[PATCH 1/7] docs: x86: Add a documentation for ENQCMD

[Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>]

From: Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>

ENQCMD and Data Streaming Accelerator (DSA) and all of their associated
features are a complicated stack with lots of interconnected pieces.
This documentation provides a big picture overview for all of the
features.

Signed-off-by: Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>
Co-developed-by: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Fenghua Yu <fenghua.yu@intel.com>
Reviewed-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
---
 Documentation/x86/enqcmd.rst | 185 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 185 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/x86/enqcmd.rst

diff --git a/Documentation/x86/enqcmd.rst b/Documentation/x86/enqcmd.rst
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+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+Improved Device Interaction Overview
+
+== Background ==
+
+Shared Virtual Addressing (SVA) allows the processor and device to use the
+same virtual addresses avoiding the need for software to translate virtual
+addresses to physical addresses. ENQCMD is a new instruction on Intel
+platforms that allows user applications to directly notify hardware of new
+work, much like doorbells are used in some hardware, but carries a payload
+that carries the PASID and some additional device specific commands
+along with it.
+
+== Address Space Tagging ==
+
+A new MSR (MSR_IA32_PASID) allows an application address space to be
+associated with what the PCIe spec calls a Process Address Space ID
+(PASID). This PASID tag is carried along with all requests between
+applications and devices and allows devices to interact with the process
+address space.
+
+This MSR is managed with the XSAVE feature set as "supervisor state".
+
+== PASID Management ==
+
+The kernel must allocate a PASID on behalf of each process and program it
+into the new MSR to communicate the process identity to platform hardware.
+ENQCMD uses the PASID stored in this MSR to tag requests from this process.
+Requests for DMA from the device are also tagged with the same PASID. The
+platform IOMMU uses the PASID in the transaction to perform address
+translation. The IOMMU api's setup the corresponding PASID entry in IOMMU
+with the process address used by the CPU (for e.g cr3 in x86).
+
+The MSR must be configured on each logical CPU before any application
+thread can interact with a device.  Threads that belong to the same
+process share the same page tables, thus the same MSR value.
+
+The PASID allocation and MSR programming may occur long after a process and
+its threads have been created. If a thread uses ENQCMD without the MSR
+first being populated, it will #GP.  The kernel will fix up the #GP by
+writing the process-wide PASID into the thread that took the #GP. A single
+process PASID can be used simultaneously with multiple devices since they
+all share the same address space.
+
+New threads could inherit the MSR value from the parent. But this would
+involve additional state management for those threads which may never use
+ENQCMD. Clearing the MSR at thread creation permits all threads to have a
+consistent behavior; the PASID is only programmed when the thread calls
+ENQCMD for the first time.
+
+Although ENQCMD can be executed in the kernel, there isn't any usage yet.
+Currently #GP handler doesn't fix up #GP triggered from ENQCMD executed
+in the kernel
+
+== Relationships ==
+
+ * Each process has many threads, but only one PASID
+ * Devices have a limited number (~10's to 1000's) of hardware
+   workqueues and each portal maps down to a single workqueue.
+   The device driver manages allocating hardware workqueues.
+ * A single mmap() maps a single hardware workqueue as a "portal"
+ * For each device with which a process interacts, there must be
+   one or more mmap()'d portals.
+ * Many threads within a process can share a single portal to access
+   a single device.
+ * Multiple processes can separately mmap() the same portal, in
+   which case they still share one device hardware workqueue.
+ * The single process-wide PASID is used by all threads to interact
+   with all devices.  There is not, for instance, a PASID for each
+   thread or each thread<->device pair.
+
+== FAQ ==
+
+* What is SVA/SVM?
+
+Shared Virtual Addressing (SVA) permits I/O hardware and the processor to
+work in the same address space. In short, sharing the address space. Some
+call it Shared Virtual Memory (SVM), but Linux community wanted to avoid
+it with Posix Shared Memory and Secure Virtual Machines which were terms
+already in circulation.
+
+* What is a PASID?
+
+A Process Address Space ID (PASID) is a PCIe-defined TLP Prefix. A PASID is
+a 20 bit number allocated and managed by the OS. PASID is included in all
+transactions between the platform and the device.
+
+* How are shared work queues different?
+
+Traditionally to allow user space applications interact with hardware,
+there is a separate instance required per process. For e.g. consider
+doorbells as a mechanism of informing hardware about work to process. Each
+doorbell is required to be spaced 4k (or page-size) apart for process
+isolation. This requires hardware to provision that space and reserve in
+MMIO. This doesn't scale as the number of threads becomes quite large. The
+hardware also manages the queue depth for Shared Work Queues (SWQ), and
+consumers don't need to track queue depth. If there is no space to accept
+a command, the device will return an error indicating retry. Also
+submitting a command to an MMIO address that can't accept ENQCMD will
+return retry in response.
+
+SWQ allows hardware to provision just a single address in the device. When
+used with ENQCMD to submit work, the device can distinguish the process
+submitting the work since it will include the PASID assigned to that
+process. This decreases the pressure of hardware requiring to support
+hardware to scale to a large number of processes.
+
+* Is this the same as a user space device driver?
+
+Communicating with the device via the shared work queue is much simpler
+than a full blown user space driver. The kernel driver does all the
+initialization of the hardware. User space only needs to worry about
+submitting work and processing completions.
+
+* Is this the same as SR-IOV?
+
+Single Root I/O Virtualization (SR-IOV) focuses on providing independent
+hardware interfaces for virtualizing hardware. Hence its required to be
+almost fully functional interface to software supporting the traditional
+BAR's, space for interrupts via MSI-x, its own register layout. Creating
+of this Virtual Functions (VFs) is assisted by the Physical Function (PF)
+driver.
+
+Scalable I/O Virtualization builds on the PASID concept to create device
+instances for virtualization. SIOV requires host software to assist in
+creating virtual devices, each virtual device is represented by a PASID.
+This allows device hardware to optimize device resource creation and can
+grow dynamically on demand. SR-IOV creation and management is very static
+in nature. Consult references below for more details.
+
+* Why not just create a virtual function for each app?
+
+Creating PCIe SRIOV type virtual functions (VF) are expensive. They create
+duplicated hardware for PCI config space requirements, Interrupts such as
+MSIx for instance. Resources such as interrupts have to be hard partitioned
+between VF's at creation time, and cannot scale dynamically on demand. The
+VF's are not completely independent from the Physical function (PF). Most
+VF's require some communication and assistance from the PF driver. SIOV
+creates a software defined device. Where all the configuration and control
+aspects are mediated via the slow path. The work submission and completion
+happen without any mediation.
+
+* Does this support virtualization?
+
+ENQCMD can be used from within a guest VM. In these cases the VMM helps
+with setting up a translation table to translate from Guest PASID to Host
+PASID. Please consult the ENQCMD instruction set reference for more
+details.
+
+* Does memory need to be pinned?
+
+When devices support SVA, along with platform hardware such as IOMMU
+supporting such devices, there is no need to pin memory for DMA purposes.
+Devices that support SVA also support other PCIe features that remove the
+pinning requirement for memory.
+
+Device TLB support - Device requests the IOMMU to lookup an address before
+use via Address Translation Service (ATS) requests.  If the mapping exists
+but there is no page allocated by the OS, IOMMU hardware returns that no
+mapping exists.
+
+Device requests that virtual address to be mapped via Page Request
+Interface (PRI). Once the OS has successfully completed  the mapping, it
+returns the response back to the device. The device continues again to
+request for a translation and continues.
+
+IOMMU works with the OS in managing consistency of page-tables with the
+device. When removing pages, it interacts with the device to remove any
+device-tlb that might have been cached before removing the mappings from
+the OS.
+
+== References ==
+
+VT-D:
+https://01.org/blogs/ashokraj/2018/recent-enhancements-intel-virtualization-technology-directed-i/o-intel-vt-d
+
+SIOV:
+https://01.org/blogs/2019/assignable-interfaces-intel-scalable-i/o-virtualization-linux
+
+ENQCMD in ISE:
+https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/managed/c5/15/architecture-instruction-set-extensions-programming-reference.pdf
+
+DSA spec:
+https://software.intel.com/sites/default/files/341204-intel-data-streaming-accelerator-spec.pdf
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