00000000
[  141.022084] fd70  00000003 00000000 de3b3000 c0f44926 db890ec0
00000000 00000000 00000000
[  141.030243] fd90  555832c2 00000000 00000001 db74fdd0 de1cf000
00000000 00000000 00000000
[  141.038404] fdb0  db74e840 41ed0011 00004fd8 00000000 00000008
00000000 db74fd70 c0f44926
[  141.046563] fdd0  00000001 00000000 00000000 00000000 555832c2
00000000 00000001 db74ff10
[  141.054724]
[  141.054724] LR: 0xc0285fa8:
[  141.054816] 5fa8  e0427003 23a06000 30866003 e3570a01 3585200c
3a000032 e5983000 e1a02006
[  141.067136] 5fc8  e59f10c4 e59f00dc ebfced74 e3a01a01 e1a00006
eb044487 e3560000 1a000003
[  141.075296] 5fe8  e3a02061 e59f10a0 e59f00bc eaffffc2 e5984000
e3540000 0a00000d e59f1088
[  141.083455] 6008  e59f00a8 ebfced65 e5991000 e5983000 e1a02006
e1a0000a e5911040 e12fff33
[  141.091616] 6028  e3500000 b8bd87f0 e3500a01 ba00000c ea000007
e3a02070 e59f104c e59f0070
[  141.099775] 6048  ebfced56 e3570a01 b5953004 b585300c ba00000b
e59f005c e5981000 ebfbecfc
[  141.107934] 6068  e3000fff e595300c e0800003 e5953004 e1500003
9585000c 9a000001 e7f001f2
[  141.116095] 6088  eaffffc5 e3a00000 e8bd87f0 c0c1484f c0efab69
c0efab84 c0efab9e c0efaaf9
[  141.124256]
[  141.124256] SP: 0xd8a29c30:
[  141.124347] 9c30  00000000 00000000 c1460a0c 0000002f 00000051
bf000000 db74fd70 db74fd70
[  141.136668] 9c50  a00f0013 ffffffff d8a29c94 c010c008 db74e880
db74e850 c1f9a000 db74fd70
[  141.144828] 9c70  c0399830 d9fef680 c1f9a000 00001000 c0c21e38
d9fef500 db74e880 00000000
[  141.152986] 9c90  00000000 d8a29cb0 c0286028 db74fd70 a00f0013
ffffffff 00000051 00000000
[  141.161147] 9cb0  d9fef680 00001000 00000000 00000001 d9fb1000
d8a29de0 d9ffe800 c02409ac
[  141.169307] 9cd0  d9fef6b0 d9ffe808 00000000 00000000 d8a29d20
d9ffe800 d9ffe800 d9ffe800
[  141.177466] 9cf0  00000000 00000000 00001000 d8a29de0 d8a29d20
c02854c0 bf000000 c021f83c
[  141.185626] 9d10  d8a29d1c d8a29d20 c1416c10 d9fef700 00000002
00000000 00010000 d9fef700
[  141.193788] Process cat (pid: 1990, stack limit = 0xcdf38e89)
[  141.193884] Stack: (0xd8a29cb0 to 0xd8a2a000)
[  141.199612] 9ca0:                                     d9fef680
00001000 00000000 00000001
[  141.203959] 9cc0: d9fb1000 d8a29de0 d9ffe800 c02409ac d9fef6b0
d9ffe808 00000000 00000000
[  141.212119] 9ce0: d8a29d20 d9ffe800 d9ffe800 d9ffe800 00000000
00000000 00001000 d8a29de0
[  141.220279] 9d00: d8a29d20 c02854c0 bf000000 c021f83c d8a29d1c
d8a29d20 c1416c10 d9fef700
[  141.228439] 9d20: 00000002 00000000 00010000 d9fef700 00000010
de001e40 d9ffd940 00000040
[  141.236598] 9d40: de001e40 c020cc4c 00000200 064200ca 00000000
0000000f d9f69000 00010000
[  141.244758] 9d60: 00001000 c1416c10 024200c0 c0c103a4 d9f69000
c03a8b9c 00010000 d8a29ddc
[  141.252919] 9d80: d8a29dd8 d8a29de8 d9f69000 d9ffd940 d9ffe800
c03aaef0 00000000 d8a29e00
[  141.261077] 9da0: ffffe000 00000000 00000010 d8a29ec0 d9ffe800
c021f8cc d8a29de0 00000000
[  141.269237] 9dc0: 00000010 c024cb90 00000000 c1ecb000 00000001
d9ffd940 d9ffd940 00000000
[  141.277396] 9de0: 00000000 00000000 00000008 00000000 01000000
d9f69000 00000000 00000000
[  141.285556] 9e00: d9fb1000 00001000 c1b31000 00001000 d9f3a000
00001000 d9fb0000 00001000
[  141.293716] 9e20: d9f48000 00001000 d9fbe000 00001000 d9fb2000
00001000 d9f5a000 00001000
[  141.301877] 9e40: d9f49000 00001000 d9f38000 00001000 d9f39000
00001000 d9f2e000 00001000
[  141.310037] 9e60: d9f2f000 00001000 d9f28000 00001000 d9f29000
00001000 d9f0a000 00001000
[  141.318195] 9e80: d8a29ec0 d8a29ef0 d9f69000 00000000 d9ffe800
01000000 00000000 c024d438
[  141.326355] 9ea0: 00000000 c024c8cc 00000000 c034accc 00000000
00000000 00000002 c19c1c00
[  141.334515] 9ec0: 00000000 00000000 c1055150 d9ffe800 d8a29f40
00000000 00000000 00000000
[  141.342674] 9ee0: c19c1c00 7fffffff 00000000 c024ca38 01000000
01000000 00000000 c19c1c00
[  141.350834] 9f00: 00000000 00000000 d8a29f48 00000000 00000000
00000000 00000000 c19c1c00
[  141.358994] 9f20: d9ffe800 00000000 01000000 c021fd08 01000000
00000000 d9ffe800 c1f9a000
[  141.367154] 9f40: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000020
00000000 00000000 01000000
[  141.375313] 9f60: 000000ef 00000000 d8a28000 000000ef be855bb4
c0220688 7fffffff 00000000
[  141.383473] 9f80: 01000000 00000000 01000000 01000000 00000000
01000000 000000ef c0107a84
[  141.391633] 9fa0: d8a28000 c01078c0 01000000 00000000 00000001
00000003 00000000 01000000
[  141.399793] 9fc0: 01000000 00000000 01000000 000000ef 00000001
00000001 00000000 be855bb4
[  141.407952] 9fe0: 7f696ad4 be855ba4 7f5c82fd b6e87358 600f0030
00000001 00000000 00000000
[  141.416126] [<c0286028>] (sysfs_kf_seq_show) from [<c02409ac>]
(seq_read+0x264/0x488)
[  141.424276] [<c02409ac>] (seq_read) from [<c021f83c>]
(do_readv_writev+0x2a0/0x2ec)
[  141.432085] [<c021f83c>] (do_readv_writev) from [<c021f8cc>]
(vfs_readv+0x44/0x4c)
[  141.439550] [<c021f8cc>] (vfs_readv) from [<c024cb90>]
(default_file_splice_read+0x140/0x260)
[  141.447191] [<c024cb90>] (default_file_splice_read) from
[<c024c8cc>] (splice_direct_to_actor+0xe4/0x1c0)
[  141.455785] [<c024c8cc>] (splice_direct_to_actor) from [<c024ca38>]
(do_splice_direct+0x90/0xa8)
[  141.465332] [<c024ca38>] (do_splice_direct) from [<c021fd08>]
(do_sendfile+0x1b8/0x2d8)
[  141.474185] [<c021fd08>] (do_sendfile) from [<c0220688>]
(SyS_sendfile64+0xb0/0x13c)
[  141.481915] [<c0220688>] (SyS_sendfile64) from [<c01078c0>]
(ret_fast_syscall+0x0/0x28)
[  141.489898] Code: db7a4418 41ed0011 00004fd7 00000000 (00000003)
[  141.497619] ---[ end trace 1ad2096094348e6a ]---
[  141.503906] Kernel panic - not syncing: Fatal exception

--------------
Corresponding code is here:
https://github.com/android-linux-stable/msm-4.9/blob/kernel.lnx.4.9.r11-rel/fs/sysfs/file.c

If anybody is familiar with this issue please let us know.


Thanks,
Pintu

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread

* Re: [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show
  2021-01-12 12:01 [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show Pintu Agarwal
@ 2021-01-12 12:08 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  2021-01-12 12:10 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  1 sibling, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Greg Kroah-Hartman @ 2021-01-12 12:08 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Pintu Agarwal
  Cc: open list,
	moderated list:ARM/FREESCALE IMX / MXC ARM ARCHITECTURE,
	landy.gross, David Brown, linux-arm-msm, linux-soc,
	indranilghsh428

On Tue, Jan 12, 2021 at 05:31:54PM +0530, Pintu Agarwal wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> I am using Kernel: 4.9.217 for one of the ARM32 boards for Qualcomm SOC.
> https://github.com/android-linux-stable/msm-4.9
> 
> But I think this is a general bug applicable to :Kernel 4.9 under
> fs/sysfs/file.c
> So, I wanted to quickly check here if others are familiar with this
> issue and if it is fixed already.
> Note, this issue does not occur in 4.14 Kernel.

As you are using a _HEAVILY_ modified 4.9 kernel release, you are going
to have to get support from the vendor that provided you with this
kernel, as they are the only ones that really know what is in there,
_AND_ you are already paying them for that support.  So take advantage
of it :)

good luck!

greg k-h

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread

* Re: [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show
  2021-01-12 12:01 [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show Pintu Agarwal
  2021-01-12 12:08 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
@ 2021-01-12 12:10 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  2021-01-13 12:05   ` Pintu Agarwal
  1 sibling, 1 reply; 7+ messages in thread
From: Greg Kroah-Hartman @ 2021-01-12 12:10 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Pintu Agarwal
  Cc: open list,
	moderated list:ARM/FREESCALE IMX / MXC ARM ARCHITECTURE,
	landy.gross, David Brown, linux-arm-msm, linux-soc,
	indranilghsh428

On Tue, Jan 12, 2021 at 05:31:54PM +0530, Pintu Agarwal wrote:
> Hi,
> 
> I am using Kernel: 4.9.217 for one of the ARM32 boards for Qualcomm SOC.
> https://github.com/android-linux-stable/msm-4.9
> 
> But I think this is a general bug applicable to :Kernel 4.9 under
> fs/sysfs/file.c
> So, I wanted to quickly check here if others are familiar with this
> issue and if it is fixed already.
> Note, this issue does not occur in 4.14 Kernel.
> 
> When I execute below command, the Kernel is crashing.
> I tried to add few debug prints to find more details. I see that the
> ops->show pointer is not valid (seems corrupted).
> So I wanted to understand how this can happen only for this particular node.
> Other sysfs entries are working fine.
> 
> # cat /sys/power/rpmh_stats/master_stats

Also note that this file is not in the upstream kernel tree, so there's
not much we can do about this either...

good luck!

greg k-h

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread

* Re: [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show
  2021-01-12 12:10 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
@ 2021-01-13 12:05   ` Pintu Agarwal
  2021-01-13 12:26     ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 7+ messages in thread
From: Pintu Agarwal @ 2021-01-13 12:05 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Greg Kroah-Hartman
  Cc: open list,
	moderated list:ARM/FREESCALE IMX / MXC ARM ARCHITECTURE,
	landy.gross, David Brown, linux-arm-msm, linux-soc,
	indranilghsh428, stephen

On Tue, 12 Jan 2021 at 17:39, Greg Kroah-Hartman
<gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
>
> On Tue, Jan 12, 2021 at 05:31:54PM +0530, Pintu Agarwal wrote:
> > Hi,
> >
> > I am using Kernel: 4.9.217 for one of the ARM32 boards for Qualcomm SOC.
> > https://github.com/android-linux-stable/msm-4.9
> >
> > But I think this is a general bug applicable to :Kernel 4.9 under
> > fs/sysfs/file.c
> > So, I wanted to quickly check here if others are familiar with this
> > issue and if it is fixed already.
> > Note, this issue does not occur in 4.14 Kernel.
> >
> > When I execute below command, the Kernel is crashing.
> > I tried to add few debug prints to find more details. I see that the
> > ops->show pointer is not valid (seems corrupted).
> > So I wanted to understand how this can happen only for this particular node.
> > Other sysfs entries are working fine.
> >

I see that this issue was reported earlier as well by others.
https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=2ec2a9da5c711df3d3d12071bac487b96e75e103
https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/drm/amd/-/issues/413
https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1615070

So it seems to be common issue and thus I wanted to check here if its similar.

Thanks,
Pintu

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread

* Re: [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show
  2021-01-13 12:05   ` Pintu Agarwal
@ 2021-01-13 12:26     ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  2021-01-13 12:28       ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 7+ messages in thread
From: Greg Kroah-Hartman @ 2021-01-13 12:26 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Pintu Agarwal
  Cc: open list,
	moderated list:ARM/FREESCALE IMX / MXC ARM ARCHITECTURE,
	landy.gross, David Brown, linux-arm-msm, linux-soc,
	indranilghsh428, stephen

On Wed, Jan 13, 2021 at 05:35:18PM +0530, Pintu Agarwal wrote:
> On Tue, 12 Jan 2021 at 17:39, Greg Kroah-Hartman
> <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
> >
> > On Tue, Jan 12, 2021 at 05:31:54PM +0530, Pintu Agarwal wrote:
> > > Hi,
> > >
> > > I am using Kernel: 4.9.217 for one of the ARM32 boards for Qualcomm SOC.
> > > https://github.com/android-linux-stable/msm-4.9
> > >
> > > But I think this is a general bug applicable to :Kernel 4.9 under
> > > fs/sysfs/file.c
> > > So, I wanted to quickly check here if others are familiar with this
> > > issue and if it is fixed already.
> > > Note, this issue does not occur in 4.14 Kernel.
> > >
> > > When I execute below command, the Kernel is crashing.
> > > I tried to add few debug prints to find more details. I see that the
> > > ops->show pointer is not valid (seems corrupted).
> > > So I wanted to understand how this can happen only for this particular node.
> > > Other sysfs entries are working fine.
> > >
> 
> I see that this issue was reported earlier as well by others.
> https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=2ec2a9da5c711df3d3d12071bac487b96e75e103
> https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/drm/amd/-/issues/413
> https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1615070
> 
> So it seems to be common issue and thus I wanted to check here if its similar.

It's "common" in that this is core kernel code that any number of
drivers could be causing to work incorrectly.  Try fixing up the driver
code, and odds are, that will fix this issue.

good luck, and again, go ask for support from your vendor, you are
paying for that!

greg k-h

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread

* Re: [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show
  2021-01-13 12:26     ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
@ 2021-01-13 12:28       ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
  2021-01-13 17:44         ` Pintu Agarwal
  0 siblings, 1 reply; 7+ messages in thread
From: Greg Kroah-Hartman @ 2021-01-13 12:28 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Pintu Agarwal
  Cc: open list,
	moderated list:ARM/FREESCALE IMX / MXC ARM ARCHITECTURE,
	landy.gross, David Brown, linux-arm-msm, linux-soc,
	indranilghsh428, stephen

On Wed, Jan 13, 2021 at 01:26:11PM +0100, Greg Kroah-Hartman wrote:
> On Wed, Jan 13, 2021 at 05:35:18PM +0530, Pintu Agarwal wrote:
> > On Tue, 12 Jan 2021 at 17:39, Greg Kroah-Hartman
> > <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> wrote:
> > >
> > > On Tue, Jan 12, 2021 at 05:31:54PM +0530, Pintu Agarwal wrote:
> > > > Hi,
> > > >
> > > > I am using Kernel: 4.9.217 for one of the ARM32 boards for Qualcomm SOC.
> > > > https://github.com/android-linux-stable/msm-4.9
> > > >
> > > > But I think this is a general bug applicable to :Kernel 4.9 under
> > > > fs/sysfs/file.c
> > > > So, I wanted to quickly check here if others are familiar with this
> > > > issue and if it is fixed already.
> > > > Note, this issue does not occur in 4.14 Kernel.
> > > >
> > > > When I execute below command, the Kernel is crashing.
> > > > I tried to add few debug prints to find more details. I see that the
> > > > ops->show pointer is not valid (seems corrupted).
> > > > So I wanted to understand how this can happen only for this particular node.
> > > > Other sysfs entries are working fine.
> > > >
> > 
> > I see that this issue was reported earlier as well by others.
> > https://syzkaller.appspot.com/bug?id=2ec2a9da5c711df3d3d12071bac487b96e75e103
> > https://gitlab.freedesktop.org/drm/amd/-/issues/413
> > https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1615070
> > 
> > So it seems to be common issue and thus I wanted to check here if its similar.
> 
> It's "common" in that this is core kernel code that any number of
> drivers could be causing to work incorrectly.  Try fixing up the driver
> code, and odds are, that will fix this issue.
> 
> good luck, and again, go ask for support from your vendor, you are
> paying for that!

And, if you look close at the above links, you will see where the error
is, and what the out-of-tree code needs to to do be fixed up properly.
An exercise for that is left for the vendor :)

greg k-h

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread

* Re: [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show
  2021-01-13 12:28       ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
@ 2021-01-13 17:44         ` Pintu Agarwal
  0 siblings, 0 replies; 7+ messages in thread
From: Pintu Agarwal @ 2021-01-13 17:44 UTC (permalink / raw)
  To: Greg Kroah-Hartman
  Cc: open list,
	moderated list:ARM/FREESCALE IMX / MXC ARM ARCHITECTURE,
	landy.gross, David Brown, linux-arm-msm, linux-soc,
	indranilghsh428, stephen

On Wed, 13 Jan 2021 at 17:57, Greg Kroah-Hartman
<gregkh@linuxfoundation.org> wrote:

>
> And, if you look close at the above links, you will see where the error
> is, and what the out-of-tree code needs to to do be fixed up properly.
> An exercise for that is left for the vendor :)

Seems like I have fixed the issue myself. There is problem in the
probe method itself.
Further debugging in progress.

Thanks for your inputs.

Regards,
Pintu

^ permalink raw reply	[flat|nested] 7+ messages in thread

end of thread, other threads:[~2021-01-13 17:45 UTC | newest]

Thread overview: 7+ messages (download: mbox.gz / follow: Atom feed)
-- links below jump to the message on this page --
2021-01-12 12:01 [BUG]: Kernel 4.9: Kernel crash at fs/sysfs/file.c : sysfs_kf_seq_show Pintu Agarwal
2021-01-12 12:08 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
2021-01-12 12:10 ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
2021-01-13 12:05   ` Pintu Agarwal
2021-01-13 12:26     ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
2021-01-13 12:28       ` Greg Kroah-Hartman
2021-01-13 17:44         ` Pintu Agarwal

This is a public inbox, see mirroring instructions
for how to clone and mirror all data and code used for this inbox;
as well as URLs for NNTP newsgroup(s).