All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
To: stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>,
	Julien Thierry <Julien.Thierry@arm.com>,
	linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org,
	Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
	Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>,
	Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>,
	Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>,
	Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>,
	Vincent Guittot <vincent.guittot@linaro.org>,
	mark.brown@arm.com, guohanjun@huawei.com
Subject: [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 21/47] ARM: spectre-v1: fix syscall entry
Date: Thu,  1 Aug 2019 13:46:05 +0530	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <64408fb0ea37930f27bb2135b8c7f11a3d16fe7a.1564646727.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <cover.1564646727.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org>

From: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

Commit 10573ae547c85b2c61417ff1a106cffbfceada35 upstream.

Prevent speculation at the syscall table decoding by clamping the index
used to zero on invalid system call numbers, and using the csdb
speculative barrier.

Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Boot-tested-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
Reviewed-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
Signed-off-by: David A. Long <dave.long@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
---
 arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S | 18 +++++++-----------
 arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
index 30a7228eaceb..e969b18d9ff9 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
@@ -223,9 +223,7 @@ ENTRY(vector_swi)
 	tst	r10, #_TIF_SYSCALL_WORK		@ are we tracing syscalls?
 	bne	__sys_trace
 
-	cmp	scno, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
-	badr	lr, ret_fast_syscall		@ return address
-	ldrcc	pc, [tbl, scno, lsl #2]		@ call sys_* routine
+	invoke_syscall tbl, scno, r10, ret_fast_syscall
 
 	add	r1, sp, #S_OFF
 2:	cmp	scno, #(__ARM_NR_BASE - __NR_SYSCALL_BASE)
@@ -258,14 +256,8 @@ ENDPROC(vector_swi)
 	mov	r1, scno
 	add	r0, sp, #S_OFF
 	bl	syscall_trace_enter
-
-	badr	lr, __sys_trace_return		@ return address
-	mov	scno, r0			@ syscall number (possibly new)
-	add	r1, sp, #S_R0 + S_OFF		@ pointer to regs
-	cmp	scno, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
-	ldmccia	r1, {r0 - r6}			@ have to reload r0 - r6
-	stmccia	sp, {r4, r5}			@ and update the stack args
-	ldrcc	pc, [tbl, scno, lsl #2]		@ call sys_* routine
+	mov	scno, r0
+	invoke_syscall tbl, scno, r10, __sys_trace_return, reload=1
 	cmp	scno, #-1			@ skip the syscall?
 	bne	2b
 	add	sp, sp, #S_OFF			@ restore stack
@@ -317,6 +309,10 @@ ENTRY(sys_call_table)
 		bic	scno, r0, #__NR_OABI_SYSCALL_BASE
 		cmp	scno, #__NR_syscall - __NR_SYSCALL_BASE
 		cmpne	scno, #NR_syscalls	@ check range
+#ifdef CONFIG_CPU_SPECTRE
+		movhs	scno, #0
+		csdb
+#endif
 		stmloia	sp, {r5, r6}		@ shuffle args
 		movlo	r0, r1
 		movlo	r1, r2
diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S
index 6d243e830516..86dfee487e24 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S
@@ -373,6 +373,31 @@
 #endif
 	.endm
 
+	.macro	invoke_syscall, table, nr, tmp, ret, reload=0
+#ifdef CONFIG_CPU_SPECTRE
+	mov	\tmp, \nr
+	cmp	\tmp, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
+	movcs	\tmp, #0
+	csdb
+	badr	lr, \ret			@ return address
+	.if	\reload
+	add	r1, sp, #S_R0 + S_OFF		@ pointer to regs
+	ldmccia	r1, {r0 - r6}			@ reload r0-r6
+	stmccia	sp, {r4, r5}			@ update stack arguments
+	.endif
+	ldrcc	pc, [\table, \tmp, lsl #2]	@ call sys_* routine
+#else
+	cmp	\nr, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
+	badr	lr, \ret			@ return address
+	.if	\reload
+	add	r1, sp, #S_R0 + S_OFF		@ pointer to regs
+	ldmccia	r1, {r0 - r6}			@ reload r0-r6
+	stmccia	sp, {r4, r5}			@ update stack arguments
+	.endif
+	ldrcc	pc, [\table, \nr, lsl #2]	@ call sys_* routine
+#endif
+	.endm
+
 /*
  * These are the registers used in the syscall handler, and allow us to
  * have in theory up to 7 arguments to a function - r0 to r6.
-- 
2.21.0.rc0.269.g1a574e7a288b


WARNING: multiple messages have this Message-ID (diff)
From: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
To: stable@vger.kernel.org
Cc: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>,
	Julien Thierry <Julien.Thierry@arm.com>,
	Marc Zyngier <marc.zyngier@arm.com>,
	Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>,
	guohanjun@huawei.com, Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>,
	mark.brown@arm.com, Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>,
	Russell King <rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk>,
	linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
Subject: [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 21/47] ARM: spectre-v1: fix syscall entry
Date: Thu,  1 Aug 2019 13:46:05 +0530	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <64408fb0ea37930f27bb2135b8c7f11a3d16fe7a.1564646727.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <cover.1564646727.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org>

From: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>

Commit 10573ae547c85b2c61417ff1a106cffbfceada35 upstream.

Prevent speculation at the syscall table decoding by clamping the index
used to zero on invalid system call numbers, and using the csdb
speculative barrier.

Signed-off-by: Russell King <rmk+kernel@armlinux.org.uk>
Acked-by: Mark Rutland <mark.rutland@arm.com>
Boot-tested-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
Reviewed-by: Tony Lindgren <tony@atomide.com>
Signed-off-by: David A. Long <dave.long@linaro.org>
Signed-off-by: Viresh Kumar <viresh.kumar@linaro.org>
---
 arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S | 18 +++++++-----------
 arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)

diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
index 30a7228eaceb..e969b18d9ff9 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-common.S
@@ -223,9 +223,7 @@ ENTRY(vector_swi)
 	tst	r10, #_TIF_SYSCALL_WORK		@ are we tracing syscalls?
 	bne	__sys_trace
 
-	cmp	scno, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
-	badr	lr, ret_fast_syscall		@ return address
-	ldrcc	pc, [tbl, scno, lsl #2]		@ call sys_* routine
+	invoke_syscall tbl, scno, r10, ret_fast_syscall
 
 	add	r1, sp, #S_OFF
 2:	cmp	scno, #(__ARM_NR_BASE - __NR_SYSCALL_BASE)
@@ -258,14 +256,8 @@ ENDPROC(vector_swi)
 	mov	r1, scno
 	add	r0, sp, #S_OFF
 	bl	syscall_trace_enter
-
-	badr	lr, __sys_trace_return		@ return address
-	mov	scno, r0			@ syscall number (possibly new)
-	add	r1, sp, #S_R0 + S_OFF		@ pointer to regs
-	cmp	scno, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
-	ldmccia	r1, {r0 - r6}			@ have to reload r0 - r6
-	stmccia	sp, {r4, r5}			@ and update the stack args
-	ldrcc	pc, [tbl, scno, lsl #2]		@ call sys_* routine
+	mov	scno, r0
+	invoke_syscall tbl, scno, r10, __sys_trace_return, reload=1
 	cmp	scno, #-1			@ skip the syscall?
 	bne	2b
 	add	sp, sp, #S_OFF			@ restore stack
@@ -317,6 +309,10 @@ ENTRY(sys_call_table)
 		bic	scno, r0, #__NR_OABI_SYSCALL_BASE
 		cmp	scno, #__NR_syscall - __NR_SYSCALL_BASE
 		cmpne	scno, #NR_syscalls	@ check range
+#ifdef CONFIG_CPU_SPECTRE
+		movhs	scno, #0
+		csdb
+#endif
 		stmloia	sp, {r5, r6}		@ shuffle args
 		movlo	r0, r1
 		movlo	r1, r2
diff --git a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S
index 6d243e830516..86dfee487e24 100644
--- a/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S
+++ b/arch/arm/kernel/entry-header.S
@@ -373,6 +373,31 @@
 #endif
 	.endm
 
+	.macro	invoke_syscall, table, nr, tmp, ret, reload=0
+#ifdef CONFIG_CPU_SPECTRE
+	mov	\tmp, \nr
+	cmp	\tmp, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
+	movcs	\tmp, #0
+	csdb
+	badr	lr, \ret			@ return address
+	.if	\reload
+	add	r1, sp, #S_R0 + S_OFF		@ pointer to regs
+	ldmccia	r1, {r0 - r6}			@ reload r0-r6
+	stmccia	sp, {r4, r5}			@ update stack arguments
+	.endif
+	ldrcc	pc, [\table, \tmp, lsl #2]	@ call sys_* routine
+#else
+	cmp	\nr, #NR_syscalls		@ check upper syscall limit
+	badr	lr, \ret			@ return address
+	.if	\reload
+	add	r1, sp, #S_R0 + S_OFF		@ pointer to regs
+	ldmccia	r1, {r0 - r6}			@ reload r0-r6
+	stmccia	sp, {r4, r5}			@ update stack arguments
+	.endif
+	ldrcc	pc, [\table, \nr, lsl #2]	@ call sys_* routine
+#endif
+	.endm
+
 /*
  * These are the registers used in the syscall handler, and allow us to
  * have in theory up to 7 arguments to a function - r0 to r6.
-- 
2.21.0.rc0.269.g1a574e7a288b


_______________________________________________
linux-arm-kernel mailing list
linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org
http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-arm-kernel

  parent reply	other threads:[~2019-08-01  8:20 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 100+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2019-08-01  8:15 [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 00/47] V4.4 backport of arm32 Spectre patches Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 01/47] ARM: 8478/2: arm/arm64: add arm-smccc Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 02/47] arm/arm64: KVM: Advertise SMCCC v1.1 Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 03/47] arm64: KVM: Report SMCCC_ARCH_WORKAROUND_1 BP hardening support Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 04/47] drivers/firmware: Expose psci_get_version through psci_ops structure Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 05/47] firmware/psci: Expose PSCI conduit Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 06/47] firmware/psci: Expose SMCCC version through psci_ops Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 07/47] arm/arm64: smccc: Make function identifiers an unsigned quantity Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 08/47] arm/arm64: smccc: Implement SMCCC v1.1 inline primitive Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 09/47] ARM: add more CPU part numbers for Cortex and Brahma B15 CPUs Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 10/47] ARM: bugs: prepare processor bug infrastructure Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 11/47] ARM: bugs: hook processor bug checking into SMP and suspend paths Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 12/47] ARM: bugs: add support for per-processor bug checking Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 13/47] ARM: spectre: add Kconfig symbol for CPUs vulnerable to Spectre Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 14/47] ARM: spectre-v2: harden branch predictor on context switches Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 15/47] ARM: spectre-v2: add Cortex A8 and A15 validation of the IBE bit Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:15   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 16/47] ARM: spectre-v2: harden user aborts in kernel space Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 17/47] ARM: spectre-v2: add firmware based hardening Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 18/47] ARM: spectre-v2: warn about incorrect context switching functions Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 19/47] ARM: spectre-v1: add speculation barrier (csdb) macros Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 20/47] ARM: spectre-v1: add array_index_mask_nospec() implementation Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` Viresh Kumar [this message]
2019-08-01  8:16   ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 21/47] ARM: spectre-v1: fix syscall entry Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 22/47] ARM: signal: copy registers using __copy_from_user() Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 23/47] ARM: vfp: use __copy_from_user() when restoring VFP state Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 24/47] ARM: oabi-compat: copy semops using __copy_from_user() Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 25/47] ARM: use __inttype() in get_user() Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 26/47] ARM: spectre-v1: use get_user() for __get_user() Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 27/47] ARM: spectre-v1: mitigate user accesses Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 28/47] ARM: 8789/1: signal: copy registers using __copy_to_user() Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 29/47] ARM: 8791/1: vfp: use __copy_to_user() when saving VFP state Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 30/47] ARM: 8792/1: oabi-compat: copy oabi events using __copy_to_user() Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 31/47] ARM: 8793/1: signal: replace __put_user_error with __put_user Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 32/47] ARM: 8794/1: uaccess: Prevent speculative use of the current addr_limit Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 33/47] ARM: uaccess: remove put_user() code duplication Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 34/47] ARM: 8795/1: spectre-v1.1: use put_user() for __put_user() Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 35/47] ARM: 8796/1: spectre-v1,v1.1: provide helpers for address sanitization Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 35/47] ARM: 8796/1: spectre-v1, v1.1: " Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 36/47] ARM: 8797/1: spectre-v1.1: harden __copy_to_user Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 37/47] ARM: 8809/1: proc-v7: fix Thumb annotation of cpu_v7_hvc_switch_mm Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 38/47] ARM: 8810/1: vfp: Fix wrong assignement to ufp_exc Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 39/47] ARM: make lookup_processor_type() non-__init Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 40/47] ARM: split out processor lookup Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 41/47] ARM: clean up per-processor check_bugs method call Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 42/47] ARM: add PROC_VTABLE and PROC_TABLE macros Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 43/47] arch: Introduce post-init read-only memory Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 44/47] ARM: 8595/2: apply more __ro_after_init Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 45/47] ARM: spectre-v2: per-CPU vtables to work around big.Little systems Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 46/47] ARM: ensure that processor vtables is not lost after boot Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 47/47] ARM: fix the cockup in the previous patch Viresh Kumar
2019-08-01  8:16   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-08-29 11:40 ` [PATCH ARM32 v4.4 V2 00/47] V4.4 backport of arm32 Spectre patches Viresh Kumar
2019-08-29 11:40   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-10-11  6:35   ` Viresh Kumar
2019-10-11  6:35     ` Viresh Kumar

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=64408fb0ea37930f27bb2135b8c7f11a3d16fe7a.1564646727.git.viresh.kumar@linaro.org \
    --to=viresh.kumar@linaro.org \
    --cc=Julien.Thierry@arm.com \
    --cc=catalin.marinas@arm.com \
    --cc=guohanjun@huawei.com \
    --cc=linux-arm-kernel@lists.infradead.org \
    --cc=marc.zyngier@arm.com \
    --cc=mark.brown@arm.com \
    --cc=mark.rutland@arm.com \
    --cc=rmk+kernel@arm.linux.org.uk \
    --cc=stable@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=vincent.guittot@linaro.org \
    --cc=will.deacon@arm.com \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.