All of lore.kernel.org
 help / color / mirror / Atom feed
From: "Paul E. McKenney" <paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
To: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, netfilter-devel@vger.kernel.org,
	netdev@vger.kernel.org, oleg@redhat.com,
	akpm@linux-foundation.org, mingo@redhat.com, dave@stgolabs.net,
	tj@kernel.org, arnd@arndb.de, linux-arch@vger.kernel.org,
	will.deacon@arm.com, peterz@infradead.org,
	stern@rowland.harvard.edu, parri.andrea@gmail.com,
	torvalds@linux-foundation.org,
	Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>,
	Jozsef Kadlecsik <kadlec@blackhole.kfki.hu>,
	Florian Westphal <fw@strlen.de>,
	"David S. Miller" <davem@davemloft.net>,
	coreteam@netfilter.org
Subject: Re: [PATCH RFC 01/26] netfilter: Replace spin_unlock_wait() with lock/unlock pair
Date: Sat, 1 Jul 2017 19:00:45 -0700	[thread overview]
Message-ID: <20170702020045.GR2393@linux.vnet.ibm.com> (raw)
In-Reply-To: <a6642feb-2f3a-980f-5ed6-2deb79563e6b@colorfullife.com>

On Sat, Jul 01, 2017 at 09:44:12PM +0200, Manfred Spraul wrote:
> Hi Paul,
> 
> On 06/30/2017 02:01 AM, Paul E. McKenney wrote:
> >There is no agreed-upon definition of spin_unlock_wait()'s semantics,
> >and it appears that all callers could do just as well with a lock/unlock
> >pair.  This commit therefore replaces the spin_unlock_wait() calls
> >in nf_conntrack_lock() and nf_conntrack_all_lock() with spin_lock()
> >followed immediately by spin_unlock().  These functions do not appear
> >to be invoked on any fastpaths.
> >
> >Signed-off-by: Paul E. McKenney<paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
> >Cc: Pablo Neira Ayuso<pablo@netfilter.org>
> >Cc: Jozsef Kadlecsik<kadlec@blackhole.kfki.hu>
> >Cc: Florian Westphal<fw@strlen.de>
> >Cc: "David S. Miller"<davem@davemloft.net>
> >Cc:<netfilter-devel@vger.kernel.org>
> >Cc:<coreteam@netfilter.org>
> >Cc:<netdev@vger.kernel.org>
> >Cc: Will Deacon<will.deacon@arm.com>
> >Cc: Peter Zijlstra<peterz@infradead.org>
> >Cc: Alan Stern<stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
> >Cc: Andrea Parri<parri.andrea@gmail.com>
> >Cc: Linus Torvalds<torvalds@linux-foundation.org>
> >---
> >  net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c | 26 ++++++++------------------
> >  1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-)
> >
> >diff --git a/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c b/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
> >index e847dbaa0c6b..9f997859d160 100644
> >--- a/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
> >+++ b/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
> >@@ -99,15 +99,11 @@ void nf_conntrack_lock(spinlock_t *lock) __acquires(lock)
> >  	spin_lock(lock);
> >  	while (unlikely(nf_conntrack_locks_all)) {
> I think here an ACQUIRE is missing.
> >  		spin_unlock(lock);
> >-
> >-		/*
> >-		 * Order the 'nf_conntrack_locks_all' load vs. the
> >-		 * spin_unlock_wait() loads below, to ensure
> >-		 * that 'nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock' is indeed held:
> >-		 */
> >-		smp_rmb(); /* spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock) */
> >-		spin_unlock_wait(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
> >+		/* Wait for nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock holder to release ... */
> >+		spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
> >+		spin_unlock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
> >  		spin_lock(lock);
> >+		/* ... and retry. */
> >  	}
> >  }
> As far as I see, nf_conntrack_locks[] nests inside
> nf_conntrack_lock_all_lock.
> So
>    spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
>    spin_lock(lock);
>    spin_unlock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
> 
> can replace the retry logic.
> 
> Correct? Then what about the attached patch?

At first glance, it looks correct to me, thank you!  I have replaced my
patch with this one for testing and further review.

							Thanx, Paul

> --
>     Manfred
> 
> 

> >From 453e7a77f3756d939c754031b092cbdfbd149559 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
> From: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
> Date: Sun, 21 Aug 2016 07:17:55 +0200
> Subject: [PATCH] net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core: Fix net_conntrack_lock()
> 
> As we want to remove spin_unlock_wait() and replace it with explicit
> spin_lock()/spin_unlock() calls, we can use this to simplify the
> locking.
> 
> In addition:
> - Reading nf_conntrack_locks_all needs ACQUIRE memory ordering.
> - The new code avoids the backwards loop.
> 
> Only slightly tested, I did not manage to trigger calls to
> nf_conntrack_all_lock().
> 
> Fixes: b16c29191dc8
> Signed-off-by: Manfred Spraul <manfred@colorfullife.com>
> Cc: <stable@vger.kernel.org>
> Cc: Sasha Levin <sasha.levin@oracle.com>
> Cc: Pablo Neira Ayuso <pablo@netfilter.org>
> Cc: netfilter-devel@vger.kernel.org
> ---
>  net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c | 44 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------
>  1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-)
> 
> diff --git a/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c b/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
> index e847dba..1193565 100644
> --- a/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
> +++ b/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core.c
> @@ -96,19 +96,24 @@ static struct conntrack_gc_work conntrack_gc_work;
> 
>  void nf_conntrack_lock(spinlock_t *lock) __acquires(lock)
>  {
> +	/* 1) Acquire the lock */
>  	spin_lock(lock);
> -	while (unlikely(nf_conntrack_locks_all)) {
> -		spin_unlock(lock);
> 
> -		/*
> -		 * Order the 'nf_conntrack_locks_all' load vs. the
> -		 * spin_unlock_wait() loads below, to ensure
> -		 * that 'nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock' is indeed held:
> -		 */
> -		smp_rmb(); /* spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock) */
> -		spin_unlock_wait(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
> -		spin_lock(lock);
> -	}
> +	/* 2) read nf_conntrack_locks_all, with ACQUIRE semantics */
> +	if (likely(smp_load_acquire(&nf_conntrack_locks_all) == false))
> +		return;
> +
> +	/* fast path failed, unlock */
> +	spin_unlock(lock);
> +
> +	/* Slow path 1) get global lock */
> +	spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
> +
> +	/* Slow path 2) get the lock we want */
> +	spin_lock(lock);
> +
> +	/* Slow path 3) release the global lock */
> +	spin_unlock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
>  }
>  EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(nf_conntrack_lock);
> 
> @@ -149,18 +154,17 @@ static void nf_conntrack_all_lock(void)
>  	int i;
> 
>  	spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock);
> -	nf_conntrack_locks_all = true;
> 
> -	/*
> -	 * Order the above store of 'nf_conntrack_locks_all' against
> -	 * the spin_unlock_wait() loads below, such that if
> -	 * nf_conntrack_lock() observes 'nf_conntrack_locks_all'
> -	 * we must observe nf_conntrack_locks[] held:
> -	 */
> -	smp_mb(); /* spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks_all_lock) */
> +	nf_conntrack_locks_all = true;
> 
>  	for (i = 0; i < CONNTRACK_LOCKS; i++) {
> -		spin_unlock_wait(&nf_conntrack_locks[i]);
> +		spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks[i]);
> +
> +		/* This spin_unlock provides the "release" to ensure that
> +		 * nf_conntrack_locks_all==true is visible to everyone that
> +		 * acquired spin_lock(&nf_conntrack_locks[]).
> +		 */
> +		spin_unlock(&nf_conntrack_locks[i]);
>  	}
>  }
> 
> -- 
> 2.9.4
> 

  parent reply	other threads:[~2017-07-02  2:00 UTC|newest]

Thread overview: 211+ messages / expand[flat|nested]  mbox.gz  Atom feed  top
2017-06-29 23:59 [PATCH RFC 0/26] Remove spin_unlock_wait() Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 01/26] netfilter: Replace spin_unlock_wait() with lock/unlock pair Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
     [not found]   ` <a6642feb-2f3a-980f-5ed6-2deb79563e6b@colorfullife.com>
2017-07-02  2:00     ` Paul E. McKenney [this message]
2017-07-03 14:39     ` Alan Stern
2017-07-03 14:39       ` Alan Stern
2017-07-03 17:14       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-03 19:01         ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-03 19:57           ` Alan Stern
2017-07-03 19:57             ` Alan Stern
2017-07-06 18:43             ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-06 18:43               ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-06 18:43               ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-03 20:04         ` Alan Stern
2017-07-03 20:04           ` Alan Stern
2017-07-03 20:53           ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 02/26] task_work: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 11:04   ` Oleg Nesterov
2017-06-30 12:50     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 15:20       ` Oleg Nesterov
2017-06-30 16:16         ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 17:21           ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 19:21           ` Oleg Nesterov
2017-06-30 19:50             ` Alan Stern
2017-06-30 19:50               ` Alan Stern
2017-06-30 20:04               ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 20:02             ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 20:19               ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 03/26] sched: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 10:31   ` Arnd Bergmann
2017-06-30 12:35     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 04/26] completion: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 05/26] exit: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 06/26] ipc: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-01 19:23   ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-02  3:16     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 07/26] drivers/ata: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 08/26] locking: Remove spin_unlock_wait() generic definitions Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  9:19   ` Will Deacon
2017-06-30 12:38     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 13:13       ` Will Deacon
2017-06-30 22:18         ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-03 13:15           ` Will Deacon
2017-07-03 16:18             ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-03 16:40               ` Linus Torvalds
2017-07-03 17:13                 ` Will Deacon
2017-07-03 22:30                   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-03 22:49                     ` Linus Torvalds
2017-07-04  0:39                       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-04  0:54                         ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-03 21:10                 ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 09/26] alpha: Remove spin_unlock_wait() arch-specific definitions Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 10/26] arc: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 11/26] arm: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 12/26] arm64: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  9:20   ` Will Deacon
2017-06-30  9:20     ` Will Deacon
2017-06-30 17:29     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30 17:29       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 13/26] blackfin: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 14/26] hexagon: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 15/26] ia64: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 16/26] m32r: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 17/26] metag: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 18/26] mips: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 19/26] mn10300: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 20/26] parisc: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 21/26] powerpc: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-02  3:58   ` Boqun Feng
2017-07-05 23:57     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 22/26] s390: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 23/26] sh: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 24/26] sparc: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 25/26] tile: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:06   ` Linus Torvalds
2017-06-30  0:09     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:14       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:10     ` Linus Torvalds
2017-06-30  0:24       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01 ` [PATCH RFC 26/26] xtensa: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-06-30  0:01   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:29 ` [PATCH v2 0/9] Remove spin_unlock_wait() Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 1/9] net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core: Fix net_conntrack_lock() Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 18:45     ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-06 18:45       ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-06 18:45       ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-06 20:26       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 2/9] task_work: Replace spin_unlock_wait() with lock/unlock pair Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 3/9] sched: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 4/9] completion: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 5/9] exit: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 6/9] ipc: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 7/9] drivers/ata: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 8/9] locking: Remove spin_unlock_wait() generic definitions Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-05 23:31   ` [PATCH v2 9/9] arch: Remove spin_unlock_wait() arch-specific definitions Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 14:12   ` [PATCH v2 0/9] Remove spin_unlock_wait() David Laight
2017-07-06 15:21     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 15:21       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 15:21       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:10       ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:10         ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:10         ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:24         ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:24           ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:24           ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:41           ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:41             ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:41             ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 17:03             ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 17:03               ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 17:03               ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:49           ` Alan Stern
2017-07-06 16:54             ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:54               ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 19:37               ` Alan Stern
2017-07-06 19:37                 ` Alan Stern
2017-07-06 16:05     ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:05       ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:05       ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:20       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:20         ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:20         ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 16:50         ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:50           ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 16:50           ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-06 17:08           ` Will Deacon
2017-07-06 17:08             ` Will Deacon
2017-07-06 17:08             ` Will Deacon
2017-07-06 17:29             ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 17:29               ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 17:29               ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 17:18           ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 17:18             ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-06 17:18             ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07  8:31           ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  8:31             ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  8:31             ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  8:44             ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-07  8:44               ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-07  8:44               ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-07 10:33               ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07 10:33                 ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07 10:33                 ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07 11:23                 ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-07 11:23                   ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-07 11:23                   ` Peter Zijlstra
2017-07-07 14:41             ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 14:41               ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-08  8:43               ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-08  8:43                 ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-08 11:41                 ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-08 11:41                   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 17:47             ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-07 17:47               ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-07 17:47               ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-08  8:35               ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-08  8:35                 ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-08 11:39                 ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-08 11:39                   ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-08 12:30                   ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-08 12:30                     ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-08 14:45                     ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-08 14:45                       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-08 16:21                     ` Alan Stern
2017-07-08 16:21                       ` Alan Stern
2017-07-10 17:22                       ` Manfred Spraul
2017-07-07  8:06       ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  8:06         ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  8:06         ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  9:32         ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  9:32           ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07  9:32           ` Ingo Molnar
2017-07-07 19:27   ` [PATCH v3 " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 1/9] net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_core: Fix net_conntrack_lock() Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 2/9] task_work: Replace spin_unlock_wait() with lock/unlock pair Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 3/9] sched: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 4/9] completion: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 5/9] exit: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 6/9] ipc: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 7/9] drivers/ata: " Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28       ` Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 8/9] locking: Remove spin_unlock_wait() generic definitions Paul E. McKenney
2017-07-07 19:28     ` [PATCH v3 9/9] arch: Remove spin_unlock_wait() arch-specific definitions Paul E. McKenney

Reply instructions:

You may reply publicly to this message via plain-text email
using any one of the following methods:

* Save the following mbox file, import it into your mail client,
  and reply-to-all from there: mbox

  Avoid top-posting and favor interleaved quoting:
  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style

* Reply using the --to, --cc, and --in-reply-to
  switches of git-send-email(1):

  git send-email \
    --in-reply-to=20170702020045.GR2393@linux.vnet.ibm.com \
    --to=paulmck@linux.vnet.ibm.com \
    --cc=akpm@linux-foundation.org \
    --cc=arnd@arndb.de \
    --cc=coreteam@netfilter.org \
    --cc=dave@stgolabs.net \
    --cc=davem@davemloft.net \
    --cc=fw@strlen.de \
    --cc=kadlec@blackhole.kfki.hu \
    --cc=linux-arch@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=manfred@colorfullife.com \
    --cc=mingo@redhat.com \
    --cc=netdev@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=netfilter-devel@vger.kernel.org \
    --cc=oleg@redhat.com \
    --cc=pablo@netfilter.org \
    --cc=parri.andrea@gmail.com \
    --cc=peterz@infradead.org \
    --cc=stern@rowland.harvard.edu \
    --cc=tj@kernel.org \
    --cc=torvalds@linux-foundation.org \
    --cc=will.deacon@arm.com \
    /path/to/YOUR_REPLY

  https://kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-send-email.html

* If your mail client supports setting the In-Reply-To header
  via mailto: links, try the mailto: link
Be sure your reply has a Subject: header at the top and a blank line before the message body.
This is an external index of several public inboxes,
see mirroring instructions on how to clone and mirror
all data and code used by this external index.